that they should be permitted to hold their lands on condition of taking the oath of allegiance to their new sovereign. With this condition they refused to comply, without annexing to it as a qualification that they should not be called upon to bear arms in defence of the province.

Though this qualification to their oaths of allegiance, which was acceded to by the commanding officer of the British forces, was afterwards disallowed by the crown, yet the French inhabitants of Nova Scotia continued to consider themselves as neutrals. Their love of France, however, would not permit them to conform their conduct to the character they had assumed. In all the contests between the two nations, respecting the possession of their country, or the boundaries of Nova Scotia, their conduct was influenced rather by their wishes than their duty, and about three hundred of them were captured in the year 1755, with the French garrison of Beau Sejour, fighting against the English.

In the obstinate conflict which was then commencing between France and England for American territory, the continuance of these acadian neutrals in Nova Scotia was thought dangerous. To expel them from the country, leaving them at liberty to choose their place of residence, would be to reinforce the French in Canada. A council was held for the purpose of deciding on the destinies of these unfortunate people; and the severe policy was adopted of removing them from their homes, and dispersing them among the other British colonies. This harsh measure was immediately put into execution. About 1500 of them were sent to Charlestown. Some of these exiles have risen to wealth and distinction in Carolina, though it was not originally their country either by birth or choice; but most of them in a short time after peace, left the country. They were, in general, a hard working people. Among them were several industrious fishermen, who plentifully supplied the market with fish.

Soon after the conclusion of the treaty, between Governor Glen and the Indians, the settlers began to stretch backward, and occupied land above an hundred and fifty miles from the shores of the Atlantic. New emigrants from Ireland, Germany, and the northern colonies, obtained grants in these interior parts; and introduced the cultivation of wheat, hemp, flax, and tobacco, for which the soil answered better than in the low lands near the sea. Their cattle, sheep, hogs, and horses, multiplied rapidly; having a country of vast extent to range over, they found plenty of provisions in almost every season. New settlers were invited to these hilly and more healthy parts, where they labored with greater safety than among the swamps. By degrees, public roads were made,

and they conveyed their produce in wagons to the capital, where they found an excellent market for all their productions.

The lands thus obtained by treaty form the present districts of Edgefield, Abbeville, Laurens, Newberry, Union, Spartanburg, York, Chester, Fairfield and Richland. Their value, in a few years after their cession, was enhanced by the peace of Paris, in 1763; for the stipulations therein contained gave security to the frontiers, and settled all disputes about the boundaries of the English colonies. By the cession of Florida it removed troublesome neighbors, and left the savages so much in the power of the English as to deter them from future hostilities. The population of the newly acquired territory, form that period, increased with unusual rapidity. The assembly, desirous of strengthening their frontier, wisely appropriated a large fund for bounties to foreign protestants, and such industrious poor people of Britain and Ireland, as should resort to the province within three years and settle on the inland parts. Two townships, each containing 48,000 acres, were laid out to be divided among emigrants, allowing one hundred acres for every man, and fifty for every woman and child, that should come and settle in them. The face of the country in those interior parts, is variable and beautiful. The air mild and wholesome, and the soil exceedingly fertile. The salubrity of the climate, connected with the provincial bounty, and the fertility of the soil, induced great numbers to fix themselves in these western regions.

About the same time, a remarkable affair happened in Germany, by which South Carolina received a considerable acquisition. One Stumpel, who had been an officer in the King of Prussia's service, being reduced at the peace, applied to the British Ministry for a tract of land in America; and having got some encouragement, returned to Germany, where, by deceitful promises, he seduced between five and six hundred ignorant people from their native country. When these poor palatines arrived in England, Stumpel, finding himself unable to perform his promises, fled, leaving them without money or friends, exposed in the open field, and ready to perish through want. While they were in this starving condition, a humane clergyman took compassion on them, and published their deplorable case in a newspaper. He pleaded for the mercy and protection of government, until an opportunity might offer of transporting them to some of the British colonies. A bounty of three hundred pounds was allowed them. Tents were ordered for the accommodation of such as had been permitted to come ashore, and money was sent for the relief of those that were confined on board. The public spirited citizens of London chose a committee to raise money

for the relief of these poor palatines. In a few days these unfortunate strangers, from the depth of indigence and distress, were raised to comfortable circumstances. The committee, finding the money received more than sufficient to relieve their present distress, applied to the king to know his royal pleasure with respect to the future disposal of the German protestants. His majesty, sensible that his colony of South Carolina had not its proportion of white inhabitants, signified his desire of transporting them to that province.

Accordingly two ships of two hundred tons each were provided for their accommodation, and provisions of all kinds laid in for the voyage. An hundred and fifty stand of arms were given to them for their defence after their arrival in America. Every thing being ready for their embarkation, the palatines broke up their camp and proceeded to the ships, attended by several of their benefactors, of whom they took their leave with songs of praise to God in their mouths and tears of gratitude in their eyes.

