IN the edition of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary published in 1847, Walker's Key was, with very sligut omissions, made the basis of the Table of Classical Proper Names, and with it were incorporated such additional names as were furnished by Carr and Trollope, with a few from Freund's Latin Lexicon and Pauly's Real-Encyclopädie. No attempt was made to verify the accentuation. So far, indeed, as the pronunciation of the names was concerned, it was proposed to the editor to do little more than correct the errors of syllabication.

But in the present edition a very different work has been undertaken. Walker's Key has, indeed, in a sense, been taken as a basis; but it has been used with great freedom. Not a word now remains in the Table on Walker's authority alone. Nor does the pronunciation of any word in the Table rest on his sole authority, except in two or three instances; and then the fact is stated in the margin. The substance of the Vocabulary has also been greatly changed, several thousand words having been struck out, and a still greater number introduced in their stead. The limits, however, of the former Table have, in accordance with the wishes of the publishers, been nearly kept in this edition, which contains about fourteen thousand names.

Of the words omitted, a majority are such as could not easily be mispronounced. To this class belong, first, all monosyllables; next, all dissyllables in which the penultimate vowel is followed by two consonants which are not a mute and a liquid. Words of rare occurrence and of little authority have given place to words more frequently met with, the pronunciation of which could be given with greater confidence. There is also a considerable class of fictitious names found in the poets, which should scarcely be included in any dictionary, because their form and pronunciation are both determined by the verse in which they are found. Words judged to be of this class have been omitted with some freedom. But, in general, the practice has been to admit words of well-ascertained pronunciation, according to the principles given below, and to exclude such as are doubtful; for the sole value of the Table depends on its trustworthiness as a guide to correct pronunciation. of the names added, all have three or more syllables, and all are such as might possibly be mispronounced even by a person acquainted with the general rules of pronunciation. Thus, no word has been added in which the penult is long by position, or contains a diphthong.

But the attention of the editor has been chiefly directed to the accentuation of the Vocabulary. This is, of course, the fundamental and the ruling point, and he has devoted unstinted labor to it. There is no word in the Table which he has not examined with conscientious carefulness. Not that he has investigated the nature of each penultimate vowel by tracing its history, or by looking up for himself the authority of the poets. That would have been more than enough work for a lifetime. But the Greek language, with its distinct long and short vowels, and its diphthongs represented by single vowels in Latin, is a ready helper in a multitude of cases, and other cases are no less indubitably settled by the rule of position. Neuter plurals in ia, from adjectives in is, NEW HAVEN, CONN., 1861.

have also been admitted without further question. But rules to which there are exceptions have not been permitted to settle any case. There remained therefore a multitude of words which required investigation. In respect to every one of these, the editor has collated the best authorities, and has given the results. Now, it is not to be denied that these authorities have, in some cases, doubtless, been themselves governed by the general rules of pronunciation. But even if this is true, we have at least the concurrent judgment of eminent scholars who have made the subject a study, that these are cases in which the general rules may apply.

The authorities to which reference is made are divided into two groups. The first group consists of Passow, Freund, Klotz, PapE, and FACCIOLATI; the second, of WALKER, SMITH, PAULY, CARR, LABBbe, Liddell & SCOTT, BISCHOFF & MÖLLEr, Forbiger, Scheller, MÜLLER, FRIJLINK. The Table is so printed as to indicate sufficiently, by the omission of marginal references, and by those which are inserted, the basis of each pronunciation.

1. Words concerning whose pronunciation there can not be any question are printed without any marginal note. Such words, for instance, are Terpsich'o-re, of which the Greek form has omicron in the penult; Tha-lia, which in Greck has the diphthong & in the penult; The-mis'ta, whose penult is long by position; and The'mis, a dissyllable.

2. Those words also stand without any marginal note whose pronunciation has the authority of any two of the names contained in the first group of authors given above, or the authority of any one of the first group together with one or more of the second group.

