K. of Eng. Gest. Pont. 1. 1. fol. 130. As to his moral qualifications: he was a person of great HENRYI. strictness and self-denial; his temper and sedateness were such, that, after he turned monk, he never was so far transported with choler as to fly out in the least reproachful language, excepting once. His zeal was fervent, and his Malmsb. de courage invincible. Where he believed the rights of the Church and the interest of religion concerned, no greatness, no menaces of princes, no prospect of hardship could discourage him in pursuit of his point; and though Fox discommends him for contesting with king William Rufus about the owning pope Urban, yet without doubt Anselm Fox's Acts held the right side of the question in this dispute. The and Monuking declared he had not owned Urban for pope himself, 1. p. 241. and that for this reason none of his subjects ought to do it, and that this prescribing a pope for his subjects was part of his prerogative. But to this it may be answered, that An- Eadmer, selm was bound to own pope Urban without the king's l. 1. p. 25. leave, provided he believed him canonically elected; and that, First, because every Catholic bishop has a right to be owned by the rest of the episcopal college, his communicatory letters ought to be received, and his censures ratified by the rest of his order. Secondly, according to the principles of that age, the pope had at least a patriarchal power in England; and, by consequence, the English bishops were obliged to pay him a proportionable acknowledgment. This patriarchal right, resulting from the privilege of his see, the king had no right to deprive him of, or discharge Anselm from owning mitous convulsions that subsequently distressed this island, and which Collier has so graphically described. Dante, in his Monarchia, set the rights of monarchs on their proper footing, and his doctrine gradually extended among the best informed scholars till Henry VIII. carried it into execution, and by professing himself the true pope of England, shook off the tyranny of the Italian pontiff. Heaven cannot bear two suns, nor Britain two popes. The monarchs of Britain are the patriarchs and pontiffs of Britain, that is, their ecclesiastical authority, is no less super-eminent than their secular. Anselm placed the character of the king too low; he put the king in a false position, as a merely secular prince, and, in consequence, his political conduct was full of blunders. The theory that sir Robert Filmer illustrates in his Patriarcha, if not quite perfect, is at least infinitely nearer to the Biblical system of government than that advanced by Locke and his followers, who, with the best intentions in the world, have, in fact, done far more than papalists to undermine the royal prerogative in every nation in Europe. ments, vol. ANSELM, him under that character of superiority. Farther, if the Abp. Cant. secular magistrate may forbid one bishop to own another, stop the correspondence, and destroy the subordination of the episcopal college; if all this lies within the commission of the secular magistrate, the Church may be disenfranchised by the state, spiritual jurisdiction must grow precarious, and Catholic communion become impracticable, and, by consequence, one article of our creed will be lost by this Erastian latitude. And though Anselm was in the right in this matter, it is possible he might be too inflexible, and carry his incompliance somewhat too far in some other cases of less consequence. For instance, his refusing to gratify William Rufus with the payment of a thousand pounds looks like a mistake of this nature. And, to conclude, though the prejudices of the age he lived in might mislead him in some points, yet he seems to have been a person of great probity and conscience. He was canonized in the reign of Henry VII., at the instance of cardinal Morton, Godwin, in then archbishop of Canterbury. 298. Archiepisc. Cant. Soon after the death of Anselm one cardinal Ulric arrived A. D. 1109. in England. He was sent hither by pope Paschal with a pall for the elect of York; but being informed of the death of Anselm he was somewhat at a stand, for his instructions were, to put the pall into that archbishop's hands, to be disposed of as he thought fit. Eadmer, This year, at Whitsuntide, the bishops and temporal nobility, paying their customary attendance at the court at London, the king asked their opinion about the consecration of Thomas, elect of York; and upon this, Anselm's last letter was read. Robert, earl of Mellent, was very much displeased with the contents, and asked, whether any of the bishops were so hardy as to receive a letter of that kind without the king's leave? The bishops, perceiving this earl designed to move for an impeachment, and bring them under some forfeiture to the king, withdrew, and, consulting The bishops' among themselves, came to this resolution, that in case the resolution. king should be governed by the earl's suggestions, they would rather run the hazard of losing their temporalities than disconform to Anselm's letter with respect to the elect of York. The prelates thus resolved were London, Winchester, Lincoln, Norwich, Salisbury, Rochester, Hereford, These eleven HENRYI. Chester, Bath, Chichester, and Exeter. bishops consulted Sampson, bishop of Worcester, upon the K. of Eng. point. His answer was, that, notwithstanding the elect of York was his son, and the regard he had for him upon the score of so near a relationship, he must prefer his duty to the see of Canterbury to all considerations of blood and paternal affection; and therefore, unless Thomas would make profession of canonical obedience to the see of Canterbury, he could never give his consent to his consecration. Idem, p. 103. Anselm's Ibid. Upon this all the bishops went in a body to the king, frankly owned their receiving Anselm's letter, and that they could by no means depart from the contents of it. And now the earl of Mellent fancied the bishops had fallen into the snare, and seemed ready to prosecute, and press the advantage; but this design was disappointed by the king, 'who declared himself entirely of the bishops' opinion, and The king that he would not lie under the danger of Anselm's excom- with the complies munication; no, not for an hour.' This gave a sudden contents of turn to the affair, and made the clergy say among them- last letter. selves, that