THE

TRAGIC SENSE OF LIFE//

IN MEN AND IN PEOPLES

BY

MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO

TRANSLATED BY

J. E. CRAWFORD FLITCH
M.A. (CANTAB.)

WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ESSAY BY
SALVADOR DE MADARIAGA

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON

29

HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

JAN 17 1961

THE MAN OF FLESH AND BONE

Philosophy and the concrete man-The man Kant, the man

Butler, and the man Spinoza-Unity and continuity of the

person-Man an end not a means-Intellectual necessities

and necessities of the heart and the will-Tragic sense of

life in men and in peoples

II

THE STARTING-POINT

Tragedy of Paradise-Disease an element of progress-Necessity

of knowing in order to live-Instinct of preservation and

instinct of perpetuation-The sensible world and the ideal

world-Practical starting-point of all philosophy--Know-

ledge an end in itself?—The man Descartes-The longing

not to die

III

THE HUNGER OF IMMORTALITY

Thirst of being-Cult of immortality-Plato's "glorious risk"

-Materialism -Paul's discourse to the Athenians-In-

tolerance of the intellectuals-Craving for fame-Struggle

for survival

IV

THE ESSENCE OF CATHOLICISM

Immortality and resurrection—Development of idea of im-

mortality in Judaic and Hellenic religions-Paul and the

dogma of the resurrection-Athanasius-Sacrament of the

Eucharist-Lutheranism-Modernism-The Catholic ethic

-Scholasticism-The Catholic solution

1-18

19-37

38-57

58-78

V

THE RATIONALIST DISSOLUTION

Materialism-Concept of substance-Substantiality of the soul

-Berkeley-Myers-Spencer-Combat of life with reason

- Theological advocacy Odium anti-theologicum — The

rationalist attitude-Spinoza-Nietzsche-Truth and con-

solation

-

PAGES

79-105

VI V

IN THE DEPTHS OF THE ABYSS

Passionate doubt and Cartesian doubt-Irrationality of the

problem of immortality-Will and intelligence-Vitalism

and rationalism-Uncertainty as basis of faith-The ethic

of despair-Pragmatical justification of despair-Summary

of preceding criticism

VII

106-131

LOVE, SUFFERING, PITY, AND PERSONALITY

Sexual love-Spiritual love-Tragic love-Love and pity-

Personalizing faculty of love-God the Personalization of

the All-Anthropomorphic tendency-Consciousness of the

Universe--What is Truth ?-Finality of the Universe

VIII

FROM GOD TO GOD

132-155

Concept and feeling of Divinity-Pantheism-Monotheism-

The rational God-Proofs of God's existence-Law of

necessity-Argument from Consensus gentium-The living

God-Individuality and personality-God a multiplicity-

The God of Reason-The God of Love-Existence of

God

156-185

IX

FAITH, HOPE, AND CHARITY

Personal element in faith-Creative power of faith-Wishing

that God may exist-Hope the form of faith-Love and

suffering-The suffering God-Consciousness revealed

through suffering-Spiritualization of matter -

186-215

X

RELIGION, THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE BEYOND,

AND THE APOCATASTASIS

PAGES

What is religion?-The longing for immortality-Concrete

representation of a future life-Beatific vision-St. Teresa

-Delight requisite for happiness-Degradation of energy

-Apocatastasis-Climax of the tragedy-Mystery of the

Beyond -
216-259

XI

THE PRACTICAL PROBLEM

Conflict as basis of conduct-Injustice of annihilation-Making

ourselves irreplaceable-Religious value of the civil occu-

pation-Business of religion and religion of business-

Ethic of domination-Ethic of the cloister-Passion and

culture-The Spanish soul

-

CONCLUSION

DON QUIXOTE IN THE CONTEMPORARY

EUROPEAN TRAGI-COMEDY

260-296

Culture Faust - The modern Inquisition-Spain and the

scientific spirit-Cultural achievement of Spain-Thought

and language-Don Quixote the hero of Spanish thought

-Religion a transcendental economy - Tragic ridicule

- Quixotesque philosophy - Mission of Don Quixote

to-day

297-330