back of thefe cots the native underwood intrudes, and, interfected into numberless paths, forms ever-green groves, full of birds of rich plumage, and fome of long. To the northward the land rifes to a fteep hill, which is afcended by a winding path; and on its fummit ftands the town. The ftreets here are fufficiently broad, ftraight, but irregularly difpofed: the houses are generally of one ftory, low, and ill built; of foft clay bricks, cemented with the fame, and plastered over; but they all appear dirty and wretched. Our ufual English vegetables are in this country exotics; potatoes are unknown; onions are procured from Bahia, and they are firft brought from Lisbon, few being planted in Brazil. Cabbages are very uncom mon. It is ftated by mr. Lindley, in his Authentic Narrative, &c.' that milk is totally unufed by the inhabitants of this place:' and that if a ftranger enquires for it, they confine a cow during the night apart from its calf, and then take its milk.' Da Cunha, on the other hand, who was bifhop of Fernambuco, (one of the fixteen provinces enumerated above) and who probably had good means of being exact, fays exprefsly, that milk is very abundant, for the cows are fo numerous, that for the most part they are flaughtered only for the fake of their skins.' rays have but little force; and the ground is cool, from the exceffive dews found within the tropics, and particularly here. The inhabitants of Porto Seguro plume themselves on the circumftances of theirs being the immediate fpot where Brazil was first discovered by Pedro Alvares Cabral, who denomi nated the new found, country Santa Cruiz; but the name was afterwards altered by king Emanuel to that of Brazil, (i. e. Brafa, or Brazas, a glowing fire or coal) from the tree ib:ripitanza producing a rich glowing red, which was then a great novelty, and has fince become of con fiderable value in Europe. PRODUCTIONS OF BRAZIL. The province of Rio Janeiro pro duces chiefly fugar. Bahia is extremely fertile in cotton, tobacco, and fugar. Ilheos produces abundance of Brazil wood. Para, of Grand Para, the most northern province, produces great quantities of cotton, fugar, vanilla, chocolate, and coffee; a fleet, laden with these articles, fails annually for Lifbon. The climate is extremely hot; and the woods abound with precious timber of great folidity and brilliant colours, and fome trees that yield odorous balfams. The province of Espiritu Santo is chiefly productive of fugar; that of Fernambuco abounds in fugar, cotton, and Brazil wood: Siara poffeffes cotton, fugar, tobacco, and The state of fociety is very wretch- Brazil wood, the ufual ftaples of the ed here. A general indolence per- country. Of the interior provinces, vades all ranks; and ignorance is al- little is known. Over that of Minas moft univerfal. Employment of any Geraes, or the General Mines, the fort among the females is nearly un- Portuguese affect to throw great ob known. Nor is the climate to be fcurity, on account of the wealth o adinitted as an excufe for this want the mines. The town of Gojas, o of exertion; for many weeks are as Goyas, by the map of La Cruz, is moderate as a European September, about lat. 119, 20, on the parallel o and their winter months are generally the northern frontier of the province to; even during the hot days, there of Bahia. Matagrofo is the moft in are intervals of cool breezes, befides land and the most celebrated of thef fome hours of every evening and provinces. According to Alcedo, the morning, during which the fun's Portuguese first took poffeffion i COMMERCE. 1761, having difcovered the richness ally, that I fhould not wonder at of its gold mines by means of the this circumstance eventually caufing miffionaries, a town was erected, a total change in their political fituaand a governor appointed. The land tion. They always ridicule the fabis harren, and provifions fcarce and jection; and feem to be confcious dear. The climate is hot and moift. that they poffefs the most desirable Rio Janeiro has a decided preponde- country in the world, fufficient of itrance over the other governments, felf to fupply all the wants of man.' fince the difcovery of the gold and diamond mines, about one hundred Da Cunha, a Portuguese author, leagues to the N. W. and the gover- and bilhop of Fernambuca, whom we nor affumes the style of viceroy of have already quoted, has written a