gainst this fortress, Abercrombie dispatched Bradstreet with three thousand men, chiefly provincials. He marched his troops by land to the waters of lake Ontario, and embarked thence in some sloops and batteaux provided for the purpose, and landed within a mile of fort Frontenac. The enemy had no intelligence or expectation of his approach, and were poorly prepared for defence. The garrison consisted of but one hundred and ten men, with a few Indians; and could do no otherwise than surrender at discretion. The fort itself was not of much strength; but it was valuable on account of the immense quantity of military stores and merchandize, which it contained. Sixty pieces of cannon, sixteen mortars, and a quantity of small arms were found in the fort. What was

more valuable, a large quantity of provisions was also captured; these had been deposited at Cadaraqui, for the use of their western garrisons, and Indian allies; to supply the French troops that were gone to the Ohio, against brigadier general Forbes; and for the subsistence of M. de Levy and his troops, on their expedition on the Mohawk river. In addition to all the mili tary stores and provisions there was also an immense quantity of merchandize, for the purpose of trade with the Indians, and to supply their own forts and settlements. Besides the forts and stores, Bradstreet made himself master of all the enemy's shipping on the lakes; these amounted to nine armed vessels, some of which carried eighteen guns. Having carried the fort without any loss of men, Bradstreet, in conformity to the general's orders, destroyed the

works, with all the magazines and stores; and immediately returned with his men to Oswego, taking with him two of the enemy's vessels.*

NOTHING had yet been done upon the lakes, during the whole course of the war, which had so much affected the French interest as this exploit of colonel Bradstreet at Cadaraqui. Fort Frontenac, by its situation, had the entire command of the origin of the river St. Lawrence. It was the grand magazine of military stores and provisions, for all their western posts and settlements, and for their Indian allies; it commanded the passage into all the western lakes, and was the grand emporium, where all the savage nations collected to transact their business of trade, and to consult with the French on the affairs of war. The unexpected and total destruction of this place not only alarmed and surprised the French, but it carried dismay and terror to their Indian allies; who had never seen such a sudden and extensive destruction, carried

• Colonel Bradstreet's Letter to General Amherst, on the reduction of Fort, Frontenac.

Oswego, August 31, 1758.

I landed with the troops within a mile of fort Frontenac without opposition, the 25th. The garrison surrendered prisoners of war the 27th, between 7 and 8 in the morning-It was a square fort of 100 yards, the exterior side, and had in it 110 men, some women, children, and Indians; 6 pieces of cannon, (half of which were mounted) sixteen small mortars, with an immense quantity of provisions and goods, to be sent to the troops gone to oppose Brig. Gen. Forbes, their western garrisons, Indians, and to support the army under the command of M. Levy, on his intended enterprise against the Mohawk river, valued by the French at 800,000 livres. We have likewise taken 9 vessels from 8 to 18 guns, which are all they have upon the lake, two of which I have brought here; one richly laden; and the rest and the provisions I have burnt and destroyed, together with the fort, artillery, stores, &e. agreeable to your excellency's instructions, should I succeed. The garrison made no scruple of saying, that their troops to the southward and western garrisons will suffer greatly, if not entirely starve, for want of the provisions and vessels we have destroyed, as they have not any left to bring them home from Niagara. The terms on which the garrison surrendered were prisoners of war, until exchanged for equal numbers and rank,

with such secrecy and dispatch, into the French country.

THE SUCCESS of Bradstreet at Cadaraqui, was not without its effect on the feelings and movements of the Indians, on the Ohio. In the beginning of July, brigadier general Forbes began his march from Philadelphia, for fort Du Quesne. The fort stood on the confluence of the Monongahala with the Ohio river. With incredible difficulties, through a vast tract of country, but little known, without roads, through unexplored mountains, morasses and woods, he had penetrated with the main body as far as Rays-town, at the distance of ninety miles from fort Du Quesne. He had sent on colonel Bouquet, with two thousand men, fifty miles further, to a place called Lyal Henning. Bouquet had detached major Grant, at the head of eight hundred men, to reconnoitre the fort and works at the Ohio. The enemy having intelligence of Grant's approach, sent forward a much larger body to intercept and surround him. A severe action took place, which the English supported with much courage and resolution for three hours, but at length were obliged to yield to the superior numbers of the enemy. Three hundred were killed or taken by the enemy, among whom was major Grant, the commander; he, and nineteen of his officers. were carried prison ers to fort Du Quesne; the remainder of his troops fought their way back to Bouquet. Forbes was not dismayed by this mortifying check, but still advanced with much caution, and a steady perseverance. The enemy having watched his motions, and observed the circum

spection and vigor, with which he made his advances, concluded not to abide the hazard and event of a siege; but dismantled and abandoned the fort, and retired down the Ohio, to their settlements on the Mississippi. On the twenty fourth of November they quitted the fort and the next day it was taken pessession of by the British army, Having repaired the works, Forbes changed the name of the fort from Du. Quesne, to that of Pittsburg, which it still bears.*

SUCH were the events of the campaign of 1758. The expeditions against Louisbourg, Forts Frontenac and Du Quesne, had compleatly succeeded. That against Ticonderoga had failed. The events of the campaign had been much in favor of the British interest; and the advantages that had been obtained over the French, gave flattering hopes and prospects that they might be pursued to much greater advantage, in the course of another year. General Amherst had now assumed the command, and the public expectation and feeling' were ready to afford any assistance that he should ask. This general was already preparing for the next campaign. Soon after he had compleated the conquest of Cape Breton he received inteliigence of the defeat of Abercrombie at Ticonderoga. Leaving a strong garrison at Louisbourg, he embarked with six regiments, and landed at Boston. About the middle of September, he began his march for Albany, to join the troops at the lake; to attempt any further enterprise, or to be in readiness for the next campaign, as the season and circumstances should permit.

Smollet's Hist. England, Vol. 3, p. 291.

CHAPTER XIII.

WAR. Progress and events of the war in the years 1759 and 1760. Plan of the campaign for 1759. Conquest of Quebec by general Wolfe. Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by general Amherst. Expedition against the Indian village of St. Francois by major Rogers. Proceedings on lake Cham plain. Capture of Niagara by General Johnson. Reflections on the campaign of 1759. Measures of Vaudrieul at Montreal in 1760. Plan and proceedings of general Amherst. General Murray's defeat at Quebec, and arri val at Montreal. Haviland's arrival at the river St. Lawrence. Capitulation and surren der of Canada to general Amherst. Reflections on the origin of these wars. Their ef fects on the morals, literature, population, settlement and political state of the colonies.

1759. FROM the advantages that had been already obtained over the French, the British ministry had beer. lead to expect that the compleat conquest of Canada might be effected in another campaign; if their troops were employed so as to divide the enemy's for. ces, and to make their impressions on different parts of the country at the same time. In pursuance of this plan the British minister, PITT, had projected three expeditions against Canada. General Wolfe, who had been so much distinguished in the siege of Louisbourg, was to proceed up the river St. Lawrence with a body of eight thousand men, as soon as the river should