the About this time Henry was sent by the empress, his mo- MAUD, ther, into Scotland, to his great uncle king David: and, Empress. being now sixteen years of age, was knighted by that king, at Carlisle, having first given him an assurance by oath, that when he came to the crown of England, he should put Newcastle and all Northumberland into the king of Scots' hands, and suffer him and his heirs to enjoy all the country between the rivers Tweed and Tyne, without claim or dis- Nubrigens. turbance. After this agreement, Henry set sail for Nor- Hoveden mandy, and was recognised as duke by the nobility of that Annal. pars province. 1. 1. c. 22. prior, fol. 280. Historiar. This year, Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, departed this life. He was bred with his uncle Roger, bishop of Salisbury; and being thus accustomed to a splendid way of living, he affected figure and grandeur more than was serviceable to his character. This fancy, as Huntington reports, made him over-liberal in his favours, and carried him too far in the expenses of his family; forced him sometimes upon racking his tenants, and did him disservice in his reputation. This failing excepted, he is said to have been a man of conduct, and every way fitted for his post. About a year before Hunting. his death, St. Bernard, who probably knew his temper, 1. 8. fol. 226. wrote to him: in his letter, amongst other things, he cautions him, "not to be dazzled with the lustre of secular grandeur, not to look upon any worldly advantage as permanent; nor value his fortune more than himself. To guard against the flattery of prosperity, for fear of a turn of misfortune which will last much longer. Not to be charmed with the transient satisfactions of life; for that scene will be quickly shut up, and make way for another both lasting and uncomfortable." He advises him farther, "not to deceive himself with any distant prospect of death; that such delusive hopes lead directly to danger and surprise, and are the likeliest way to hurry a man into the other world without preparation: and thus, as the Scripture speaks, 'When they shall say, peace and safety, sudden destruction shall come upon them as upon a woman in her travail, and they shall not escape.'" This was very Christian advice, and sent at a Bernard, seasonable time; for, as has been observed, Alexander died Epist. 64. about a year after. To conclude with this prelate; the Godwin in cathedral of Lincoln happening to be burnt when he was colniens. Epist. Lin THEO- bishop, he rebuilt it at his own charge, and made it the Abp. Cant. most stately fabrick of that kind in England. BALD, Biblioth. tom. 12. p. The death of Malachy, archbishop After Alexander's death, Robert de Chesney, archdeacon of Lincoln, was elected, and consecrated about the latter end of September. Soon after his promotion, he received a congratulatory letter from Arnulphus, bishop of Lisieux, in Normandy, an old acquaintance of his. Arnulphus, presuming upon Robert's friendship, recommends the interest of Henry, duke of Normandy, to him, and to prevail with him to be serviceable to this young prince, who, he puts him in mind, was heir-apparent to the hereditary crown of England. life. This year, Malachy, archbishop of Armagh, departed this He received his first education from Imar, an abbot of Armagh of great austerity, and afterwards lived under the conduct of Malchus, bishop of Lismore. His first preferment was his abbacy of Bangor in Ulster; from whence he was elected to the see of Connor. Celsus, archbishop of Armagh, being upon his death-bed, appointed Malachy for his successor; which nomination took place after an intrusion by one Maurice for five years. Malachy having sat three years, resigned his archbishoprick to Gelasius: and about two years after took a journey to Rome to procure two palls; one for the see of Armagh, and the other for the new metropolis, erected by Celsus. Innocent II., then pope, made Malachy his legate for Ireland: but as to his request for the palls, he was dismissed with this answer, "That a grant of so great concern ought not to be passed without due solemnity, and the approbation of an Irish council." About Sir James nine years after, Malachy undertook a second voyage to Comment Rome, but died upon the way at the monastery of Clarevall ary of the in France. St. Bernard, abbot of this house, has given us lates, p. 10. his life. This Malachy, amongst other things, wrote a prophecy concerning the popes, published by Arnold Wyon. 340. Ware's Irish Pre I shall conclude this year with the death of Roger Clinton, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, who was very nobly extracted. This prelate ornamented and enlarged the cathedral, founded several new prebends, fortified the castle of Lichfield, and surrounded the town with a deep ditch. At last, taking the crusade upon him, he travelled to Jerusalem, and died at Antioch. the A. D. 1151. I must now proceed three years forward, and give a brief MAUD, account of the martyrdom of Henry, archbishop of Upsal, Empress. in Sweden. The reason I mention this foreign prelate is, upon the score of his being an Englishman. He was consecrated to the see of Upsal by his countryman, cardinal Nicholas, afterwards pope, and now legate to Eugenius III. Baronius, speaking of this Henry, styles him bishop of Finland, the apostle of that nation, and that he converted the greatest part of them to Christianity. His martyrdom was Baron. Anoccasioned by his exerting the censures of the Church upon 1151. a Finlander, guilty of murder. This criminal being a person of licence and violence, was provoked at the bishop's discipline, and soon after assassinated him. nal. ad An. Alford. Annal. vol. 4. 