Brazil. Sir George Staunton, in his curious work on the commerce of the account of the Embally to China, p. Portuguese colonies. Yet it contains 204, fays, that all the provinces are little that pertains directly to this growing faft into opulence and in- fubject, but is filled with many exportance. They manufactured of traneous details about the slave trade, Tate feveral of the moft neceffary ar- and attempts to controvert fome opiticles for their own confumption; and nions of Montefquieu. Among other their produce was fo confiderable, things the trade in timber is a favouthat the balance of trade began to be rite fubject with him; and he prefers already in their favour; and remit- the negatree, the ipe, the guramirim, tances of bullion were made to them and fucupira, which chiefly grow in from Europe, in return for the over- Amazonia, to the ftrongest and beft plus of their exports beyond their im- timber in Europe. Our author juftports. The fame writer mentions, ly regards, the agriculture as a printhat the Portuguefe fettlers have cipal confideration; and the fertility of Thewn repeated fymptoms of revolt Brazil is remarkable. The province from the parent country. A fearful of Rio Grande might alone fupply a piece of intelligence when we confi- great part of Europe with wheat, der, that a fallen prince is gone to hemp, and other products. Da Cunha claim hereditary rights! Mr. Lindley regards this province as the richest in alfo has the following paragraph up- Brazil. It is to be regretted that the on this fubject, which is one, that at river whence it derives its name is litthis moment becomes highly intereft- tle navigable, on account of the Ing; nay important. fhoals. I dined with a friend who has his falion (the name with which they dignify their beft rooms) ornamented with a fet of French engravings of their late victorious generals. It was remarkable with what enthufiafm my fenior recapitulated their exploits, and dwelt on their particular merits; deducing, perhaps not the moft liberal inferences on the occafion. This partiality for the new republicans and their principles I have long obferved very general both here (Bania), and in other parts of Brazil among the younger branches of fociety; who have imbibee fuch notions fo effectu it That, the commerce of this country' is not in a very flourishing ftate may be expected; and it was remarked to mr. Lindley, by a native, that Brazil, confidering the number of years has been colonized, the fpace it occu pies, and the inhabitants it contains, exhibits the greatest deficiency of genius and curiofity perhaps on the globe. Bahia, indeed, carries on a confiderable commerce, but this is to be attributed rather to its local advantages than to the induftry of its inhabitants. Tire chief trade is directly wit!. Jaf-. bon and Oporto, in which about fifty large veffeis are emploved t at perform their voyages with great dilpatch. Thefe veffels fupply the colony with European and Indian manufactures, as well as wine, flour, bacalhao, butter, Durch cheefe, falt, and other commodities: and receive in return cotton. fugar, aqua ardent, (a pnituous diftillation from cane juice and molaffes, but different in favour from rum), coffee, tobacco, Jium vitæ, mahogany, fatin and tulip woods, a variety of gums, balfams, and medicinal roots, giving a cderable balance of profit in faur of Lisbon. The Bahians have permiffion to import their own flaves, and to bring, in the fame veffels, different African articles, fuch as wax. and gold duft, which they obtain in exchange for coarfe printed cottons (chiefly of Lifbon manufacture), aqua ardent, and tobacco. The price of a flave in Bahia is about thirty Jounds fterling. The diftantcolonial, or home trade of the Bahians, is likewife confiderable and extenfive; and that to the fouthern provinces, Rio Grande, in particular, very lucrative. The trade is carried on in the immediate Confines of the bay, of which a great part is inland, is aflonifhing. There are full eight hundred launches and fumacks of different fizes, daily bringing their tribute of commerce to the capital; tobacco, cotton, and various crugs from Cachfiera; the greateft affortment of common earthenware from Jaguaripe; rum and whale oil from Itaponca; timber from the province of the Iheos; farinha and falt fish from Porto Seguro; cotton and maize from the river Real and San Francifco; and