5 NEUMAN AND BARETTI'S DICTIONARY OF THE SPANISH AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES; WHEREIN THE WORDS ARE CORRECTLY EXPLAINED, AGREEABLY TO THEIR DIFFERENT MEANINGS, AND A GREAT VARIETY OF TERMS, RELATING TO THE ARTS, SCIENCES, MANUFACTURES, MERCHANDISE, Stereotype Edition, CAREFULLY REVISED, ANd enlargeD BY THE ADDITION OF MANY THOUSAND WORDS EXTRACTED TO WHICH ARE ADDED, DIRECTIONS FOR FINDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. SPANISH AND ENGLISH. BOSTON: HILLIARD, GRAY, AND CO. ESSENTIAL OBSERVATIONS AND DIRECTIONS, APPROVED, REVISED, AND CORRECTED, BY F. SALES, FOR FINDING IN THIS DICTIONARY THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THI 1st. THE words that may not be found in the combinations JA, JE, JI, JO, JU, GE, GI, should be looked for in the combinations xa, XE, XI, xo, Xu, and vice versa. 2d. The words that may not be found in the combinations CE, CI, may be looked for in the combinations ZE, ZI, and vice versa. 3d. The words that may not be found in the combinations CUA, CUE, CUI, CUO, will be looked for in the combinations QUA, QÜE, QÜI, QUO. 4th. Those that may not be found in the combinations ca, que, qui, will be looked for in the combinations Cнâ, CHÊ, CHî. 5th. Those that may not be found in the combinations os, us, will be found in the combinations OBS, UBS. 6th. Those that may not be found in the combinations ESC, EST, will be found in the combinations EXC, EXT. 7th. Those that may not be found in the combination ET, will be found in the combination EPT. 8th. Those that may not be found in the combination TRAS, will be found in the combination TRANS 9th. Those that may not be found with the suppression of the syllable ha, he, in the middle of words, for the sake of euphony, as in azár, for azahár; comprendér, for comprehendér, &c. they must look into the Dictionary according to the last manner. 10th. Those that may not be found with the letter 1, may be looked for with the letter Y. 11th. Those that may not be found with one N, will be found with double N. 12th. For the convenience of learners it must also be stated, that some writers have adopted the combination cs instead of the letter x; for instance, they write ecsámen instead of exámen. 13th. Another innovation is that of suppressing the letter N in the combination of NM; as, instead of inmérito, inmediato, they write imérito, imediato. DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO WIT: District Clerk's Office. BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the eighteenth day of December, A. D. 1827, in the fifty-first year of the Independence of the United States of America, HILLIARD, GRAY, LITTLE, AND WILKINS, of the said District, have deposited In this office the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit: "Neuman and Baretti's Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages; wherein the Words are correctly explained, agreeably to their different Meanings, and a great variety of Terms, relating to the Arts, Sciences, Manufactures, Merchandise, Navigation, and Trade, elucidated. Stereotype Edition, carefully revised, and enlarged by the Addition of many thousand Words, extracted from the Writings of the most classical Spanish and English Authors, many of which are not to be found in any other Dictionary of those Languages; and also great Additions from the Dictionaries of Connelly and Higgins, the Spanish Academy, &c. &c. To which are added, Directions for finding the Difference between the Ancient and Modern Orthography. In two volumes." In conformity to the act of Congress of the United States, entitled, "Ar. Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned:" and also to an act, entitled, "An Act supplementary to an act, entitled, An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." JOHN W. DAVIS, Clerk of the District of Massachusetts. STEREOTYPED AT THE BOSTON TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY LUE LIONARY GIFT OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE OF SALEM PREFACE DICTIONARIES have certainly not received those improvements, either in plan or execution, which their increased utility has rendered essentially necessary. The difficulty of their execution sufficiently accounts for this tardiness in their advancement; and the most ignorant reader may often discover an error in what relates to his own particular branch of knowledge, although he may be very unequal to appreciate the merits of any other subject. But the study, or rather the mode of acquiring a knowledge of languages, has made as little progress as the compilation of dictionaries. Grammarians have multiplied divisions, and involved themselves in the subordinate details of grammar, without considering the general and necessary principles of speech, the dependence of oral language on the organs of the voice, or the analogies between the modes of thinking, the sentiment, and the language of a particular people. Hence it is, that persons often labour