Wisbaden (wis-ba/den), or Wurzen (wooRt/sen) Wiesbaden(wees-ba'den) Wustrow (woos/tro) Wutach (woo/täk) Wis-cas/set Wis-con'sin, or Wiskon- Wy'an-dot' sin; formerly written Wyborg Quisconsin. Wismar (wis/mar) Wissant (ve/SON') Wissembourg (vis/sŎN'boor') Witepsk (ve-těpsk'), or Vitebsk Xeres (Sp. pron. Ha-res'; Yaracuy (ya-rä-kwee/) Yar/kind; also written Yarkand. Port. pron. sha-res', or shĕr-ĕs') Xeres, or Jeres, de la Frontera (Ha-rěs' dã lã fron-ta/rå) Wycombe (wik'um) Wye (Wales) (wi) Xertigny (zen'tên'yê') Syn. Sikokf. Ximo (zee/mo) Wye (Netherlands). See Y. Xicoco (ze-ko'ko). Wyk, or Wijk (wik) Wittichenau (wit'tik-enOw') Wittlich (wit/lik) Witzenhausen (wit/senhow/zen) Wiveliscombe (wils/kum) Woahoo. See Oahu. Woburn (woo/burn) Wohlau (wō/lou) Wohlen (wollen) Wolfenbüttel (wol'fen büttel, almost wol'fenbit/tel) Yaroslav, or Jaroslaw (yä Xingu, or Chingu (shen- Yath Kyed (yath kid) Xixon, or Gijon (не-Hōn') Xoa (sho'). Syn. Shoa. The correctness of ble. This accentuation is readily explained by the fact that Campbell was never in the United Y. Wolverhampton (wool- Wyre (wir) Wythe (with, th being Wolverley (wool/ver-ly) sounded as in thin) wool/ij) Worcester (woos/ter) Wotton-under-Edge (woo'ten-und/rij) X. Worms (warmz) (Ger. Xagua (Hä/gwä) pron. worms) Worthing (war/thing) Wragby (rag/by) Wrexham (reks/um) Xalapa, or Jalapa (Ha-läpa) Xalisco, or Jalisco (Hälees/ko, or Hi-lis/ko) Wunsiedel (woon'see/del) Xanten (ksän/ten, or săn/Wurmsee (wooRm'sa') ten) Würtemberg (war/tem- Xanthus (zan/thus) berg) (Ger. pron. wür'- Xapeco, or Chapeco (shätem-beRG/); written also ___pā/ko) Wirtemberg. Xarayes (sha-ri/ès) Würtzburg (warts/burg) Xauxa, or Jauja (How/Hä) (Ger. pron. würts- Xenia (zee/ni-a) booRG) Xenil (Ha-neel'). Wurzbach (wooRts/bak) Genil. Syn. Yautepec (yow-ta-pěk/) tän?) Yunquera (yoon-kā/rä) Yelatma (ya-lat'mä). Syn. Yelizavetgrad (ya-le-să- Yakootsk (ya-kootsk'); Yeniseï (yen/c-sa'e, Yanina, or Janina (yä'ne- Yao-tcheou, or Yao-tchoo (ya/o-choo') Yaqui (ya-kee') Yaquesila (ya-kâ-see/lä) Yaquima, or Yakima (ya'ke-ma) Zebid (ze-beed') Zebu, or Cebu (se-boo') Zeila (za/l) Zeitoun (za/toon') Zeitz (tsīts) Zelle (tsel leh). Syn. Celle. Zhit-o-meer; written also Ziegenhayn (tsee gen-hin") Zacatecas (zäk-a-tā/kas, or Znaym (zním) Zacatlan (sä-kät-län) Zahara. See Sahara. Zaïre, or Zahir (ză-eer'). Zollverein (tsol'fer-in') Zuyder, or Zuider, Zee Zan'te. Syn. Zacynthus. Zytomir. See Zhitomeer. ã‚ê‚Ì‚õ‚삧, long; â, ê, ô, less prolonged; ă,ĕ, 1, 8,ă,ỹ, short; a‚£,1,Q,obscure; câre,fär, låst, fall, whạt; thêre,veil, term; pïque, fîrm; dône, fôr, dg,wolf, focê, foot; fûirl, ryde, pyshi PREFACE. THE design of this work of biographical reference is to furnish rapid answers to the questions most frequently asked concerning any one of the distinguished persons herein mentioned; namely, 1. What is the correct spelling and pronunciation of his name? 2. What was he? 3. Where did he live? 4. When did he live? Much time and labor have been devoted in selecting from the vast array of names recorded in biographical works, such as are the most prominent, or for some reason worthy to stand in a list of about ten thousand selected names. That many, even of our own country, as deserving as those herein enrolled, have been omitted, would not be surprising; and the same thing might be said about any biographical work now extant; and the assertion would especially hold true in respect to individuals still living. In most cases the compiler of a work like the present one must make his selection from the books, and