construction, arrangement, and changes, and to do this in the words of the original authors as much as possible." (p. 1.)

It is divided into distinct and numbered articles, which are translated from the corresponding passages of the original Latin quoted at the foot of the page, and consists of twentysix articles thus numbered, from which we select the following as a specimen of the work.

I. "When Augustine (the first Archbishop of CanterA.D. 602. bury) assumed the episcopal throne in that royal city, he recovered therein, by the king's assistance, a church which, as he was told, had been constructed by the original labour of Roman believers. This church he consecrated in the name of the Saviour, our God and Lord Jesus Christ, and there he established an habitation for himself and for all his successors." (P. I. Bedæ Ecc. Hist. L. i, c. 33.)

II.

"Cuthbert (the eleventh Archbishop), amongst his A.D. 740 other good works, constructed a church to the east of to 758. the great church and almost touching it, which he solemnly dedicated in honour of St. John the Baptist. He fabricated this church for the following purposes: that baptisms might be celebrated therein, that certain judicial trials which are wont to be held in the church might be carried on there; and lastly, that the bodies of the archbishops might therein be buried, thus departing from the ordinary ancient custom of burial beyond the walls of the city. And he was accordingly buried in the aforesaid church of St. John." (P. 2, Edmer, vit. S. Bregwini. Ang. Sac. T. ii, p. 186.)

VI. "In the days of Archbishop Odo (the twentyA.D. 940. second) the roof of Christ Church had become rotten to 960. from excessive age, and rested throughout upon half shattered pieces, wherefore he set about to reconstruct it, and being also desirous of giving to the walls a more aspiring altitude, he directed his assembled workmen to remove altogether the disjointed structure above, and commanded them to supply the deficient height of the walls by raising them, &c." It appears also from this article that vast multitudes of the people frequented the church. (P. 3, Edmer, vit. Odonis, Ang. Sac. T. ii, p. 83.)

XI. "Archbishop Dunstan (the twenty-fourth) was A.D. 988. buried in the spot which he himself had chosen two days before his death, the place, to wit, where the divine office

was daily celebrated by the brethren, and which was before the steps which led up to the altar of the Lord Christ. Here in the midst of the choir his body was deposited in a leaden coffin deep in the ground, according to the ancient custom of the English, and the depth of his grave was made equal to the stature of an ordinary man. A tomb was afterwards constructed over him in the form of a large and lofty pyramid, and having at the head of the saint the matutinal altar. Thus by choosing so conspicuous a spot he left a mournful and tender memorial of himself to the brethren singing in the choir or ascending the steps of the altar." (P. 6, Osb. Edmer, &c.)

XII.

"In the primacy of Archbishop Elphege (the A.D. 1011. twenty-eighth) the sack of Canterbury by the Danes took place. . The Archbishop was led away bound, and after enduring imprisonment and torture for seven months, was finally slain." (P. 7, Osb. Vit. S. Elphegi, &c.)

"It must be remarked, however, that the church

XIII. itself at the time of the suffering of the blessed martyr Elphege was neither consumed by the fire, nor were its walls or its roof destroyed."' (P. 8, Edm. Epist. de

Corp. S. Dunst. Ang. Sac. T. ii, p. 225.)

XIV.

After these things, and while misfortunes fell A.D. 1067. thick upon all parts of England, it happened that the city of Canterbury was set on fire by the carelessness of some individuals, and that the rising flames caught the mother church thereof. How can I tell it? The whole was consumed, and nearly all the monastic offices that appertained to it, as well as the church of the blessed John the Baptist, where as aforesaid the remains of the Archbishops were buried.. The privileges granted by the popes of Rome, and by the kings and princes of this kingdom, all carefully sealed and collected together, by which they and theirs were bound to defend and uphold the church for ever, were now reduced to ashes. Copies of those documents were sought for and collected from every place where such things were preserved." (P. 9, Edm. Vit. Bregw. Ang. Sac. T. ii, p. 187.)

XV.

"This was that very church (asking patience for a digression) which had been built by Romans, as Bede bears witness in his history, and which was arranged in some

parts in imitation of the church of the blessed prince of the apostles, Peter, in which his holy relics are exalted by the veneration of the whole world." (P. 9, quoted by Gervase from Edmer.)

A minute description from Edmer and Gervase of this Romano-British church follows, which after noticing the crypt or confessionary, proceeds: "In the next place, beyond the middle of the length of the body there were two towers which projected beyond the aisles of the church. The South Tower had an altar in the midst of it.* ... At the side was the principal door of the church, which as of old by the English, so even now is called the Suthdure, and is often mentioned by this name in the law books of the ancient kings, for all disputes from the whole kingdom which cannot be legally referred to the king's court, or to the hundreds or counties, do in this place receive judgment."

XVII.

..