for years to become familiar with the subdivisions and classifications of words, when a knowledge of what may be truly called the spirit of a language, might be acquired in a few hours, and all other knowledge respecting it would follow as a consequence of imbibing its spirit. Whoever considers words as the efforts of the mind to communicate its ideas and feelings, will soon discover the universal principles of language, and the great similarity of all tongues. With a knowledge of these general elements, it is easy to recognise, and even to feel, the spirit of any particular language or dialect; and hence, the study of different languages becomes not only simple and easy, but really instructive, as it presents incomparably the most faithful pictures of all mental operations, of ideas and passions, as influenced by religion, laws, and civil polity, or climate. Some linguists, indeed, are contented with knowing the grammatical distinctions and the names of a coat or a book in several languages, without any regard to the extension of useful knowledge, and forgetting that a mere vocabulary may be acquired by a mechanical effort of the memory, independent of judgment. Such vocabularists make no discoveries in the arts or sciences; they never extend the actual boundaries of our knowledge, still less do they meliorate their own minds, give to their reason an absolute ascendency over their passions, or expand their benevolent, at the expense of their selfish feelings. To obviate such pedantry and lettered uselessness, has been one of the chief objects of the present edition of this Spanish and English Dictionary, which, it is hoped, contains not only many thousand more words than are to be found in the most copious vocabularies, but also much practical and useful information, correct data from which the nature and operations of the human mind in Spain and in England may be deduced; more facts, principles and terms, now used in the sciences, arts, manufactures, and commerce, than in any similar dictionary hitherto published, and likewise more of the modern words in the polite or familiar conversation of both countries. When it is remembered that words are the representatives of ideas, and that the language of any people is nearly a perfect picture of what passes or exists in their minds, it will be evident that a complete dictionary must be a faithful epitome of their intellectual labours; their idiomatic phrases being but abridged metaphors, or modes of saying one thing and meaning another, the polite metaphors of the first age become the vulgarisms of the second, the obsolete language of the third, and the nervous expression of the fourth. In this manner, taste, fashion, or the progress of civilization, and the effect of external circumstances, modulate all living languages; and every generation has its circle of what is esteemed polite phraseology, in defiance of all critical dogmas, or the more serious denunciations of censors and moralists. This continued succession of popular phrases (for the words of conversation in one age generally form but a very small part of any cultivated language), contributes to augment the interest of well-digested dictionaries, which thereby enable the writer of taste and reflection to select the best, the most harmonious, the purest, and most moral phraseology that the language of successive ages affords. To the divine, the moralist, and the metaphysician, it is no less important; as, words being the offspring of ideas and things, the existence of the former is the most unequivocal demonstration of that of the latter. For instance, the French have very justly and naturally a term signifying a man or a woman with a bad breath, (Punais and Punaise ;) the Spanish and English, being generally devoid of this quality, have no corresponding term, and are without any such word. This, however, is not the only difference between the languages and people of those countries. With every French thought and word something of colour and stage effect is associated; it is the spirit of the people and of their language, while that of Spain and England is metaphysical, or mere abstract truth and reason. On the other hand, it must be admitted, that the philanthropic observer of men and manners will view, with profound regret, the superabundance of Spanish epithets injurious to women, and feel perhaps disposed to consider the virtue of females as the fairest criterion of national morality. However this may be, there is evidently more wisdom in raising than depreciating the moral qualities of those who necessarily teach the first rudiments of knowledge, and certainly modulate the character of all mankind. Contrary also to the vulgar and even traditional opinion in Britain, there is, in fact, no tadical and appropriate Spanish term, which exclusively and forcibly conveys the same idea as the English word jealousy. Nevertheless the Spaniards have evinced great wisdom in carefully guarding their language and sentiments from