form his judgment from what is there recorded, taking those names which, in his opinion, will be most frequently looked for. Much pains have been taken to give the most approved spelling. It is hoped the work will be found reasonably accurate in this respect. The middle name has been written in full, whenever it could be ascertained, instead of being indicated by an initial merely. In regard to many names more than one way of spelling is common. In such cases, the intention of the compiler has been to give the way preferred by the best authorities (as, Menendez (thus written by himself) instead of Melendez, Gen. Nathanael Greene instead of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, Sir Humphry Davy instead of Sir Humphrey Davy, Fénelon instead of Fénélon), or where other reasons were equal, to choose the form most generally accepted. With respect to Oriental and Russian names, it is often difficult to decide whether the French form, the German, or the English should be preferred, e. g. Abou-Bekr (French), Abu-Bekr (German), or Aboo-Bekr (English); Schouvaloff, Schuwalow, or Shoovaloff. The principles laid down for the pronunciation, and the marks employed, are explained in pages 1682-1684 inclusive. The pronunciation of the names which appeared in the original Biographical Table, and which reappear in the following pages, is retained, for the most part, as formerly given; and the same diacritical marks and general plan have been kept in pronouncing the additional names included in the present Dictionary. It could hardly be supposed that any two orthoëpists would be at one on all questions as to the pronunciation of proper names, and especially those of a foreign language. But most of the differences would relate to points of minor importance. A system (as that of the Geographical and Biographical Tables) elaborated by a phonologist of so high repute and large experience as Dr. Thomas will be accepted with full confidence as to its correctness and practical use. The arrangement of the names is the simplest possible and the easiest for reference— being alphabetical. Where two or more members of a family are mentioned, the relationship is stated in italics immediately after the Christian name (as Son, Father, etc., as the case may be). An assumed name, a sobriquet, or an original name not so well known, is generally printed in italics. The italic words in brackets indicate something noteworthy with which the person has had to do, as a book, a painting, an invention, a discovery, a doctrine, or the like. In many instances the word or two thus inclosed serve to identify the person clearly. Great care has been exercised to have the dates as correct as may be, and for this purpose only those authorities deemed the most trustworthy have been followed. It is believed that the following pages, registering, concisely, only such biographical matter as is of the most importance to know, will supply a need often felt by every earnest reader, and increase the usefulness of the whole work as a Dictionary for the Home and the School. BOSTON HIGHLANDS, MASS., February, 1879. L. J. C. Copyright, 1879, by G. & C. MERRIAM. EXPLANATIONS. 1. The mark of interrogation indicates an approximate or a doubtful date. 2. fl. means flourished or lived. 