fugar, fine wood,. and vegetables from all quarters. Bahia, as well as Fernambuco, has a ftaple for cotton; and on the importation of this article in the launches and fumacks, the whole is landed at a warehouse appointed for the purpofe, where it is weighed, forted, and preffed; its quality, firft, fecon, or inferior, marked on the bales; and then it is ready for exportation. In this general store it continues till difpofed of by the owner, at the prices commonly fixed by the ftaplers. The mode of conducting their commerce is by barter, notwithstanding the abundance of fpecie in circulation, and they credit each other to a great extent. In their dealings, a mean and knavih cunning prevails, particularly when trading with ftrangers; of whom they will afk for a cominodity double the price they will take, while they endeavour to undervalue what they are to have in exchange by every artifice in their power. (To be concluded in our next.) **The conclufion of this interefting article will contain the population, laws, manners, and cuftoms of the Brazilians, account of the diamond and gold mines, &c. &c. The Baths of the Emperor Julien. An Anccdote of the Fourth Centu ry, from the French. M. LUNIGIANI, a learned Italian, fent me, at the time the French were in poffeffion of Tufcany, a ve ry curious Italian manufcript, which he had found in an obfcure corner of the Marciana library at Florence. I tranfmit you,' fays my friend, fomething that will intereft you. It is a manufcript which has efcaped all, our literati; in which fome mention is made of ancient Paris, and particularly of a monument, the ruins of which are still to be feen in your city.' Not being accustomed to the form of the letters, it was with fome diffi culty that I could make out the manufcript. A marginal note informed me that it was a tranflation, made in 143, from a Greek MS. brought from Conftantinople by cardinal Beffrion; that the cardinal had difcovered it in the library belonging to the emperors, and that he fuppofed it to have been the work of one of the fecretaries, which Julien, the apoftate, had taken with him to Conftantinople, after his clevation to the empire. Nicolo Nicoli, the author of this note, adds, f' at after having tranflatel cardinal Beffarion's manufcript into Italian, be returned it to the cardi nal, who expreffed his intention of depofiting it in the Vatican. THE MANUSCRIPT. 6 Sylvanus, who had the fuperiutendance of the palace of the baths, prefented himfelf before Julien. Cæfar,' faid he, I implore thy protection.' Speak, Sylvanus, I grant it to thee,' replied the emperor. * Savinien, one of thy centurions, loves my daughter.' Well, let him marry her.' He is a Chriftian,' rejoined Sylvanus; I am attached to the religion of my fathers, and I should be very forry if my daughter were profaned by one of thefe impious innovators. If they were contented to facrifice to their gods in filence, indeed! but you are not ignorant, O divine Cæfar, that thefe wretches have a defign to extend their, errors over all the earth, and to turn the world upfide down. Have we not feen what occurr I know not whether the MS. has ben picferved by the popes this note, however, explains how the Italian tranflation happened to reached at the time of the promulgation of my hands; for it appears, in Tirabof thi that Cofmo de Medicis purchafed the library of Nicolo Nicoli, and add ed it to the Marciana, where my friend discovered it.^. I pique myself very much upon the fidelity of my tranflation, fince I have been unwilling to make the fighteft alteration ja a compofition of this antiquity.have carried my fcruples to far as to preferve even the expreffions which the author makes ufe of, in fpeaking of the Christians; expreflions which I am very far from approving. It fhould be recollected that this feet was then very much defpifed by the Gauls, although Conftantine had already rendered it predo-, minant in the capital of the empire. Nor thould we forget that the article is drawn up by the fecretary of an emperor, who, with all the generous qualities that constitute the character of a great man, and all the virtues of a rigid philofopher, was a decided, enemy to Chriftianity, which prefent-. ed felf to him in an odious light, through the cruelty and perfidies of Conflantine. that edict of Conftantine which ordered the celebration of the fabbath ?