If, however, the authorities are divided, then, as a general thing, the two pronunciations are given, and the authority for each is indicated by marginal notes. But sometimes, when the authority for one pronunciation is sufficient according to the foregoing rule, and that for the other deficient, the latter authority only is indicated.

3. All the remaining words in the Vocabulary have the authority for their pronunciation given by marginal initials.

Could more time have been taken for investigation, this third class of names could doubtless have been still further diminished. Scholars will probably discover some words in it whose Greek equivalents have been simply over、 looked by the editor, or which for other reasons might have been left without references. But in some cases the authorities have been cited only because the editor desired to adhere to the simplicity of his plan, and to be able to say that he had adhered to it in all strictness.

In conclusion, it may be said that a Pronouncing Vocabulary of Classical Names can not be quite satisfactory without descriptive definitions. The number of instances in which words of the same form refer to different persons or places is so great as to make it somewhat doubtful, in a given case, whether or not the word in the Table is the one which is looked for.

T. A. T.

Handwörterbuch der Griechischen Sprache begründet, von FRANZ PASsow. Neu bearbeitet und zeitgemäss umgestaltet, von DR. V. C. F. ROST, DR. F. PALM, DR. O. KREUSSLER, PROF. K. KEIL, DIR. F. PETER, und DR. G. E. BENSELER. Leipzig, 1841-57.

Wörterbuch der Lateinischen Sprache, nach historisch-genetischen Principien bearbeitet von DR. WILHELM FREUND. Leipzig, 1834-45.

Handwörterbuch der Lateinischen Sprache. Herausgegeben von DR. REINHOLD KLOTZ. Braunschweig, 1853-57.

Wörterbuch der Griechischen Eigennamen, nebst einer Uebersicht über die Bildung der Personennamen. Von DR. W. PAPE. Braunschweig, 1842.

Totius Latinitatis Lexicon, consilio et cura JACOBI FACCIOLATI, opera et studio EGIDII FORCELLINI alumni Seminarii Patavini lucubratum. Secundum tertiam editionem, cujus curam gessit JOSEPHUS FURLANETTO, alumnus ejusdem seminarii, correctum et auctum labore variorum. Editio in Germania prima. Schneebergæ, 1831-35.

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, edited by WILLIAM SMITH, LL. D. Second edition, enlarged and improved. Boston and London, 1849. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, edited by WILLIAM SMITH, LL. D. Boston and London, 1849.

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, edited by WILLIAM SMITH, LL. D. Boston, 1854.

Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Alterthumswissenchaft. PAULY. Stuttgart, 1839-52.

Von AUGUST

The Classical Pronunciation of Proper Names, established by citations from

the Greek and Latin Poets, &c. By THOMAS SWINBURNE CARR. London, 1842.

Eruditæ Pronuntiationis Catholici Indices. Opera et studio PHILIPPI LABBE, &c. Ab Edvardo Leedes olim recogniti et aucti; et nunc iterum summa cum cura recensiti. Londini, 1821.

A Greek-English Lexicon, based on the German work of Franz Passow. By HENRY GEORGE LIDDELL, M. A., and ROBERT SCOTT, M. A. With correc tions and additions, and the insertion of the Proper Names occurring in the principal Greek authors, by HENRY DRISLER, M. A. New York, 1850. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der alten, mittleren und neuen Geographic, Von F. H. T. BISCHOFF and J. H. MÖLLER. Gotha, 1829.

Handbuch der alten Geographie aus den Quellen bearbeitet. Von ALBERT FORBIGER. Leipzig, 1842-48.

IMMAN. J. G. SCHELLER'S ausführliches und möglichst vollständiges lateinisch-deutsches Lexicon. Dritte von neuem verbesserte und sehr vermehrte Auflage. Leipzig, 1801.

A Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Proper Names. By JOHN WALKER, With an Explanation, &c., by the REV. W. TROLLOPE, M. A. London. Allgemeines Wörterbuch der Aussprache ausländischer Eigennamen, von AUGUST MÜLLER. Dritte gänzlich umgearbeitete und sehr vermehrte Auflage, Dresden und Leipzig, 1849.