3. An assumed name or sobriquet, or a real name not so well known, when given, appears in Italics immediately following the leading name. Abbate (äb-bäʼtâ), or Abati (ä-bä’tee). Abaka Khan (ä-bä’kä kawn'). Second Mongol king of Persia.. Abano, di (de ä-bä'no), Pietro. Italian astrologer and physician.. Abbadie (a/ba/de'), Jacques. French Protestant theologian. Abbas (äb-bäs') I. The Great. Shah (king) of Persia. Abbassides (ab-bas'Idz). The most famous dynasty of caliphs at Damascus and Bagdad. (749-1258.) Abbatucci (a/ba/tü/se'; Ital. pron. äb-ä-toot'chee), Jacques Pierre 1282. 1759?-1818. 1758-1792. .1250?-1315? 17802-1844. .1743-1821. .fl. 1260. ..15122-1571. .1679-1767. 1044. 1041? Abercromby (ǎb'er-krum-bf), Sir Ralph. British general. Megerle. Roman Catholic preacher of Vienna................... Born. Died 1738?-1801. 1680-1740. 1764-1831. 1787-1863. 1806 1744-1809? 1740-1808. 1769-1844. .1731?-1815. .1828 .1437-1508. .1642-1709. 1784-1827. 1750-1828. Absalon (äb'sä-lon), or Axel (äk'sel). Icelandic archbishop of Lund..1128-1201. Abt (äpt), Franz. German musical composer.. 1658-1727. Abu-Hamid-Alghazali (ä'boo hä'mid äl-gä-zä'lee). Arabian philosopher and divine .1058?-1111. 566?-652. 1557-1628. Abu-Hayyan (ä'boo hi-ylin'). Athir-ed-Din. Arabian author........1256-1344. Abu-l-Abbas-Abdallah (a'bool äb-bäsꞌ äb-däl'ah). As-Seffah. First caliph of the Abbassides. 17837-1833. Abu-l-ala (ä'bool ä'lä). Arabian poet.. 720?-754. 970?-1057. See Abati, Niccolo. Charles. French diplomatist.. Abbeville, d' (däb-vēl'), Père Claude. Capuchin historian.. ..1791-1857. ....fl. 1614. Fr. monk and savant.. 945-1004. ..1762-1849. ....1757-1829. ..1562-1633. Abulfaraj (ä'bool-fä'räj), or Abulfaragius (a-bul-fa-rā'jí-us), Mar Gregorius. Bar-Hebræus. Armenian bishop and historian.. Abu-1-Fazl, or Aboulfazl (ä'bool-fä-zl. In India, it is pronounced almost b'ool-fuz'l). Vizier of the emperor Akbar and historian... Abu-l-Feda, or Aboulfeda (ä'bool-fed'ä), Ismaïl-Ibn-Ali. Arabian warrior and author.. Abu-l-Kasim (ä'bool-käʼsim), (Lat. Albuca'sis). Arabian surgical writer of Cordova. [Al-Tasriff.}. Accum (ǎk'um, or äk'oom), Friedrich. German chemist.. Acerbi (ä-chěn'bee), Giuseppe. Italian writer.... .1769-1838. 1773-1846. Acevedo (ä-tha-va'Do), Felix Alvarez. Spanish insurgent leader.. Achard (ä'shaR'), Franz Karl. German chemist..... 1820. .1753-1821. 545?- 570. 1059. 716? Arab merchant. Father of Mohammed..... Abdallah-Ibn-Balkin (-ib'n-bäl-keen'). Last sultan of Grenada... fl. 1073. Abd-el-aziz (äbd'el-ä-zeez′). II. Written also Abdelaziz, and Ab- 740?- 821? Abd-el-Moumen (äbd/el-moo'men). First caliph of the Almohades..1100?-1163. Abd-er-Rahman-Alghafaki (-äl-gä'fä-kee). Emir of Spain.. .1740-1824. Aconz Köver (ǎ'konts kö'ver), Stefan. Armenian writer.. ..1757-1840. ..1763-1855. Achenbach (ä'Ken-bäк), Andreas. Ger. landscape and marine painter..1815 Achenwall (ä'Ken-wäl), Gottfried. Prussian writer on statistics.......1719-1772. Achillini (ä-kel-lee'nee), Alessandro. Italian philosopher and phys....1463-1512. Achmet (äx'met). See Ahmed. Ackermann (äk'er-män), Johann Christian Gottlieb. German medical writer and classical scholar... Ackermann, Rudolph. German printseller in London.. Ackland (šk'land), John Dyke. British commander of the grenadiers at the battle of Stillwater.. .1756-1801. ...1764-1834. 1778. Abdullah. Syn. Abdallah. Abdul Mejid (äbd'ool-me-jeed'). Sultan of Turkey.. Adam (ä'dŏN'), Adolphe Charles. French pianist and composer.. .1803-1856. 1823-1861. Adam (ä'däm), Albrecht. German painter.. .1786-1862. A'Becket (a-bek'et), Gilbert Abbot. English comic writer... 1811-1856. A Becket. See Becket, Thomas à.. 1117-1170. Abeille (ä/bâl', or a ba'y'), Gaspard. French poet and dramatist. 1648-1718. Adam (ǎd'am). Alex., of Edinburgh. Teacher and classical author....1741-1809. ..1700-1759. 