In the month of April, 1764, they arrived at Charlestown, and presented a letter from the lords commissioners for trade and plantations to Governor Boone; acquainting him that his majesty had been pleased to take the poor palatines under his royal care and protection; and, as many of them were versed in the culture of silk and vines, had ordered that a settlement be provided for them in Carolina, in a situation most proper for these purposes. The assembly voted five hundred pounds sterling to be distributed among them. That they might be settled in a body, one of the two townships was allotted for them and divided in the most equitable manner into small tracts, for the accommodation of each family, and all possible assistance was given towards promoting their speedy and comfortable settlement.

In the same year Carolina received 212 settlers from France. Soon after the peace of Paris, the Rev. Mr. Gibert, a popular preacher, prevailed on a number of persecuted protestant families to seek an asylum in South Carolina. On his solicitation, the government of England encouraged the project, and furnished the means of transportation. Mr. Gibert repaired to England, and directed the movements of the refugees. They found it necessary to leave France privately, at different times, and in small numbers. After leaving their native country, they rendezvoused at Plymouth, and sailing from that port arrived in Charlestown in April, 1764. They were received by the Carolinians with great kindness and hospitality. They, generally, retired to spend the approaching summer in Beaufort. But in the month of October following they returned to Charlestown, and set out for the

back country, having lost but one of their number since their landing. The province furnished them with the means of conveyance to Long Cane. Vacant lands were laid out for their use; and they received warrants for the quantities of land granted to them respectively, by the bounty of the Provincial Assembly. On their arrival at the place assigned them, they gave it the name of New Bourdeaux, after the capital of the province from which most of them had emigrated. They have been distinguished for their industry and good morals. The climate has agreed so well with them, that they have generally enjoyed good health, and several of them have survived their 80th year. The manufacture of silk is still continued among them. The nephew of the original projector of the settlement is one of the present representatives of Abbeville district, in the State Legislature. This was the third groupe of settlers Carolina received from France.

Besides foreign protestants, several persons from England and Scotland resorted to Carolina after the peace of 1763. But of all other countries, none has furnished the province with so many inhabitants as Ireland. Scarce a ship sailed from any of its ports for Charlestown that was not crowded with men, women, and children. The bounty allowed to new settlers, induced numbers of these people to resort to Carolina. The merchants finding this bounty equivalent to the expenses of the passage, persuaded the people to embark. Many causes may be assigned for this spirit of emigration from Ireland, but domestic oppression was the most powerful and prevalent.

Nor were these the only sources from which an increase of population was at this time derived. Notwithstanding the vast extent of territory contained in the provinces of Virginia and Pennsylvania, a scarcity of improvable lands began to be felt in these colonies, and poor people could not find vacant spots in them equal to their expectations. In Carolina the case was different; for there large tracts of the best lands lay waste. This induced many of the northern colonists to migrate to the South. About this time above a thousand families with their effects, in the space of one year resorted to South Carolina, driving their cattle, hogs, and horses over land before them. Lands were allotted them in its western woods, which soon became the most populous parts of the province. The frontiers were not only strengthened and secured by new settlers, but the old ones began to stretch backward, and the demand for lands in the interior parts every year increased. From the time in which America was secured by the peace of 1763, and particularly

for the twelve subsequent years, the province made rapid progress in agriculture, numbers and wealth.

In the revolutionary war which commenced in 1775, little addition was made either to the population or settlements in South Carolina. But this was amply compensated by the multitudes from Europe and the more northern parts of America, which poured into the State, shortly after the peace of 1783. The two new western districts now called Pendleton and Greenville, which were obtained by treaty founded on conquest from the Cherokee Indians in 1777, filled so rapidly with inhabitants, that in the year 1800 they alone contained upwards of 30,000 inhabitants; which exceeded the population of the whole province in the 64th year from its first settlement.

Hitherto Carolina had been an asylum to those who fled from tyranny and persecution-to the exile-the weary and heavy laden-the wretched and unfortunate-and to those who were bowed down with poverty and oppression. A new variety of human misery was lately presented for the exercise of its hospitality. The insecurity of life, liberty, and property, in revolutionary France, and the indiscriminate massacre of Frenchmen in St. Domingo, drove several hundreds in the last years of the 18th century to the shores of Carolina. They were kindly received; and, such as were in need, received a temporary accommodation at the expense of the public. Most of them fixed their residence in or near Charleston.

These were the last groupe of settlers the State received from foreign countries. The new States and Territories to the southward and westward, draw to them so many of the inhabitants of South Carolina, that emigration from it at present nearly balances migration to it. Its future population must in a great measure depend on the natural increase of its own inhabitants. So much of the soil is unimproved, or so imperfectly cultivated, that the introduction and extension of a proper system of husbandry will afford support to ten times the number of its present inhabitants.

So many and so various have been the sources from which Carolina has derived her population, that a considerable period must elapse, before the people amalgamate into a mass possessing an uniform national character. This event daily draws nearer; for each successive generation drops a part of the peculiarities of its immediate predecessors. The influence of climate and government will have a similar effect. The different languages, and dialects, introduced by the settlers from different countries, are gradually giving place to the English. So much similarity prevails among the de