Woordenboek voor de spelling en uitspraak van vreemde eigennamen. A. MÜLLER'S allgemeines Wörterbuch voor het Nederlandsche publiek bewerkt door H. FRIJLINK. Tweede Uitgave, Amsterdam, 1858.

It will be perceived by a glance at the following Table, that the indicated accentuation of the words, and their separation into syllables, prevent the necessity of inserting any thing here to guide to a correct pronunciation, except the rules for the sounds of the vowels and consonants.

The notation of vowel-sounds which is used in other parts of the Dictionary has been omitted here, because the two principal marks employed in it, namely, the long and the short [], have universally obtained a very dif ferent significance, when applied to Greek and Latin words, from what they have in English, being used in the former languages to indicate quantity only, while in English they are simple signs of quality. As Greek and Latin words which are long in quantity, are, in thousands of instances, short in quality, and those which are short in quantity are as frequently long in quality, it could hardly fail to produce confusion, if the signs of quantity were used, in a classical vocabulary, to indicate the quality of the vowels. In a few classes of cases, marks have been applied to certain consonants, in order to prevent an erroneous pronunciation; as, for example, to c and g, when they have their soft sounds (like s and j) before e, i, or y, but are separated from the vowel by the division of the word into syllables, as in Aç'e-le, Ag'i-dæ, &c. For the most part, however, the aim has been to dispense with diacritical marks, and to rely on the rules for pronunciation, and on occasional references to these rules, for such assistance with respect to pronunciation as is not supplied by the accentuation and syllabication.

In settling the place of the primary accent, which is the first and most important point in the pronunciation of a word, the aim, of course, has been to follow the ancient and simple rules, which direct, that in words of two syllables, the penult be accented; that in words of more than two syllables, the penult be accented if it is long in quantity, but if it is not long, that the antepenult be accented. The place of the secondary accent has in all doubtful cases been determined by considerations of euphony alone. The words have been divided into syllables, in accordance with the commonly received rules on that subject. The rules for pronunciation which are given below have been derived, in the main, from Walker. Sometimes the language of Grant, or some other grammarian, has been preferred

RULES FOR THE VOWELS.

1. Any vowel at the end of an accented syllable, and e, o, and u, at the end of an unaccented syllable, have the long English sound; as, Ca'to, Ce'crops, Dido, So'lon, Cu'mæ, Me-lis'sa, Mo-los'sus, Tu-lin'gi; in which words the final vowels of the first syllables have the same sound as the corresponding vowels in the first syllables of the English words pa'per, ce'dar, si'lent, coʻlon, du'ty. 2. A ending an unaccented syllable has the sound of a in fa'ther or in last; as, Ga-bi'na, A-re'ne, pronounced Gah-bi'nah, Ah-re'ne.

3. I ending a final syllable has the long sound, as, To'mi. At the end of initial unaccented syllables it varies, somewhat indefinitely, between i long, as I-wlus, and i short (like i in pin), as in I-ta'li-a. In all other cases, i ending

4. Y is pronounced as i would be in the same situation.

5. E and a are pronounced as e would be in the same situation.

6. If a syllable end in a consonant, the vowel has the short English sound; as, Balibus, Delphi, Cin'na, Mos'chus, Tus'cus, in which the vowels have the same sounds as in the English words man'ner, sel'dom, din'ner, scoffer,

mus'ter.

EXCEPTION.-E in final es is pronounced as in the familiar proper name

An'des.

RULES FOR THE CONSONANTS.

7. C before e, i, y, æ, and œ, is pronounced like s; before a, o, and u, and before consonants, like k; as, Ce'a, Cic'e-ro, Cyprus, Cæsar, Cœ'li-a, Ca'to, Co'cles, Cu'mæ.

8. G before e, i, y, æ, æ, or another g followed by e, has the sound of j; before a, o, and u, and before consonants other than g, as above excepted, the hard sound, as in the English words gave, gone; as, Gelo, Gi-gan'tes, Gy-gæ1us, Ag'ger, Ga/bi-i, Gor'gi-as, Sa-gun'tum.