1622. .1780?-1826. 1768--1818. Adams (d'amz), Abigail. Amer. writer. Wife of Pres. John Adams...1744-1818. Adams, Charles Baker. American naturalist... 1814-1858. Abel (ä'bel), Niels Henrik. Norwegian mathematician. .1802-1829. 1751-1829. 1079-1142. Abencerrage (a-ben'se-raj; Sp. pron. ä-вĕn-thâ-гä'нî), pl. Aben- 1781-1844. Adams, John Quincy. Son of John. Sixth president of the U. S.. ă, ē, i, ō, ū, long; â, ê. ô, less prolonged; ă, ě, Ĭ, Ŏ, ă, short; a, £, 1, 2, obscure (see remark, p. 1684); fär, fall; thêre, term; fôr, food, foot; fûrl; ow as in cow; ca as in chin; e, i, o, silent; ä, ö, ü, u (see p. 1684); Ii (see p. 1682, ¶ 2); gas in get; th as in thine; Ĩ, ũ, §, ŵ, B, D, G, H, K, N, R (see p. 1684). Adams, Charles Francis. Son of J. Q. A. Amer. lawyer and diplomat.1807 Adams, Hannah. American authoress. .1755-1831. Adams, John. Lawyer and second president of the United States......1785-1826. Adams, John Couch. English astronomer.. .1819 ..1767-1848. .1722-1808. .1782-1862. 1768-1843. Born. Died. .1622-1675. Ad'dington, Henry, First Viscount Sidmouth. English statesman...1755-1844. 1636. and philosopher... Albemarle (ål'be-marl), Arnold van Keppel, Earl of. Dutch courtier..1669-1718. Alber (äl'ber), Erasmus. German Protestant preacher and poet. Albergati Capacelli, d' (däl-bĕr-gä'tee kä-pä-chel'ee), Francesco. 1253? 1553. Italian dramatist. 1729?-1804. Adelung, Johann Christoph. German philologist.... .1732-1806. Adet ä'da'), Pierre Auguste. French envoy and chemist.. 1763-1832. Adh-dhahebi (äD-Dä'heh-bee). Arabian historian. 1275-1348. Adler (äd'ler), Jacob George. Danish orientalist.. .1755-1805. Adler, Georg J. Amer. prof. and author of German and English Dict..1821-1868. Adlerbeth (äd'ler-bět), Gudmund Goran. Swedish poet.... 1751-1818. Albert. Adlerfeld (äd'ler-felt), Gustaf. Swedish historian and diplomatist....1671-1709. Adolphus (a-dŏl'fus) I. Count of Holstein.. Archduke of Austria and governor of the Netherlands. Albert. First duke of Prussia. .1559-1621. .1490-1563. Adolphus II. Son of Adolphus I. Warrior. 1106-1131. 1164. Albert. King of Saxony. Adolphus of Nassau. German emperor..... Adolphus, John. English lawyer and historian.. .1252?-1298. 1764?-1845. 1828 Albert, d' (däl/bêR'), Charles, Duc de Luynes. Constable of France....1578-1621. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. Eldest son of Queen Victoria.....1841 --. Albert I. The Bear. Margrave of Brandenburg. Founder of the house Adorni (ä-doR'nee), Caterina Fieschi. Italian poetess..... 1447?-1510. of Brandenburg... .1106?-1170. Adrain (a-dran'), Robert. Irish professor of mathematics in America..1775-1843. Adrets, des (dâ/zä'drâ'), Francis de Beaumont, Baron. Huguenot leader. 1513-1587. Adrian (ā'dri-an). Emperor of Rome. See Hadrian 76-138. Adrian I. Pope... 795. 1159. 1459-1523. 1513-1579. 1630. Aduarte (ä-DOO-AR'ta, or äp-wär'ta), Diego. Spanish historian.. .1570?-1637 Epinus (e-pi'nus), Franz Maria Ulric Theodor. German electrician....1724-1802. Aertsen (Rt'sen), or Aartsen, Pieter. Pietro-Longo. Dutch painter. 1519-1573? Æschines (ěs'ki-něz). Athenian orator. Eschylus (es'kl-lus). Greek tragic poet.. .B. c. 389-314. ..B. C. 525-456. physician.... 1696?-1770. Æsop (e'sop). Greek fabulist.... Esopus (c-so'pus), Clodius. Roman tragedian. Aetius (a-e'shi-us). Roman general.. Affo (äf'o), Ireneo. Italian antiquarian and historian Affre (äf'r), Denis Auguste. Archbishop of Paris. ..fl. 560 B. C. .fl. 1st c. B. C. 396?-454. ..1741-1800 ? 