the deteriorating influence of French corruption. In this respect, their conduct presents a noble example to the modern English, who really seem to be almost ashamed of their mother tongue, and to have nearly forgotten that their radical language is as old, and incomparably better than that of France. The fashionable and vulgar foplings of the day have expelled the s and t final almost entirely from their jargon, and given an Anglo-Gallic pronunciation to plain English words, that is more analogous to the hideous accents of unfortunate maniacs than the tones of rational beings. Happily this practice is still confined to the ignorant and comparatively illiterate; but, however pity may be extended to the prude and the coquette, whose imbecile affectation may abandon the definite and modest term shift, for the silly, vague, and not very delicate one chemise (camis from xapisov would be genuine English); it is impossible to have any other feeling than that of ineffable contempt for the breeched animal, who in the British metropolis has lost his hat to find a chapeau. Such things require the admirable pen of Cadalso, in his Eruditos a la Violeta. This absurdity is, indeed, become so enormous and offensive, as to astonish and perplex strangers, while it excites the liveliest regret in the minds of reflecting natives. It has been attempted to palliate this disgrace, by alleging that the English language is chiefly derived from the French. Some ety mologists, it is true, have read English through French spectacles, and indulged their indolence, or masked their ignorance, by producing parallel words from the French. As to Horne Tooke, the most visionary and illogical of all etymologists, whatever is correct or good in his work, all his pretended discoveries of the Exeα Tegosvra, may be traced to what Spanish writers (Aldrete, Mayans, &c.) have related of the manner in which the Goths corrupted the Latin in Spain; his ribaldry and blasphemy are his own; but his errors have been exposed with equal truth and eloquence by Professor Dugald Stewart. There is, however, no notion more erroneous or unfounded, than that of the English tongue being derived from the French, to which it, correctly speaking, owes nothing whatever. The most cursory investigation must satisfy every inquirer, that the grand basis of the English is the Anglo-Saxon, mixed with Latin and Greek, which were popular languages in England at two different periods of the dark ages. Some barbarous law terms, and a few, but very few, other words, have been borrowed from the French, while the genius and spirit of the language still bear the noble features of their Saxon and classic origin. This was universally admitted, till Bolingbroke, and his follower Pope, introduced the French style into prose and rhyme; the former moralized to obliterate the remembrance of his treason, and the latter rhymed solely in imitation of Boileau. Their example has been adopted by Gibbon, who aped Voltaire; but it is the elephant imitating the monkey; his infidelity and occasional obscenity betray his extreme want of morality and judgment, and suit the Gallic tinsel of his monotonous jargon. In the voluminous writings of Gibbon, it is perhaps impossible to find one sentence of pure English; and the foreigner, who wishes to have a correct knowledge of the language, will, it is hoped, never read a page either of Bolingbroke or Gibbon in their English form. Between the Spanish and English there is much more similarity than between the French and English; and this Dictionary will furnish satisfactory evidence, that both nations adopted the same Latin words, with the same significations, into their vernacular dialects. Several of those words are marked disused in both countries, some others are printed in capitals, while whole families of words are still used, as indagar, from indagare, to indagate. The judicious traveller, who has studied anatomy and physiognomy, and visited the inhabitants in the valleys of Aragon and other northern provinces of Spain, and who has also observed the natives of the Isle of Wight, and the inhabitants in the valleys of the South Downs, will be at no loss to discover the most unequivocal evidence of indentity of origin, and instantly conclude, that a branch of the same race of Saxons (the Geta), who invaded the south-west of England, must also have extended themselves to Spain. The physical traits of similarity are as striking as those of the ancient Greeks, whose descendants still appear in the valleys of Granada. The inquisitive reader may perhaps feel disposed to pursue this subject much farther than it is here expedient. A writer in the Archæologia, published by the Society of Antiquaries of London, has traced the first inhabitants of Britain to the Iberians; but it is easier to frame ingenious theories than to collect facts and make correct observations. The Saxon race is much less equivocal. In onder to facilitate the acquisition of English, it may here be proper to |