Inspiring bold John Barleycorn,

What dangers thou canst make us scorn! Wi' tippenny we fear nae evil;

Burns.

Wi' usquebae we'll face the devil! John Barleycorn has given his very heart to this liquor (the "Archdeacon"]: it is a superior kind of ale, the Prince of Ales, with a richer flavor and a mightier spirit than you can find elsewhere in this weary world." Hawthorne. Bär'na-dine. A dissolute prisoner and a murderer, in Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure." Bärn'well, George. The hero of Lillo's tragedy of the same name. Barnwell is a London apprentice hurried on to ruin and murder by an infamous woman, who at last delivers him up to justice and to an ignominious death.

Bär'guest. A frightful goblin, armed with teeth and claws, which is an object of terror in the North of England. According to Ritson (Fairy Tales, p. 58), the Barguest, besides its many other pranks, would sometimes, in the dead of night, in passing through the different streets, set up the most horrid and continuous shrieks, in order to scare the poor girls who might happen to be out of bed. It was generally believed that the faculty of seeing this goblin was peculiar to certain individuals, but that the gift could be imparted to another, at the time of the ghost's appearance, by the mere act of touching. Bǎs/i-lis'eo. A braggadocio in an old play called "Soliman and Perseda," so popular that his name became proverbial.

Bas-sä'ni-o. The lover of Portia, in Shakespeare's "Merchant of Venice." See PORTIA. Bath, Major. The name of a character in Fielding's novel of "Amelia;"-a poor and pompous, but noble-minded gentleman, who swears "by the honor and dignity of man," and is caught cooking some gruel in a saucepan for his ailing sister. Bătʼra-ehō1my-o-mā'chi-à. See BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE. Battle of Spurs. 1. A name given to the battle of Courtrai (1302), the first great engagement between the nobles and the burghers, which, with the subsequent battles of Bannockburn, Crecy, and Poictiers, decided the fate of feudalism. In this encounter the knights and gentlemen of France were entirely overthrown by the citizens of a Flemish manufacturing town. The French nobility rushed forward with loose bridles, and fell headlong, one after another, into an enormous ditch, which lay between them and their enemies. The whole army was annihilated; and when the spoils were gathered, there were found 4000 golden spurs to mark the extent of the knightly slaughter, and give a name to the engagement.

2. A name given to the affair at Guinegate, near Calais (1513), in which the English troops under Henry VIII. defeated the French forces. The allusion is said to be to the unusual energy of the beaten party in riding off the field. Battle of the Books. The subject of a satirical composition by Swift, entitled the "Battle between the Ancient and Modern Books in St. James's Library," alluding to the controversy regarding the respective merits of ancient and modern learning. Battle of the Frogs and Mice. [Gr. BarpaXouvouaxía, Lat. Batrachomyomachia. The subject of a mock-heroic poem, ascribed to Homer, but evidently of a much later origin, and apparently designed to travesty the Iliad and Odyssey. Battle of the Giants. A name given to the celebrated battle of Marignano (Melegnano), Sept. 13, 1515, in which Francis I. of France fought against the Swiss, who were led by the Duke of Milan. Francis lost, upon this occasion, 8000 of his best troops, but displayed extraordinary generalship, and acquired extensive fame.

Battle of the Herrings. A name given by historians to an engagement which took place Feb. 12, 1429, in which Sir John Fastolfe, an English general, at the head of 1500 men, gained a victory over 6000 Frenchmen near Orleans, and brought a convoy of stores in safety to the English camp before that place. The stores comprised a large quantity of herrings. Battle of the Kegs. The subject and title of a mock-heroic poem by Francis Hopkinson (17381791). This ballad, very famous in Revolutionary times, was occasioned by a real incident.

"Certain machines in the form of kegs, charged with gunpowder, were sent down the river to annoy the British shipping then at Philadelphia. The danger of these machines being discovered, the British manned the wharves and shipping, and discharged their small arms and cannons at every thing they saw floating in the river during the ebb tide."" Author's Note. Battle of the Nations. A name sometimes given to the battle of Leipsic (1813), one of the greatest and most sanguinary battles of modern times, on account of the various nationalities, French, Austrian, Russian, Prussian, &c., which were there represented.