9. Ch has the sound of k, but it is silent before a mute consonant at the beginning of a word; as, Chthonia, pronounced Thoʻni-a.

10. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words, as in English, change into sh and zh. But when the t follows s, t, or 2, or when the accent falls on the first of the vowels following, the consonant preserves its pure sound; as, Sal-lus'ti-us, Brut'ti-i, Mil-ti'ades, &c. So also in the termination tion; as, The-o-do'ti-on.

11. S has, in general, the sound of s in this. Final s preceded by e, or a liquid, has the sound of z.

12. Initial x has the sound of z.

13. Initial ph before a mute is silent; as, Phthi'a, pronounced Thi'a. Initial p before s is silent; as, Psy'che, pronounced Sy'ke. Initial p before t is silent; as, Ptol-e-mæ'us, pronounced Tol-e-mæus.

14. At the beginning of words we frequently find the uncombinable consonants mn, tm, &c.; as, Mne-mos'y-ne, Tmo'lus, &c. These are to be pronounced with the first consonant mute, as if written Ne-mos'y-ne, Moʻlus, &c.

REMARK. 1. The termination eus, derived from the third declension of Greek contracts in cùs, although usually made a single syllable in poetry, is resolved into two syllables in the Table. This is also done by Walker and Trollope; is defended by Labbe and Carr; and may be conceded to the exigencies of poetry. The other syllabication, by which eus has the sound of use, as in the noun abuse, is also given, and should be followed in pronunciation in all ordinary cases. 2. With regard to words which occur so frequently in English use that they may be said to have become Anglicized, it should be stated that the Table aims only to give the classical pronunciation. Every one must judge for himself whether or not it will seem like affectation or pedantry, in any given case, to

A-baç'e-na

Ab'ra-da'tas, Py. W.

A/ce

A-cil'i-a

Ad'a-da, M. B.

E'ği-um

E-pe'a

Ab'a-ce'ne; but see

Aç'i-li-se'ne

A-dæ/us

Pe.

Ab'ra-da'tes, 6,

Aç'e-lum

A-cil'i-us

Ad'a-man-tæ'a

4-bæ/us

C. W.

A-ceph'a-li

A-cer'a-tus, C. S.

Aç'in-dy'nus, and

Ad'a-man-te'a S.

A-bal/la-ba,

M. For. S.

A-cin'dy-nus, C.

Ad'a-mas

A/cis

Ad'a-mas'tus

A-ban/tes, 6

A-ban'ti-a, 10
Ab/an-ti'a-des, 6
A-ban'ti-as, 10
A-ban'ti-das, Py.S.
A-ban'tis
Ab/ar-baʼre-a
Ab'a-ri, C. W.
A-bari-mon, C. W.

Ab'a-ri'mon,
B. M.

Ab'a-ris
A bas

Ab'a-sa, C.
Ab'a-se'ni

Ab'a-si'tis

A-bas/sus
Ab'a-tos

Ab/bo-ras, Sch. B.

Ab/da-lon'i-mus,
S. C.

Ab/da-lon'y-mus
Ab-de'ra

Ab/de-ri'tes, 6, and

Ab-de/rus

Ab'ro-di-æ'tus
A/bron

A-bron'y-chus,
C. S. W.

A-bro'ta

Ab/ro-ta,

W. C. M. Fr.

Ab'ro-te-le'a
A-brot/e-les, 6
A-brot/o-num
A-bru/po-lis
A/brus
Ab-sa'rus, K.

Ab'sa-rus, B. M.
Ab-sim'a-rus, S.M.
Ab'so-rus
Ab-syr/ti-deg, 6
Ab-syr/tus
Ab'u-di'a-cum
Ab'u-la, C. L.
Ab/u-li'tes, 6,
Py. S. W.

Aç'e-sam'e-næ

Aç'e-sam'e-nus

Aç'e-sas

A-ce'si-a, 10

Aç'e-si'nes, 6

Aç'e-si'nus

Aç'e-so

Aç'e-son

A-ces/ta

A-deph'a-gus
Ad-her/bal

A/di-ab'a-ræ, K.
A-di'a-bas, K.

