1. They are self-evident. 2. Wherein that self-evidence consists.
3. Self-evidence not peculiar to received axioms. 4. First, as to identity and diversity, all propositions are equally self-evident. 3. Secondly, in co-existence, we have few self-evident propositions.
6. Thirdly, in other relations
we may have.
7. Fourthly, concerning real
existence, we have none.
8. These axioms do not much
influence our other know-
ledge.
9. Because they are not the
truths the first known.
10. Because on them the other
parts of our knowledge
do not depend.
11. What use these general
maxims have.
12. Maxims, if care be not
taken in the use of words,
may prove contradictions.
13. Instance in vacuum.
14. They prove not the exist-
ence of things without us.
15. Their application danger-
ous about complex ideas.
16-18. Instance in man.
19. Little use of these maxims,
in proofs, where we have
clear and distinct ideas.
20. Their use dangerous,
where our ideas are con-
fused.
CHAP. VIII.
Of trifling propositions.
1. Some propositions bring no increase to our know- ledge.
2, 3. As, first, identical propo- sitions.
4. Secondly, when a part of any complex idea is pre- dicated of the whole. 5. As part of the definition of the term defined. 6. Instance, man and palfry. 7. For this teaches but the signification of words. 8. But no real knowledge. 9. General propositions, con- cerning substances, are often trifling. 10. And why.
11. Thirdly, using words va-
riously, is trifling with
them.
12. Marks of verbal proposi-
tions. First, predication
in abstract.
13. Secondly, a part of the
definition, predicated of
any term.
2. Man knows that he him-
3. He knows also, that no- thing cannot produce a being, therefore thing eternal.
1. Is to be had only by sen- sation.
2. Instance, whiteness of this
paper.
3. This, though not so cer- tain as demonstration, yet may be called knowledge, and proves the existence of things without us. 4. First, because we cannot
13. Fifthly, because of doubt- ful terms.
14. Our highest degree of
knowledge is intuitive,
without reasoning.
15. The next is demonstration
by reasoning.
16. To supply the narrowness
of this, we have nothing
but judgment upon pro-
bable reasoning.
17. Intuition, demonstration,
judgment.
18. Consequences of words,
and consequences of ideas.
19. Four sorts of arguments:
first, ad verecundiam.
20. Secondly, ad ignorantiam,
21. Thirdly, ad hominem.
22. Fourthly, ad judicium.
23. Above, contrary, and ac-
cording to reason.
24. Reason and faith not oppo- site.
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