Battle of the Poets. The subject and title of a poem (1725) by John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, in which he brings all the versifiers of the time into the field.

engagement between the English and Scotch at Northallerton, Yorkshire, Aug. 22, 1138, resulting in the defeat of the latter. It was so called on account of a high crucifix borne by the English upon a wagon as a military ensign. Battle of the Thirty. [Fr. Combat des Trente.] A name given, in English and French history, to a celebrated engagement which took place at a spot known as Midway Oak, half way between the castles of Josselin, and Ploermel, in France, March 27, 1351. The French General Beaumanoir, commanding the former post, being enraged at the depredations committed by Bemborough, the English general, occupying the latter position, challenged him to fight. Upon this it was agreed that thirty knights of each party should meet and decide the contest. The two chiefs presented themselves at the head of their best soldiers, and the battle began in earnest. At the first onset, the English were successful; but Bemborough having been killed, the French renewed the struggle with redoubled courage, and finally won the victory.

This was one of the most heroic exploits of the age, and gained such popularity, that, more than a hundred years later, when speaking of a hard contest, it was usual to say, "There was never such hard fighting since the Battle of the Thirty."

Battle, The Tearless. An engagement between the Lacedæmonians, under Archidamus, and the Arcadians (B. C. 388), in which the latter were defeated with great slaughter, while not one Spartan fell. Hence, says Plutarch, it was "known by the name of the Tearless Battle."

Bay'ard (Fr. pron. biR'). The name given in the old romances and romantic poems to Rinaldo's famous steed, a wonderful animal of a bright bay color, which had formerly belonged to Amadis de Gaul.

Bayes. The name of the principal character in the Rehearsal," a witty and celebrated farce, ostensibly and chiefly written by George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and intended as a satire upon the heroic or rhyming plays of his time. It was first brought out in the year 1671. The character of Bayes was meant for Dryden, who had stood forth not only as a practicer, but as the champion, of this peculiar species of the drama. He is represented as greedy for applause; impatient of censure or criticism; inordinately vain, yet meanly obsequious to those who, he hopes, will gratify him by returning his flattery in kind; and, finally, as anxiously and distressingly mindful of the minute parts of what, even in whole, is scarce worthy of attention.

In short, sir, you are of opinion with Bayes-"What the devil does the plot signify, except to bring in fine things?" W. Scott.

Bay State. A popular name of Massachusetts, which, previous to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, was called the Colony of Massachusetts Bay.

Bayou State. A name sometimes given to the State of Mississippi, which abounds in bayous, or creeks. Bear State. A name by which the State of Arkansas is sometimes designated, on account of the number of bears that infest its forests. Be'a-triçe (It. pron. ba-a-tree/cha).

1. The Christian name of a young Florentine lady of the illustrious family of Portinari, for whom the poet Dante conceived a strong but purely platonic affection, and whom he represents, in the "Divina Commedia," as his guide through paradise.

2. The heroine of Shakespeare's "Much Ado about Nothing."

"The extraordinary success of this play in Shakespeare's own day, and ever since, in England, is to be ascribed more particularly to the parts of Benedick and Beatrice, two humorsome beings, who incessantly attack each other with all the resources of raillery. Avowed rebels to love, they are both entangled in its net by a merry plot of their friends to make them believe that each is the object of the secret passion of the other." Schlegel, Trans. Beau'elêre (bō-). [Fr., fine scholar.] A surname of Henry I. of England, who received a more literary education than was usually given, in his time, either to the sons of kings or to laymen of any rank.

Beau Tibbs. A prominent character in Gold smith's "Citizen of the World; " said by Hazlitt to be "the best comic sketch since the time of Addison; unrivaled in his finery, his vanity, and his poverty." Beautiful Ropemaker, The. See Ropemaker, Beauty of But'ter-mère.

THE.

A celebrated and lovely English girl, who was married, by means of the most odious deceit and fraud, to John Hatfield, a rank and heartless impostor, who was executed for forgery, at Carlisle, Sept. 3, 1803. Bede, Cuthbert. A literary cognomen adopted by the Rev. E. Bradley, a popular English humorist of the present day.

Bede, The Venerable. A famous English monk of the 8th century, whose surname was given him in honor of his eminent talents and virtues.

Beef'ing-ton, MY-lôr'. A character in the "Rovers, or the Double Arrangement," in the poetry of the "Anti-jacobin." He is an English nobleman in exile by the tyranny of King John, previous to the signature of Magna Charta.