A-ces/tes, 6

Aç'es-ti nus

A/cra

S. Py.

A-ces/to-rus

A-con/tes, 6

A'de-o'na

A-con/ti-zom'e-nus

Ac'on-tob'o-li Ac/o-ris

Ac/o-rus, C. W.

A'di-a-be'ne

A'di-a-ben'i-cus

A-da'mus

Ad'a-na, M. S.

A-da'na, B.

A-dap/e-ra, Py. Ad/du-a

'pi-o-re'tus

Æ'py
Ep'y-tus
E-qua'na

E'qui
E-quic/o-11

Eq'ui-cus

Eq'ui-me'li-um
A-er/o-pe

Er'o-pus, a moun
tain, C.
A-er'o-pus
Es'a-cus
E-sa/ge-a
E-sa/pus

E'sar, or E-sa/rus, also Es'a-rus, C. B.

Es-chil'i-deg, 6, S. Es/chi-nes,

Es/chre-as

E-an'to-do'rus

E-goç'e-ros

E'as

Eg/o-mi'a

E-be/lus

E-quic'u-li

E-bu/dæ

Ec-mag/o-ras

E-dic/u-la

E-di/leg, 6 E-di/lis

A-chi'las

A-bis/a-rez, 6

Ab/i-son'tes, 6

A-ble rus

A-ble/tes, 6

A-bli'tæ

Ab/no-ba

Ab'o-bri'ca

Ac/a-di'ra, S. A-can/i-tus, C. Ac'a-lan'drus

A-cal/le

Ac'a-mar'chis

Ac'a-mas

A-che/tus

A-can/tha

A-chil'las

Ach'il-le'a

A-camp/sis

Ach'il-le'is

Es/chri-on, W. S.

Es'chy-li'des, 6, W.
Es-chyl'i-deg, S.
Es/chy-lus
Es/cu-la'pi-us
E-se/pus
E-ser/ni-a
Es'i-ca

E-si'nas
E-son/i-des, 6

Es/o-pe'us

E-so'pus
Es/u-la

Es/u-læ
'sy-e'teg, 6
E-sy/me
Es/ym-ne'tæ
Es/ym-ne'tes, 6
E-sym/nus
Eth'a-le
E-tha/li-a, also
Eth'a-li'a, or
Eth'a-le'a

E-thal'i-deg, 6

E-tha/li-on

E-thi'ces, 6

'ne-us, or E/neus A-eth/li-us

E'ni-a, a city

the Perrhabi,

W. M.

E'ni-a'neg, 6
E-ni'dæ
E-ni'des, 6
En'i-cus
En'o-bar'bus
E-no'na
Elo-leg, 6

E'thon

E'thra

E-thu'sa E'ti-a A-e'ti-on, 10 A-e'ti-us, 10, L. C. S. E-to/la

E-to/li

E-to-li-a

...

E'li-a'nus

E'li-us
A-el/lo

A-el/lo-pus
E-lu/rus

E-mil'i-a

Em'i-li-a'nus

E-mil'i-us

A-e'don, genitive

A-ed/o-nis

A'e-do'nis,

an island.

Ed/u-i

E'li-a

Ag'a-nip-pe'us

Ag-non'i-des, 6

A-lau'dæ

Al'ex-an'der

A-gan/za-ga, K. W.

Ag-noph'i-lus

Ag'a-pe

Ag-nos/the-nes, 6

Ag'a-pe'nor

Ag-nos/tra-tus

Al'a-zo'nes, 6

Ag'a-pe'tus

Ag-no'tes, 6

A'gar

Ag-noth/e-mis

Ag'a-re'ni

Ag-no/the-os

Ag'a-ris'ta

Ag'a-sic'le-a

Ag-noth/c-tæ

Ag/o-læ'us

A-gas/i-cles, 6,

Ag'o-na'li-a

Py. W.

A-go/ne-as

Al/bi-ci, K.