* Although there were but a handful of them in your good city of Lutéce, had they not the infolence to interrupt the facrifices which we offered to the gods, and vomit forth their blafphemies against them? It is only fince you reitored us to liberty, O Cæfar, that they have relapfed into the contempt above which they ought never again be fuffered to rife.' I know as well as you, Sylvanus,' replied Julien, how formidable thefe men are to the empire. Their foolish doctrines have already imbru ed Alexandria, Antioch, and Nica us with blood. Can I forget the time when my uncle Conftantine detained me a prifoner in Cefarium, between death and four or five of their doctors, who would have forced me to comprehend things that are unintelligible, and make me believe in dogmas about which they could not agree themfelves? However,' what N O T E. * See Gibbon, vol. iv. what do you with me to do for you upon this occafion ?' I ask of you, O Cæfar, to banifh this officer, and deliver me from his perfecutions.' Sylvanus, and who wert initated into the myfteries of Ceres, at the laft calends of Mars! Prifcilla caft her eyes on the ground, and made no reply. I faw again, this day, continued Sylvanus, who it was that was converfing with you in the em Julien replied that he wished not himfelf to become a perfecutor; and the fuperintendant withdrew from the peror's gardens. Father, it was palace, mortified and unhappy. O my Prifcilla,' he exclaimed, ftriking his forehead with his hand, I fee too well that you will not hesitate to facrifice to this man, thy father, thy country, and thy gods.' Some one came to inform the emperor, that the troops which he was about to lead against the Germans were on the Campus Martis, and he immediately fet out to review them, faying, as he departed When I cultivated letters and philofophy at Athens, I little expected that should ever become a destroyer of men. But who can penetrate the fecrets of fate? The reformer of the empire, by the maffacre of his fon Crifhus, his nephew Licinius, and his wife Faufta; and his worthy fucceffor, by commanding the death of two of my uncles, and that of my feven coufins, have paved my way to the throne. Monfters they have rendered me doubly unhappy. They have not only robbed me of my relations and my friends, but have alfo invefted me with the imperial purple.' Cæfar exercifed the troops: nobo dy was fo well acquainted as himself with the manner in which the Germans fought. He commanded the foldiers to go through their feveral modes of attack; then raising his eyes to Heaven, he cried out-‘O Plato! what an employment is this for a philofopher ! in the prefence of your fifter."'—' I fuppofe he befought you to embrace his impious worthip.' He spoke to me, indeed my father, of the God of the Chriftians, and told me that he is a powerful and jealous god, who will eternally punish thofe who refufe to acknowledge him. He added that his greateft torment was the thought that fhould be doomed to everlafting fire in another world.'-' It is thus,' faid the enraged Sylvanus, that they either feduce or terrify youth. They break afunder the bands of nature. According to their principles, we muft facrifice our best fentiments, and difclaim the affinities of friend, of son, and of father.— Their abominable morality would dry up the fprings of the heart, and fap the foundations of fociety. My daughter, I command you never to fpeak again to Salven, unless he will return to the path of virtue, and the reverence of our gods. You know my father, what obftinacy characterizes thofe of his belief.'—' Well, then, you' fhall never fee him m more.' Father, do you defire my death?' No, girl, I do not wish for your death, but I am mafter of your life. We are not yet Chriftians, thanks he to the gods? and children are not yet fet free from the authority of their parents. You may kill me, then, father,' replied Prifcilla, as foon & you pleafe. In the mean time old Sylvanus re- Sylvanus proceeded no further; but turned home, and uttered the bittereft this interview overwhelmed him with reproaches against his daughter :-'I forrow: his eyes became moist and fee, faid he, whither thy foolith red; the wrinkles that furrowed his paffion will conduct thee. Art thou cheeks grew deeper every day, and not afhamed to fall in love with a the few hairs which ftraggled over Chriftian? thou, the daughter of his bald head alfo daily diminished.— The |