"Will without power," said the sagacious Casimir to Milot Beefington, "is like children playing at soldiers." Macaulay. Be-el'ze-bub. [Heb. baal, lord, and s'bab, fly.] The title of a heathen deity, to whom the Jews ascribed the sovereignty of the evil spirits. Milton in his "Paradise Lost" makes him second in rank to Satan, but Wierus, the celebrated demonographer of the 16th century, says that Satan is no longer the sovereign of hell, but that Beelzebub reigns in his place. Other medieval writers, who reckon nine ranks or orders of demons, place Beelzebub at the head of the first rank, which consists of the false gods of the Gentiles. Befana, La (la bâ-fa'nä), or St. Befana. [It a corruption of Gr. 'Enigavia, the Epiphany.]` In Italy, a common personification of the Epiphany, or Festival of the Manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles, variously represented as a saint and as a fairy. According to other accounts, she is the Italian bugbear of naughty children.

The Epiphany is the day for the presentation of Christmas gifts in Italy, and there is a pleasant fiction that La Befana goes about at night like St. Nicholas, carrying presents to children. Whether from thus personifying the season, or from whatever other cause, a figure is suspended outside the doors of houses at the beginning of Lent, and called La Befana.

Be-la'ri-us. The name of one of the characters in Shakespeare's "Cymbeline." Uncle to Olivia, in Shake. Belch, Sir Toby. speare's "Twelfth Night." He is a type of the reckless, jolly roisterer of the Elizabethan period. Beli-al. [Heb. b'li, not, and ja'al, useful.f A Hebrew word meaning worthlessness, and hence recklessness, lawlessness. The translators of the Bible have frequently treated the word as a proper name, though there can be no question that in the Old Testament it is a mere appellative. In the New Testament, the apostle Paul, in order to indicate in the strongest terms the high degree of virtue after which the Christian should strive, places Christ in direct opposition to Belial. "What concord hath Christ with Belial?" 2 Cor. vi. 15. The term as here used is generally understood as an appellative of Satan, as the personification of all that was bad; though Bengel explains it of Antichrist, as more strictly the opposite of Christ. Milton in his "Paradise Lost" expressly distinguishes Belial from Satan, and he assigns him a prominent place in Pandemonium. Those medieval demonographers who reckoned nine ranks of evil spirits, placed Belial at the head of the third rank, which consisted of inventors of mischief and vessels of anger. Ac. cording to Wierus, who, following old authorities, establishes a complete infernal court, Belial is it embassador in Turkey.

Belianis. See DoN BELIANIS. Be-lin'då. 1. The poetical name of the heroine of Pope's "Rape of the Lock," whose real name was Arabella Fermor. A frolic of gallantry in which Lord Petre cut off a lock of this lady's hair-a frolic so much resented that the intercourse of the two families, before very friendly, was interrupted was the occasion of the poem, which was written with the design of bringing the parties to a better temper, and effecting a reconciliation.

2. The heroine of Miss Edgeworth's novel of the same name.

Bell, Ae'ton. A pseudonym of Anne Bronté, an English novelist, author of " Agnes Grey." Bell, Cur'rer. A pseudonym adopted by Charlotte Bronté (sister of Anne and Emily Bronté), a distinguished English novelist, author of "Jane Eyre," "Shirley," and "Villette." Bell, Ellis. A pseudonym of Emily Bronté, sister of Anne and Charlotte Bronté, and author of "Wuthering Heights."

Belle France, La (la běl fronss). [Fr., beautiful France.] A popular epithet applied to France, corresponding to the epithet "Merry England," as applied to England.

Bel-le'rus. The name of a Cornish giant.

Milton.

Sleep'st by the fable of Bellerus old, Where the great vision of the guarded mount Looks toward Namancos and Bayona's hold. Bell, Peter. The subject of Wordsworth's poem entitled "Peter Bell, a Tale in Verse." A parody on this poem appeared soon after its publication, and Shelley wrote a burlesque, entitled "Peter Bell the Third," intended to ridicule the ludicrous puerility of language and sentiment which Wordsworth often affected in the championship of the poetical system he had adopted. Beloved Disciple. An appellation often given to John the evangelist and apostle, who enjoys the memorable distinction of having been the chosen and favored friend of our Lord. See John xiii. 23; xix. 26, 27; xx. 2; xxi. 7, 20. Beloved Merchant. A title bestowed by Edward III. of England upon Michael de la Pole, an eminent London merchant, who in the following reign became lord chancellor, and was raised to the peerage as Earl of Suffolk,

a good morals, often with ludicrous formality. Some account of these laws is given in a small work published in 1825 (Hartford, by Silas Andrus), entitled "The Code of 1650, being a Compilation of the earliest Laws and Orders of the General Court of Connecticut," &c. The ancient records of the New Haven colony bear witness to the stern and somber religious spirit common to all the first settlers. The chapter of "Capitall Lawes," in the code of 1650, is almost verbally copied from the Mosaic law.