A-gas/sa

A-go/ni-a

Al/bi-gau'num

A-gas/the-nes, 6

Al-bin/ti-mil'i-um

early

Ag/a-thar'chi-das

Ag'a-thar'chi-des, 6

Ag'a-thar'chus
Ag/a-them'e-ris
Ag'a-them'e-rus

Ag'a-thi'as

A-gath'o-cle, 6

Ag'a-tho-do'rus

Al'as-tor'i-deg, 6, S. Al'ex-am'e-nus

A-la/zon, P. C. A-lex'an-dre'um

Al-ba'ni, or

Al-ben/ses, 6
Al-ba/ni-a
Al-ba/nus
Al/bi-a

Al/bi-a'num, K.

Al-bi/ci

A-go'nis, title of a Al-bi'ni

work of Alexis, Al/bi-no-vaʼnus

and name of a Al-bin'te-me'li um

courtesan. A-go'nis, name of the Quirinal, Fac. Ag'o-nis, a servant at Eryx, W. A-go'nis, the same, C.

A-go'ni-us

Al-bi/nus
Al/bi-on
Al/bi-o'na
Al-bi/o-neg, 6, C.
Al/bi-us
Al'bu-cil'la
Al/bu-la

Al-bu'na

Al-bu'ne-a

Al'ex-an'dri-a, a

woman.

A-lex'an-dri'a, a city.

Al-them/e-nez, 6
Al-them/e-nez, 6
Al-the'pus

Al-ti'na
Al-ti/nas
Al-ti/num
A-lun/ti-um, 10
A-lu'tas, For.
Al-yo'na

A-ly'mon, K. C. F.

A-lyn/o-mus

A-lys'sus

Al'y-ze'a

Am'a-cli'des, 6

A-mad/o-ci

A-mad/o-cus
A-mal/lo-bri'ga
Amal-th’a
Am'al-the'a, or

Am'al-thi'a

A-man/ti-a, 10

Am'an-ti'ni, or

Am'an-te'ni

A-ma/num

Am'i-se'ni
A-mis'i-a, 10, and
-us, the Ems.
A-mi'sum, or
A-mi'sus

Am'i-sus, S. M.
Am'i-ter-ni'ni
Am'i-ter'num
Am/i-thaʼon, or

Am'y-tha'on
Am/i-ti'num, K.
Am'mi-a'nus
Am'mo-chos'tos
Am-mo/des, 6
Am-mo'ni-as, For.
Am-mo/nis

. Am/mo-ni'um
Am-næ'us
Am'ni-as, S. W.
Am-ni'sus
Am-ni teg, 6, C.
A-ma/be-as

A-mæ/be-us

A-mæ/beus

Alphi-us, C. S.

A-mes/tra-tus

Am'y-cus

A-mes/tris

Am/y-don

Al-po'nus

A'mi-a'nus, C.

Am/y-mo'ne

Al'si-um, 10

A-mic/tas

Am/y-nom'a-chus

Al-ta/num

A-mi'da, W.

Al-tha

Am/i-da, Py.S.B. A-mil/car Am/i-los, Py. W. Am'i-se'na

An-dro/bi-us

Al'y-mon, W.

Al/y-pe'tus

A-ly/pus

Al/yx-oth'o-e, L.

An/go-le

An-ge/li-a, Py. If.

An-ge/li-on, l'y. W.

An/ge-lus

An'ge-ro'na

An-gi/tes, 6

An-git'i-a, 10

An-git/u-la

An'gli-a, L.

An-glia, IF.
An'gui-fer
An-guit i-a, 10
An'gu-lum

An'i-ce'tus

A-niç'i-a, 10, S. W.
A-niç'i-us, 10, S. W

A'ni-e-nic'o-la
A'ni-e'nus
A-ni/gros
An-ne'tum
A'ni-o

An'is-tor'ĝis
An'i-sus
An'i-tor'ģis
A'ni-us
An-na/lis

An'ni-a'nus
Anʼni-bal

An'ni-co-ri'i