1793-1848. Africanus (af-ri-kä'nus), Sextus Julius. Christian historian. Agassiz (g'a-see, or a-gis'Iz; Fr. pron. ä'gä/se') Louis John Rudolph. Tyrant of Syracuse.. Italian Jesuit and writer.. Agnes (ag'nēz), Saint. Roman child martyr... Agnesi (än-ya'see), Maria Gaetana. Italian mathematician. Agnolo, d' (dän'yo-lo), Baccio. Florentine engineer and architect......1460-1543. Agoult, d' (dä-goo'), Marie Catherine Sophie de Flavigny, Countess. Afzelius (ǎf-ze'll-us; Sw. pron. äf-tsil'le-dos), Adam. Swed. botanist. 1750-1836? Toledo. Cardinal and statesman.. ..1300-1367 .1807-1873. B. c. 360?- 289. B. C. 444?- 360? Albrecht (äl'brěkt), Friedrich Rudolph. Austrian archduke and general. 1817 .1786-1848. 1528-1572. 1748-1823. 1701-1798. Abbot and historian of Ravenna... ...fl. 9th c. 290 ?-303. ..1718-1799. 1800? Albuquerque, de (da al'bu-kerk; Portuguese, Affonso d'Albo 776?- 885 .fl. B. C. 611? querque, dal-bo-ker'ka), Alfonso. Portuguese conqueror in India.1453-1515. Alciati (äl-chä'tee), Andrea. Italian jurist and scholar.. ....fl. 1662. 1492-1550. .B. C. 450- 404. ...fl. B. c. 670? 1715-1806. Daniel Stern. French authoress Aleman (ǎlk'man). Lyric poet of Sparta.. 1580? 37-93. 1490?-1555. 1492-1566. ..1443-1485. Agrippa (ä-grip'a), Henry Cornelius. German physician, theologian, and writer.. 1486-1535. Agrippa (a-grip'a), Marcus Vipsanius. Roman statesman. Ahmed (äи'med), or Achmet (äk'met) III. Ottoman emperor...... 1673-1739. Alcock (awl'kok), John. English musical composer... English theologian.... 725?-804. Aldegrever (al'deh-grå-ver), or Aldegraef (äl'deh-grěf), Heinrich. ......... German painter and engraver... Alden (awl'den), John. Pilgrim settler... .1502-1562? 1599-1687. .1816-1847. .1760-1830. .1710-1791. 1828 Alderete, dê (dã äl-dâ-rā'tă), Bernardo. Spanish linguist and author.. 1550? ..1499-1558. .1804-1867. Aldringer (ält'ring-er), or Altringer, Johann. Aust. field-marshal... Aldrovandi (äl-dro-vän'dee), or Aldrovandus (ål-dro-văn'dus), Ulysses. Italian naturalist... 1634. .1524?-1607. .1808 Aibek-Azad-ed-Din (ī′běk ä'zęd-e̟d-deen'). Sultan of Egypt. 1257. Aignan (ǎn'yoN'), Étienne. French republican and writer.. Aiguebère (ag/bêR'), John Dumas. French dramatist.. .1773-1824. .1692-1755. Aiguillon, d' (dã'ğe'yʊx'), Armand de Vignerot-Duplessis-Richelieu, Duc. Prime minister of France.. 1720-1788. Alacoque (ä/lä/kok'), Marguerite Marie. French nun and visionary...1647-1690? Aladdin (a-lăd'in), Arab. Ala-ed-Din (ä-led-deen'). Son of Osman I. Organizer of the Janizaries ..fl. 1370. Alain de Lille (ä/lăx' deh lel'). The Universal Doctor. French theol..1114-1203? Alanson (l'an-son) Edward. English surgeon.. .1747-1823. Alarcon, de (dî ä-lar-kōn'), Hernando. Spanish explorer of the coast of California... ..fl. 1540. Alarcon y Mendoza, de (dã ä-lan-kōn' ē men-dō'thä), Don Juan .1600?-1639. Alard (ä/laRt'), Francis. Flemish Protestant theologian.. 1578. Alaric (ǎl'a-rik) Lat. Alari'cus. Conq. of Rome. King of Visigoths. 350?- 410. Alasco (a-las'ko), John. Polish reformer... .1499-1560. Alava, d' (däʼlä-vä), Miguel Ricardo. Spanish general and statesman.. 1771-1843. Alba. See Alva.. 1508-1582. Alembert, d' (dä/lõк/bêR'), Jean le Rond. French mathematician.....1717-1753. author..... Son of Archibald. American divine and Alexis (al-ěks'is) I., Comne'nus. Emperor of the East.. .1726-1783. .10487-1118.1 1630-1676. 1690-1718. .1554-1584. .1500-1565. 1500-1572. 1777-1825. ...1818 .1430-1503. Alexander, Joseph Addison. and Orientalist. Son of Archibald. American theologian ..B C. 356- 323. .1772-1851. 1804-1859. .1809-1860. 222-235. 1806 .1580?-1640. |