"After the restoration of Charles II., the Puritans became the subject of every kind of reproach and contumely. The epithet blue was applied to any one who looked with disapprobation upon the licentiousness of the time. The Presbyterians, under which name all dissenters were often included, were more particularly designated by this term. Thus Butler:

For his religion, it was fit

To match his learning and his wit-
'Twas Presbyterian true blue.

Hudibras. That this epithet of derision should find its way to the

colonies was a matter of course. It was here applied not enly to persons, but to customs, institutions, and laws of the Puritans, by those who wished to render the prevailing system ridiculous. Hence, probably, a belief with some that a distinct system of laws, known as the 'blue laws,' must have some where a local habitation." Prof. Kingsley. Bluestring, Robin. See ROBIN BLUESTRING. Bluff City. A descriptive name popularly given to the city of Hannibal, Missouri. Bluff Hal, or Harry. The sobriquet by which King Henry VIII. of England is commonly known. He was called also Burly King Harry.

66

Ere yet in scorn of Peter's pence,
And numbered bead and shrift,
Bluff Harry broke into the spence,
And turned the cowls adrift.

Tennyson. Bō'a-nèr'ġēs. [Gr. Boavεpyés.] A name signifying sons of thunder," given by our Lord (Mark iii. 17) to the two sons of Zebedee, James and John. Probably the name had respect to the fiery zeal of the brothers, signs of which may be seen in Luke ix. 54, Mark ix. 38.

Bob'a-dil, Captain. A beggarly and cowardly adventurer, in Ben Jonson's comedy," Every Man in his Humor," who passes himself off with young and simple people for a valiant soldier.

"Bobadil, with his big words and his little heart, with his sword and his oath,- By the foot of Pharaoh!' -is a braggart of the first water. He is, upon the whole, the best invention of the author, and is worthy to march in the same regiment with Bessus and Pistol, and Parolles and the Copper Captain." B. W. Procter.

Bauf, Front de (fRON deh buf). A character in Sir Walter Scott's novel of "Ivanhoe." Bō'hôrt, Sir. A knight of the Round Table, celebrated in the old romances of chivalry. Bois Guilbert, Brian de (bRe-ŎN' deh bwa gelbêR'). A brave but cruel and voluptuous Commander of the Knights Templars, in Sir Walter Scott's "Ivanhoe."

Bom'bà. A sobriquet given to Ferdinand II. (18301850), late King of the Two Sicilies.

After Palermo's fatal siege,

Across the western seas he fled

In good King Bomba's happy reign. Longfellow. "Bomba is the name of children's play in Italy, a kind of prisoner's-base, or what used formerly to be called, in England, King by your leave; and there was probably an allusion to this pastime in the nickname; especially as his majesty was fond of playing the king, and had a predilection for childish amusements besides, and for playing at soldiers. But the name, whatever its first cause, or its collective significance, is understood to have derived its greatest weight from a charge made against his majesty of having called upon his soldiers to bombard' his people during one of their insurrections. Bombard 'em! bombard 'em!' he is said to have cried out; that is to say, 'Sweep them away-cannonade 'em!' His apologist, Mr. Macfarlane, not only denies the charge, but says his cry was the very reverse; to wit, Spare my misguided people! Make prisoners; do not kill; make prisoners! The book entitled 'Naples and King Ferdinand' repeats the charge, however, in the strongest manner. It says that he kept crying out, Down with them! down with them!' adding, in a note, what was stated to be the particular expression, Bombardare;' and hence, says the author, arose his well-known sobriquet of Bomba.'" Leigh Hunt.

"The name Bomba is often misinterpreted as having some allusion to bombardments. It is not so. In Italy, when you tell a man a thing which he knows to be false, or when he wishes to convey to you the idea of the utter worthlessness of any thing or person, he puffs out his cheek like a bagpiper's in full blow, smites it with his forefinger, and allows the pent breath to explode, with the exclamation, Bomb-a.' I have witnessed the gesture, and heard the sound. Hence, after 1849, when regal caths in the name of the Most Holy Trinity were found to be as worthless as a beggar's in the name of Bacchus or the Madonna, when Ferdinand was perceived to be a worthless liar, his quick-witted people whispered his name. He was called King Bomba, King Puff-cheek, King Liar, King Knave. The name and his character

were then so much in harmony that it spread widely; and they have been so much in harmony ever since, that he has retained it till now, and will retain it, I suppose, till he is bundled into his unhonored grave." Dublin Evening Gazette. Bom-bas'tes Fu-ri-o'go. The hero and title of a burlesque tragic opera by Thomas Barnes Rhodes,

which was intended to ridicule the bombast of modern tragedies.