Anselm was now become a sort of guardian angel to his Church, that they believed him present at the debate, and that he gave an impression of justice to the king's thought. The bishops, being thus far assured of the king's favour and impartiality, entreated him to maintain the see of Canterbury in its ancient dignity, and not suffer any new customs of disadvantage to be brought upon it. They suggested that the question of the dependency of the see of York upon that of Canterbury had been fully determined in his father's reign. The king ordered the Records to be read, and being satisfied about the matter of fact, declared he would never suffer this dispute to be revived any more; and, therefore, unless Thomas would make the usual submission of his predecessors to the see of Canterbury, he must quit all his pretensions to the archbishoprick. elect of fesses canonical obe Thomas, finding the evidence produced by the see of Can- Thomas, terbury not to be contested, resolved to be no longer governed York,yields, by the measures of his chapter, but made his profession and proof canonical obedience, and was consecrated upon it. In this form of submission to the see of Canterbury was a provisional clause for the saving his allegiance and Canterbury, duty to the king and the pope. VOL. II. L there dience to the see of Idem. 104. The matter being thus agreed between the two metropolitical churches, and Thomas's consecration performed, cardinal Ulric went to York, and delivered him the pall. Thomas being thus completed in his character, consecrated Hoveden. Turgot for the see of St. Andrews. Annal. fol. 270. The death of Ingulphus. This year, Ingulphus, abbot of Croyland, departed this life. He was born at London, in the year of our Lord 1030; his father, as has been already observed, was one of king Edward the Confessor's courtiers. Ingulphus had his education at the university of Oxford. In the year 1051, William, duke of Normandy, coming into England for an interview with king Edward, Ingulphus was made known to him, attended him into Normandy, and was made his secretary and principal favourite. Ingulphus, being apprehensive the interest he had with so great a prince might draw envy upon him, retired from court, and went in pilgrimage to the Holy Land. At his return he turned monk, and was soon after preferred to the priory of Fontenels, in Normandy. In the year 1076, the Conqueror sent for him over, and made him abbot of Croyland. By the interest he had with the king and Lanfranc, the archbishop, he was very serviceable to his monastery. He wrote the history of this reliHistor. In- gious house from the year 664 to 1091. gulph. Petri Blesens. Histor. In After Anselm's death the king kept the archbishoprick in Continuat. his hands about five years, and when he was solicited to fill gulph. Cave the vacancy, he used to reply, that his father and his Liter. Pars brother had furnished that see with admirable men, that he Histor. 1. 299. should be sorry to fall short of his predecessors in the nomination to that post; that for this reason he was obliged to The see of deliberate with leisure and caution in a point of so great conCanterbury kept vacant, sequence: but, after all, it seems the king began to love money more than formerly, to follow the customs of the late reign, Malmsb. de and put the revenues of vacant bishopricks in his pocket. Gest. Pon tif. 1. 1. fol. Soon after the death of Ingulphus, the king promoted Joffrid, prior of St. Ebrolf, in Normandy, to the abbacy of Croyland. This Joffrid was a person very nobly extracted; his father, Herbert, was a marquis, and his mother, Hildeburga, was sister to Alan Croun, lord high steward to king Henry. He was born at Orleans, and educated in a monastery in that town, where he made himself master of all sorts of learning. K. of Eng. occasion to sity of Cam A. D. 1110. I have been somewhat more particular in relating the HENRYI. birth and qualifications of this abbot Joffrid, because he gave occasion to the beginning (as I am afraid we must call Joffrid, abbot of Croyit, till we have better evidence) to the famous university of land, gives Cambridge. The story, in short, lies thus: the stately the founding abbey of Croyland had been lately burnt down by an accident, the univerand but meanly rebuilt. Joffrid, being a person of quality bridge. and interest, and very active for the service of his monastery, projected the rebuilding it upon a noble and magnificent model. But, computing the charge of the structure, he found the whole revenues of the monastery would fall much short of the design. To get a sufficient fund, therefore, he Pet. Bleprocured a license from all the English prelates, to relax a nuat. Hist. third part of the penance to those that should contribute Ingulph. towards the rebuilding of the abbey. For the purpose, if a man had been enjoined three days' abstinence in a week, one of them was to be struck off. By the strength of this indulgence, he laid the foundation of the abbey church, and dispatched his monks into all parts of England and the neighbouring kingdoms, to beg their bounty; assuring them withal of the benefit of the relaxation. sens. conti p. 112-13. Joffrid, apprehending there might be a deficiency in this Four monks the first prosupply, thought it necessary to play all his engines; to this fessors in purpose, he ordered one Gislebert, a divine, and three other Cambridge of his monks, who came along with him into England, to go to Cambridge and try their fortune. These monks coming to Cambridge, hired a barn; and, being all men of academical learning, held forth in their respective faculties; and in a little time, had a great number of scholars about them. The next year their audience increased to that degree, that no single house nor barn was big enough to receive them; upon this, they found it necessary to divide their company, and teach in distinct places; and here they followed the method of the professors at Orleans. In the morning, very early, Odo, a celebrated grammarian, taught the boys Priscian's Grammar, with Remigius's notes. At six o'clock, Terricus read Aristotle's Logick, with the Commentaries of Porphyry and Averroes. At nine, friar William read a Rhetorick Lecture upon Tully and Quintilian. As for Gislebert, he preached upon Sundays and holidays in several churches of the town, levelling his discourses more particularly against |