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and carriages; and the whole business of the conveyance of our produce and our supplies to and from the several states and foreign markets, also depend on our manufactures of wood. Without this class of manufactures then, our lands would remain in a state of nature, our grain would be unreaped, unfanned, uncleaned, unground, unpacked, and unmoved from our farms to our grain ports, and from thence to our other ports, or those of foreign nations. So of our other crops. Our vast manufacture of pot and pearl ashes, so important to our own arts and trades, and so valuable an article of our exports, belong to the wood branch. Our packing casks, cases and boxes for dry and liquid commodities, and our workmen's vats amount to millions in number; and without these agriculture would languish. Even the pro- . duce of foreign countries is brought to us in boxes and casks made out of our own boards, heading, staves and hoops. Not only the handles of all the instruments of husbandry, defence and navigation, are made by ourselves of wood, but those of the tools and implements of the useful and necessary arts and manufactures. A vast proportion of the wood and timber is the growth of our own lands. We are not willing to depend for gunstocks, sword-handles, carriage blocks, gun-carriages, privateers and ships of war, on foreign manufactures and transatlantic forests. We are rather disposed to embrace, as all important to the prosperity of the land-holder and the public defence, our ship builders, carriage makers, mill-wrights, saw millers, carpenters, wood turners, coopers and gun-stockers.

RECAPITULATION.

SUCH then is the actual condition of the manufactures of the United States, which are made of the principal productions of our land and labour.

The sketches, which have been submitted to the public consideration in these papers, may serve to manifest the real and growing importance of the American manufacturing purchasers to the landed interest, and to the supplies of the army, the navy, the militia, and the public and private ships of war. It may be use

ful here to offer a recapitulation of our manufactures, as they have been estimated by Mr. Gallatin, in his official report of the

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do. of household manufactures of cotton, flax}

do. of fur and wool hats

40,000,000

10,000,000

do. of spirituous and malt liquors exclusive of cider 10,000,000

do. of iron 15,000,000 to

12,000,000

$121,300,000

do. of paper, paste-boards, printing and book binding.

do. of hemp.

do, of cotton, wool and flax, not made in families.

do. of seeds, oils and glue.

do. of copper, brass and pewter.

do. of lead, including painter's colours.

do. of tin, japanned and plated wares.

do. of gunpowder.

do. of starch, hair powder and wafers.

do. of earthen ware and glass.

do. of salt and refined salt petre.

do. of chemical preparations.

do. of straw and chip bonnets and hats.

do. of calicoes printed, &c. &c.

The value of these is not estimated, but is undoubtedly very considerable.

When it is remembered, that in the first year of our present beneficial and inestimable union, under the existing constitution of the United States, we did not export foreign and domestic

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merchandize to the amount of 20 millions of dollars, we cannot but rejoice in so grand an exhibition of American manufactures, as is above stated. If the fourteen items not carried out, could have been correctly estimated and added to the nine preceding, our whole exports, in the most favourable year, would appear very far inferior. Those exports are fluctuating, and much too dependant upon foreign justice and friendship. It is a part of the object of these papers respectfully to demonstrate, that our actual advance to a manufacturing system of 120 to 150 millions of dollars, has given us a great and sure home market for the greater part of our produce, exempting our crops from foreign plunder and an odious taxation; and a copious source of military and private supplies, free from spoliation and a scandalous tribute.

Having thus rapidly advanced in the business of American manufactures, and being in real want of raw materials for every branch except that of cotton, it is plainly our interest to pursue, as Rhode-Island has done, the cotton manufacture, to lessen the cultivation of tobacco, and perhaps of cotton, to raise madder, woad, and other dye-stuffs, and more wool, flax and hemp, and to draw forth our coal, clays, lead, iron, copper, tin and zinc, from the teeming earth. In the six years of sickly and inert peace, which preceded the auspicious birth of our present federal system, we imported soap and candles, cables and cordage, refined sugar, much of the most simple and necessary leather manufactures, hats, beer, ale and porter, cider and perry, wares of the common and precious metals, cabinet work, carriages, implements of husbandry, nails and spikes, and various other articles, which have either vanished from the list of our imports, or have been greatly diminished, in proportion to our consumption. The duties imposed for the public revenue and service, the freight, insurance, commissions, and other charges of exportation from Europe, and of importation here, have yielded, in effect, a sure and substantial protection to the American manufacturers. As to all the states north of the cotton country of United America, this real, very great, and indefeasible protecting advantage has occasioned all their raw materials to be manufactured within ourselves. This is clearly proved by our large im