Falling on one knee, [he] put both hands on his heart, and rolled up his eyes much after the manner of Bombastes Furioso making love to Distaffina. Epes Sargent.

Bon Chevalier, sans peur et sans reproche, Le (leh bon shva/le-a' sŎN PUR ☎ son reh-prōsh'). See GOOD KNIGHT, &c.

Bon Gaul'tier. A pseudonym adopted by Prof. William E. Aytoun and Theodore Martin, under which they published a popular book of ballads, and contributed to a number of periodicals. Bonhomme, Jacques (zhäk bo/nom'). [Fr., Jack or James Goodman.] A derisive name given by the French barons of the 14th century to the peasants of the country. The insurrection known as the Jacquerie derived its name from the fact that the English chroniclers supposed one James Goodman to have been the leader of it. Bō'no Johnny.

Morning Chronicle." Of this nom de plume he has given the following account:

"Boz, my signature in the 'Morning Chronicle,' was the nickname of a pet child, younger brother, whom I had dubbed Moses, in honor of the Vicar of Wakefield,' which, being facetiously pronounced through the nose, became Boses, and being shortened, Boz. Boz was a very familiar household word to me long before I was an author, and so I came to adopt it."

Though a pledge I had to shiver,
And the longest ever was,
Ere his vessel leaves our river

I would drink a health to Boz.

Hood.

Bra-ban'ti-o (bra-ban'shi-o). A senator of Ven Bradamante (bra-da-män/ta). A Christian Amaice, in Shakespeare's play of "Othello." zon, sister to Rinaldo, in Bojardo's "Orlando Innamorato" and Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." She possessed an irresistible spear, which unhorsed every antagonist whom it touched. See RUGGIERO. Brad'war-dine, Baron. A brave and gallant, but pedantic, character in Scott's "Waverley." Brag, Jack. The hero of a novel of the same name by Theodore Hook (1789-1841), a spirited embodiment of the arts employed by a vulgar pretender to creep into aristocratic society, and of his ultimate discomfiture.

Booby, Lady. A female character of frail morals, in Fielding's novel of "Joseph Andrews," who is unable to conquer the virtue of her footman. She was designed as a caricature of Richardson's "Pamela," and is represented as a vulgar upstart, whom the parson is compelled to reprove for laughing in church.

Booth. The husband of Amelia, in Fielding's

novel of that name. His frailties are said to have shadowed forth some of the author's own backslidings and experiences. Bo-rä/ehl-o. A follower of John, in Shakespeare's "Much Ado about Nothing." Borak, Al. See AL BORAK. Boston Massacre. A name popularly given to

a disturbance which occurred in the streets of Boston on the evening of March 5, 1770, when a sergeant's guard belonging to the British garrison fired upon a crowd of people who were surrounding them and pelting them with snowballs, and killed three men, besides wounding several others. The leader of the towns-people was a black man named Crispus Attucks. The affair is of historical importance, as it prepared the minds of men for the revolutionary struggle which followed.

Boston Tea-party. A name popularly given to the famous assemblage of citizens in Boston, Dec. 16, 1773, who met to carry out the non-importation resolves of the colony, and who, disguised as Indians, went on board three ships which had just arrived in the harbor, and destroyed several hundred chests of tea. The British Parliament retaliated by closing the port of Boston.

Bottle Conspiracy, The. A name popularly given to a riot which took place at the Theater in Dublin, Dec. 14, 1822, directed against the Marquis of Wellesley, the Lord Lieutenant. Bottom, Nick. An Athenian weaver, who is the principal actor in the interlude of "Pyramus and Thisbe," in Shakespeare's "Midsummer-Night's Dream." Oberon, the fairy king, desiring to punish Titania, his queen, commissioned Puck to watch her till she fell asleep, and then to anoint her eyelids with the juice of a plant called love-in-idleness, the effect of which, when she awoke, was to make her dote upon Bottom, upon whom Puck had fixed

an ass's head.

Indeed, the caresses which this partiality leads him [Milton] to bestow on "Sad Electra's poet," sometimes remind us of the beautiful queen of Fairy-Land kissing the long ears of Bottom. Macaulay.