"Now after this lamentable fire the bodies of the A.D. 1070. pontiffs (namely, Cuthbert, Bregwin, and their successors) rested undisturbed in their coffins for three years, until that most energetic and honorable man, Lanfranc, Abbot of Caen, was made Archbishop of Canterbury. And when he

to Canterbury (A.D. 1070) and found that the church of the Saviour which he had undertaken to rule was reduced to almost nothing by fire and ruin, he was filled with consternation. But although the magnitude of the damage had well nigh reduced him to despair, he took courage, and neglecting his own accommodation, he completed in all haste the houses essential to the monks; for those which had been used for many years were found too small for the increased numbers of the convent. He therefore pulled down to the ground all that he found of the burnt monastery, whether of buildings or the wasted remains of buildings, and having dug out their foundations from under the earth, he constructed in their stead others which excelled them greatly both in beauty and magnitude. He built cloisters, celerer's offices, refectories, dormitories, with all other necessary offices, and all the buildings within the enclosure of the curia as well as the walls thereof. As for the church, which the aforesaid

* See remarks on chapter ii.

He added 100 monks, and ordained that the total number should always be from 140 to 150. (Gerv. Act. Pont. p. 1654.)

fire, combined with its age, had rendered completely unserviceable, he set about to destroy it utterly and erect a more noble one. And in the space of seven years he raised this new church from the very foundations and rendered it nearly perfect." (P. 14, Edmer Vit. S. Bregw. Ang. Sac. T. ii, p. 188; Edm. Hist. Nov. L. i, p. 7.)

"After a few years the bodies of the Pontiffs CuthXX. bert, Bregwin, and their successors, were brought

into the newly founded church, and placed in the north part upon a vault, each in a separate wooden coffin,* and there daily the mystery of the sacrifice of salvation was celebrated.” (P. 16, Edmer.)

XXII.

Archbishop Anselm, who succeeded Lanfranc, A.D. 1093, appointed Ernulf to be prior. This Ernulf was a Frenchman, and originally a monk of St. Lucian, in Beauvais. He then becoming dissatisfied with that monastery, joined Lanfranc, whose pupil he had been at Bec, and remained with him as a monk at Canterbury. After the death of Lanfranc he was made prior, as above related, then (in 1107) Abbot of Burgh (Peterborough), and finally (A.D. 1114) Bishop of Rochester. While at Canterbury, having taken down the eastern part of the church which Lanfranc had built, he erected it so much more magnificently, that nothing like it could be seen in England either for the brilliancy of its glass windows, the beauty of its marble pavement, or the many coloured pictures which led the wondering eyes to the very summit of the ceiling." (P. 17, Will. Malms. de gestis. Pont. p. 234.)

"This chancel, however, which Ernulf left un

XXIII. finished, was superbly completed by his successor Conrad, who decorated it with excellent paintings, and furnished it with precious ornaments." (P. 17, Obit. in Ang. Sac. T. i, p. 137.)

XXIV.

"His works at Canterbury, however, originated with Anselm, for that prelate allowed the monks to manage their own affairs, and gave them for priors Ernulf, and then Conrad, both of them monks of their own monastery, and thus it happened, that in addition to the general prosperity and good order of their property, they were enabled to * See remarks on the translation of this passage at the end of this chapter. This is an inaccurate translation. See remarks at the end of this chapter.

enlarge their church* by all that part which stretches from the Great Tower to the east, which work Anselm himself provided for." (P. 18, Edm. Hist. Nov. L. v, p. 108.)

A.D. 1150.

XXVI. "The church of Canterbury, thus founded and finished by Lanfranc, but enlarged by Anselm, was dedicated by Archbishop William, with all respect and liberality, on the 4th of May. At this dedication were present Henry, King of England, David, King of Scotland, and all the bishops of England. So famous a dedication has never been heard of on the earth since the dedication of the Temple of Solomon." (P. 19, Gerv. Act. Pont. p. 1664, and others.)

REMARKS ON CHAPTER I.

We have been thus copious in our extracts from this chapter, not only as due to the extensive research and indefatigable industry of the learned and reverend Professor, and as furnishing a most valuable and interesting epitome of the History of the RomanBritish, Saxon, and Norman Churches of Canterbury, from the · earliest period, to the dedication of the Norman cathedral, A.D. 1130; but also, because we conceive that upon a misconception and mistranslation of some of the foregoing passages, the learned Professor has, in a subsequent part of his work, advanced an hypothesis (as to the respective works of Lanfranc and Anselm) altogether fanciful and entirely unsupported by evidence.

It therefore becomes our duty, in the first place, to test the accuracy of the Professor's translation of some of the preceding articles.

We will, however, pause to remark, that in a note (p. 16,) the learned Professor, in noticing the translation of Wilfrid to the Trinity Chapel, says, "this deposition of Wilfrid must have taken place after the enlargement of the choir by Anselm. This is the first of a series of gratuitous assumptions, in which the learned Professor too freely indulges throughout this interesting work.

We are not quite satisfied with the learned Professor's translation of the preceding Article xx. The original Latin text of Edmer is, "Post aliquot annos in ecclesiam jam fundatam illati sunt et in aquiloni parte super voltum, singuli sub

* An inaccurate translation. See remarks at the end of this chapter.