portations of iron* and steel, lead,* copper, zinc, block tin, pewter, brass, flax, hemp, hides and skins, madder, and all the wool we can procure. Not only do the middle and northern sections of the United States manufacture all their own raw materials, but they have so fully entered into the domestic and mill manufactory of our southern and western cotton, that almost every retail store in the ten middle and northern or eastern states, effects, in every year, more sales of cotton than of woo!, flax and hemp, and the state and vicinity of Rhode-Island exhibit a water spinning cotton mill, in or for every township. The presence then, of this only redundant American and southern raw material, has produced these pleasing and successful exertions in this interesting manufacture, amounting already to one third of the whole value of the foreign manufactures imported into the United States, in the first year of the present constitution; though the district, which includes these eastern cotton mills, does not exceed a little oblong of sixty miles by forty at the utmost. The population of that leading district of the cotton water mills, is not one thirtieth part of the ten middle and northern states. The present stable footing of our cotton manufacture, and its rapid progress in profit and perfection, cannot be doubted. The deep interest of the southern cultivators in our extensive and diversified manufacturing operations has become manifest. The vast and certain aid of those operations to public, military, and naval supply, are equally obvious, and incomparably more important, even in times of peace. But incalculable is their value in this solemn crisis of human affairs, when all the sons of Columbia are admonished, by the armament of every other nation, to adorn their houses and fill their magazines with conveniencies and necessaries, for the sudden and effectual exertion of the whole public force, in defence of our altars and our homes.

Of iron and steel, Of lead,

And of hemp and flax,

£.22,000,00 5,500,000

15,000,000

Are imported, being

£.42,500,000

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THE subject of the importance of an accurate knowledge of the temperature of the water at sea, to navigators, was discussed by the Editor in another publication :* an extract from the work by Col. Williams, was there given, with some original facts, to confirm his theory, and to shew the advantages which had actually résulted from an attendance to it: notice was also taken of the loss that had recently happened of the Lady Hobart packet, in July, 1803, by running against an island of ice. The facts detailed by Mr. Masson are very pointed, and ought to dispel any doubts in the minds of those who could hesitate assenting to the truth of the theory of Col. W. Science has seldom been applied more beneficially to forwarding the business of mankind, than in the present instance, and every navigator ought to be under lasting obligations to Col. Williams, for the knowledge of the means of securing their safety at times when the compass, the log, or the quadrant, nay, their organs of vision, avail them nothing.-EDITOR. Extract of a letter from Francis D. Masson, Esq. to Col. Jonathan Williams, Commandant of the corps of Engineers, and Author of "Thermometrical Navigation," at New-York, dated

"CLIFTON, (Eng.) 20th June, 1810. "MY voyage from New-York to Halifax, in the British Packet Eliza, was so very tempestuous and unfortunate (having carried away our foremast,) that I did not make any thermometrical observations; but when we sailed from Halifax, on the 27th of April, I began them, and continued till I unfortunately broke both my Thermometers. Howeyer short the time was, you will perceive that my observations have been very important, and I herewith send the result of them. You will perceive with what fidelity the Thermometer indicated the Banks, and the approximation towards Islands of Ice. The Captain was so convinced of the usefulness of the Thermometer, that he made regular remarks, and inserted them in his journal. I gave him one of your books, thinking it would be pleasing to you that I should extend the knowledge of a discovery so useful as yours, and I wish it were more generally known. After having miraculously escaped the Islands of Ice and several severe gales, we arrived at Falmouth on the 22d of May, 1810."

* Dom. Ency. article Thermometer.

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