"Bottom... is a compound of profound ignorance and omnivorous conceit; but these are tempered by good nature, decision of character, and some mother-wit. That which gives him his individuality does not depend upon his want of education, his position, or his calling. All the schools of Athens could not have reasoned it out of him; and all the gold of Croesus would have made him but a gilded Bottom after all. . . . His descendants have not unfrequently appeared among the gifted intellects of the world. When Goldsmith, jealous of the attention which a dancing monkey attracted in a coffee-house, said, 'I can do that as well,' and was about to attempt it, he was but playing Bottom." Bowling, Tom. The name of a celebrated naval character in Smollett's novel of "Roderick Random."

R. G. White.

"The character of Tom Bowling, in Roderick Random,' . . . will be regarded in all ages as a happy exhibition of those naval heroes to whom Britain is indebted for so much of her happiness and glory." Dunlop. Boy-bishop, The. An appellation conferred upon St. Nicholas (4th century) on account of his early conformity to the observances of the Roman Catholic church, of which the old legends relate marvelous instances.

Boy-ět'. A lord attending on the Princess of France, in Shakespeare's "Love's Labor's Lost." Boz (by some pronounced bōz). A pseudonym un

der which Charles Dickens contributed a series of "Sketches of Life and Character" to the "London

(d. 1792), who figures in an old ballad entitled "Sir Jack Brag."

Bragmardo, Janotus de (ja-nō'tus de brig mar-do; Fr. pron. zha/no/tüss' deh bräg/mar'do'). The name of a sophister in Rabelais's satirical romance of "Gargantua," Brainworm. A curious, tricky character in Ben Jonson's play of "Every Man in his Humor." Bramble, Matthew. A well-known character in Smollett's novel, "The Expedition of Humphry Clinker; "- described as "an odd kind of humorist," afflicted with the gout, and "always on the fret," but full of generosity and benevolence.

To have all literature swum away before us in watery extempore, and a spiritual time of Noah supervene-that, surely, is an awful reflection, worthy of dyspeptic Matthew Bramble in a London fog. Carlyle. Bramble, Miss Tabitha. An unmarried sister of Matthew Bramble, in Smollett's "Expedition of Humphry Clinker." She is characterized as "a maiden of forty-five, exceeding starched, vain, and ridiculous," soured by her unsuccessful endeavors to get married, proud, imperious, prying, malicious, greedy, and uncharitable. She finally succeeds in disposing of herself to Captain Lismahago, who is content to take her on account of her snug little fortune of £4000. Her personal appearance is thus described:

"She is tall, raw-boned, awkward, flat-chested, and stooping; her complexion is sallow and freckled; her eyes are not gray, but greenish, like those of a cat, and generally inflamed; her hair is of a sandy, or, rather, dusty, hue; her forehead low; her nose long, sharp, and, toward the extremity, always red in cool weather; her lips skinny; her mouth extensive; her teeth straggling and loose, of various colors and conformation; and her long neck shriveled into a thousand wrinkles." Brăn'di-les, Sir. A knight of King Arthur's court, celebrated in the romances of chivalry. Characters in the novel of Brăng/tong, The. "Evelina," by Miss Burney, referred to, among others, by Johnson. Their name became a synonym Brass, Sampson. for vulgarity, malice, and jealousy.

A knavish attorney in Dickens's "Old Curiosity Shop," distinguished for his servility, dishonesty, and affected sentimentality. Brass, Sally. Sister to Sampson Brass, whom she surpasses in villainy. See supra. Bravest of the Brave. A title conferred upon the celebrated Marshal Ney (1769-1815) by the French troops at Friedland (1807), on account of his fearless bravery. He was in command of the right wing, which bore the brunt of the battle, and stormed the town. Napoleon, as he watched him passing unterrified through a shower of balls, ex claimed, "That man is a lion; " and henceforth the army styled him Le Brave des Braves. Breeches Bibles. A name given to editions of the so-called Genevan Bible (first printed at Geneva, by Rowland Hall, 1560, in 4to.), from the peculiar rendering of Gen. iii. 7.

Breeches Review. A name formerly given to the Westminster Review, among booksellers, from a Mr. Place, a great authority with the Westminster. This Place was at one time a tailor, a leatherbreeches maker, and habit-maker.

Brent'ford, The Two Kings of. Two char acters in "The Rehearsal," a celebrated farce, writ ten by George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham (16271688), with the assistance of Butler, Sprat, and others, in order to correct the public taste by holding up the heroic or rhyming tragedies to ridicule.