54. Robert de Sigillo died this year. He was preferred to pars 2. p. the see of London by Maud, the empress, in the year 1141. When the Londoners revolted to king Stephen, the bishop, it seems, was required to take the oath of allegiance to that revolution, which he refused. That the case stood thus, appears by pope Eugenius's letter to king Stephen and his queen, in which the pope desires the bishop may be excused from taking an oath to king Stephen, alleging, that Robert could give no such security without prejudice to his conscience, and drawing a blemish upon his character. Concil. The reason of the bishop's being thus tied up, was, because of his pre-engagements of fidelity to Maud, the empress. This year pope Eugenius sent cardinal John Papatus his legate, into Ireland, with four palls, for the erecting of four archbishopricks, assigning five suffragans to each metropolitan. This business, as the author of the Norman Chronicle reports, was altogether innovation, and a diminution of the rights of the see of Canterbury; the Irish prelates being always consecrated by that archbishop. Labb. et Chronic. Norman. p. 985. nal. ad An. 1151. Baronius, though omitting this circumstance, relates from Hoveden, that the four archbishopricks were Armagh, Cassel, Divelin, and Connath, and mentions, a manuscript Baron. Anin the Vatican, which treats the matter more at large. The council of London comes up next; it was held in Hoveden, Lent, under Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury and le- An. 1151. gate. King Stephen, his son Eustachius, and the temporal nobility, were at this synod: and here, as Huntington re Annal. ad BALD, THEO- ports, the council was disturbed with appeals to Rome; which sort of applications were not customary in England, till Henry, bishop of Winchester, set the precedent when he was legate. Abp. Cant. Hunting. 1. 8. fol. 226. The arch bishop refuses to tachius. King Stephen being desirous to perpetuate his injustice, and settle the usurpation upon his posterity, projected the coronation of his son Eustachius. To this purpose he convened the bishops and barons to London; and the crowning the kings of England belonging to the see of Canterbury, Theobald was put upon the office; but neither this archbishop, nor any of the prelates, would perform the crown Eus- solemnity. It seems, the pope, being informed of Stephen's design, had written to the archbishop of Canterbury not to crown Eustachius, because his father had made his way to the government through perjury. This refusal was highly resented by king Stephen and Eustachius, who ordered all the bishops to be locked up in a room, and endeavoured to menace them into a compliance. But their constancy was not to be shaken; they were resolved to venture the utmost extremity. However, they received no harm in their persons, though they lost their estates for the present; for it was not long before king Stephen repented his rigour, and returned them. Thus the story is told by Huntington, Hunting, then living. Gervase of Canterbury reports, that the archbishop, making his escape, ferried over the Thames, and went incognito to Dover, and so got himself conveyed beyond sea; and that when king Stephen heard of it, he seized the revenues of the archbishoprick. Histor. ib. Chronic. 1371, 1372. This year Geffrey Arthur, or Geffrey of Monmouth, who Gervas. col. translated the British history into Latin, was preferred to Annal. Wa- the see of St. Asaph. Upon the mention of this promotion, ver. p. 157. the annals of Waverley take notice, that in eight of the seven teen English sees, the chapter consisted of monks: that this society of religious was very rarely to be met with in the cathedrals of foreign countries; but that this singular usage prevailed in England, because the first planters of Nine of the Christianity amongst the English, Augustine, Mellitus, and cathedrals Justus, were all monks. And, lastly, that the other nine furnished English cathedrals were furnished with secular canons. William de St. Barbara, bishop of Durham, died this year. seventeen with secular canons. the He has the character of a prelate of unexceptionable beha- MAUD, viour, of a hospitable disposition, and very remarkable for Empress. his charity to the poor. Gaufrid. Henry, duke of Normandy, being solicited by the loyal Hist. Dunelm. Angl. party, arrived in England with forces from Normandy; and, Sacr. pars. notwithstanding his army was small, he was generally suc1. p. 718. cessful against Stephen. Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, endeavoured to put an end to these civil distractions, and was very earnest to bring king Stephen and duke Henry to an accommodation; and Henry, bishop of Winchester, who had formerly embroiled the kingdom, by setting up his brother Stephen, assisted the archbishop in this good work. This prelate, when he saw the kingdom miserably overrun with rapine and slaughter, and almost all laid in blood and ashes, repented his former measures, and promoted a treaty. On the other side, king Stephen, hav- Hunting. ing lately lost his son Eustachius, was not so averse as for- Histor. 1. 8. merly to an accommodation. In short, in the beginning of An accomNovember the articles were agreed at Winchester; and modation be here king Stephen, before the bishops and barons, owned phen and duke Henry's hereditary right to the kingdom. And the duke was so generous on his part, as to yield Stephen the crown for his lifetime; taking an oath of king Stephen, and the lords spiritual and temporal, that in case the duke survived the king, he should be put in possession of the government, without any opposition or disturbance. fol. 228. tween Ste Henry. Chronic. Norman. p. 989. Polydore Virgil reports, that the empress Maud was then in England, and a principal in the treaty; and that she and her son had the first meeting with Stephen at Wallingford, Polydor. and that after the treaty was finished both of them returned into Normandy. Virgil. Anglic. Histor. I. 12. p. 204, 205. A. D. 1153. The empress consenting treaty. But whether the empress was in England at this time or not, is somewhat questionable; for Gervase, of Canterbury, tells us, that being tired with the ill condition of her affairs, to this she quitted the kingdom in the year 1147; but neither this author, Huntington, nor Nubrigensis, who lived in that age, make the least mention of her return. However, whether the empress was in England or not, it is certain she was Foedera, consenting to the agreement, and had resigned the crown to oneher son, for the duke claimed no otherwise than under his teræ, &c. mother; and in the original articles preserved in the Tower 14. Conven tom. 1. p. |