The two kings are represented as walking hand in hand, as dancing together, as singing in concert, and, generally, as living on terms of the greatest intimacy and affection. There seems to have been no particular reason for making them kings of Brentford rather than of any other place. Bayes says (a. i., sc. 1), "Look you, sirs, the chief hinge of this play... is, that I suppose two kings of the same place, as, for example, at Brentford; for I love to write familiarly." Colonel Henry

far'a-bas, Marquis of. [Fr. Marquis de Cara- | bas, maR'ke' deh kä'rä/b']. A fanciful title employed to designate a man who possesses, or makes a boast of possessing, large estates; a feudal lord; or, in general, any pompous and purse-proud individual. The name occurs in the nursery tale "Puss in Boots," and Béranger has adopted it as the title of one of his most popular lyrics.

"See this old marquis treating us

As if a conquered race:

His raw-boned steed has brought him back
From distant hiding-place.

With saber brandished o'er his head

That never dealt a blow,

The noble mortal marches on,

And seeks his old chateau.

Hats off, hats off! near and far,

Bow to the Marquis of Carabas."

Béranger, Trans.

In Vivian Grey, his [Disraeli's] views seemed bounded by a desire to find a Marquis de Carabas. Smiles. Car-dü'el. A name given, in the old romances about Arthur and his knights, to the city of Car.

lisle.

Cärker, Mr. A plausible villain in Dickens's "Dombey and Son."

Carlo Khan. A nickname given to Charles James
Fox (1749-1806), on account of a bill which he
brought into Parliament, in 1783, for a new regula-
tion of the East Indies, from the supposition that he
aimed to establish a dictatorship in his own person.
C'arrasco, Sanson (sän-sōn' kǎR-Rüs/ko). A wag-
gish bachelor of Salamanca who figures in Cervan
tes' romance of "Don Quixote."
Car-taph'i-lus. See JEW, THE WANDERING.
Casella (kä-sellä). The name of a musician and old
friend of Dante, immortalized by him in his poem
entitled “La Divina Commedia." Dante, on his ar-
rival in Purgatory, sees a vessel approaching the
shore freighted with souls, under the conduct of an
angel, to be cleansed from their sins, and to be made
fit for paradise. When they are disembarked, the
poet recognizes in the crowd his old friend Casella.
In the course of an affectionate interview, the poet
requests a soothing air, and Casella sings, with en-
chanting sweetness, Dante's second Canzone.

Dante shall give fame leave to set thee higher
Than his Casella, whom he wooed to sing,
Met in the milder shades of Purgatory.

Milton.

Cassim Baba. See BABA, CASSIM. Căsꞌi-mēre. A Polish emigrant in "The Rovers, or the Double Arrangement," in the poetry of the Antijacobin. See BEEFINGTON, MILOR.

Cas'si-o (kash/1-0). Lieutenant of Othello, and a tool of Iago, in Shakespeare's tragedy of "Othello." Cas-ta'rå. A poetical name under which William Habington (1605-1654) celebrated the praises of Lucia, daughter of the first Lord Powis, the lady whom he married.

Castle, Doubting. See DOUBTING CASTLE. Castle of Indolence. The title of a poem by Thomson, and the name of a castle described in it as situated in a pleasing land of drowsiness, where every sense was steeped in the most luxurious but unreal and enervating delights. The owner of this castle was a powerful enchanter, who sought by the exercise of magical arts to entice unwary passers-by within the gate, that he might deprive them of their manly strength, take away all their high hopes and aims, and engage them in a constant round of sensual amusements.

The effect of the climate, the air, the serenity and sweetness of the place, is almost as seductive as that of the Castle of Indolence. W. Irving.

Castles in Spain. See CHATEAUX EN ESPAGNE. Ca-thay', An old name for China, said to have been introduced into Europe by Marco Polo, the celebrated Venetian traveler. It is corrupted from the Tartar appellation Khitai (ke-ti'), that is, the country of the Khitans, who occupied the northern portions of the empire at the period of the Mongof invasion. The heroine of Bojardo's "Orlando Innamorato," the beautiful Angelica, was a princess of Cathay.

Through the shadow of the globe we sweep into the younger
day;
Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay.

Tennyson. Caudle, Mrs. Margaret. The feigned author of a series of "Curtain Lectures" delivered in the course of thirty years, between eleven at night and seven in the morning, to her husband, Mr. Job Caudle," one of the few men whom Nature, in her casual bounty to women, sends into the world as patient listeners." The real author of these humorous and famous lectures was Douglas Jerrold. Cau/line, Sir. The hero of an ancient English ballad of the same name, preserved in Percy's "Reliques."

Caustie, Christopher. A pseudonym adopted by Thomas Green Fessenden (1771-1837) in his Hudibrastic poem called "Terrible Tractoration." Cave of Mammon. The abode of the god of riches, described in the seventh canto of the second book of Spenser's "Faery Queen." Cave of Montesinos. See MONTESINOS. Çed'rie. A Saxon thane in Sir Walter Scott's novel of "Ivanhoe."

Celestial City. In Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," the city toward which Christian makes his pilgrimage; the heavenly Jerusalem, whose splendors are portrayed in the Apocalypse. Celestial Empire. A name often used, in Europe and America, as a popular designation of China. It is derived, according to Williams, from the Chinese words Tien Chan, that is, Heavenly Dynasty, meaning the kingdom ruled over by the dynasty appointed by Heaven.

Celia. 1. Daughter of Frederick, the usurping duke, in Shakespeare's "As You Like It."

2. The name given by Thomas Carew, an English poet of the 17th century, to the lady of his love, whose real name is unknown.

Chăd'band, The Rev. Mr. A character in Dickens's "Bleak House," a type of hypocritical piety. Chär'mi-an. A kind-hearted but simple-minded fe

male attendant on Cleopatra, in Shakespeare's play of "Antony and Cleopatra."

Châteaux en Espagne (shä'tōz' ŎN nes/päñ'). [Fr., castles in Spain.] Groundless or visionary projects;-a French phrase sometimes used in English. In the 15th century they said, in the same sense, 'faire des châteaux en Asie," to build castles in Asia.

Chauvin (shō'văN'). The principal character in Scribe's "Soldat Laboureur; "-represented as a veteran soldier of the time of the first Empire, who has an unbounded admiration of Napoleon, and a blind idolatry of all that pertained to him. Child of Hale. A name often given to John Middleton, a famous English giant, who was born at Hale, in Lancashire, in 1578. His height was nine feet and three inches.

Childe Harold. Sec HAROLD, CHILDE. Childe Rowland. See RoWLAND, CHILde. Children in the Wood, The. Characters of an ancient and well-known ballad entitled "The Children in the Wood, or the Norfolk Gent.'s Last Will and Testament," which is thought by some to be a disguised recital of the alleged murder of his nephews by Richard III. It is certain that the ballad corresponds essentially with the narrative of the chroniclers. Addison says of the ballad referred to, that it is "one of the darling songs of the common people, and the delight of most Englishmen at some part of their age."

Chinaman, John. A cant or popular name for the Chinese. The earliest known instance of its use is in "A letter to the Committee of Management of Drury Lane Theater, London, 1819," p. 64.

was placed by King Sancho at the head of all his armies, whence he acquired the appellation of Cam peador, i. e., warrior, champion. He died at Valencia, in 1100, in the 74th year of his age. He is regarded as the model of the heroic virtues of his age, and the flower of Spanish chivalry. Çin'der-el'lå. [That is, cinder-lass; Fr. Cendrillon Ger. Aschenbrödel, Aschenputtel.] The heroine of a well-known fairy tale, represented as the daughter of a king or rich man, and condemned by a cruel step-mother to act the part of a household drudge, sitting in the ashes while her more favored sisters are dressed in finery and live in splendor. The story recounts how, by a fairy's help, Cinderella presents herself before a young prince, and gains his love, to the chagrin of her sisters, who had sought to win his favor, and how, when he would pursue her, he loses sight of her, and, at last, by means of a glass slipper, or, as some say, a golden shoe,the gift of the fairy, which she had dropped in her flight, and which would fit no other foot but hers,he discovers her, and then marries her.

The story is very wide-spread, and is told with variations in different languages. It is of great antiquity, and probably derived from the East. Among the Germans, the story is mentioned as early as the 16th century, in Rollenhagen's "Froschmauseler." In France, Perrault and Madame D'Aulnoy have included it in their "Fairy Tales." A similar story, of Grecian or Egyptian origin, is told of Rhodopis and Psammetichus in Egypt. CI-pǎn'go. A marvelous island, described in the Voyages" of Marco Polo, the Venetian traveler. It is represented as lying in the eastern seas, some 1500 miles from land, and of its beauty and wealth many stories are related. The island of Cipango was an object of diligent search with Columbus and the early navigators. It is supposed by some to be the same as Japan. [Written also Zipangi.] Circumlocution Office. A designation made use of by Dickens in "Little Dorrit," in ridicule of official delays and indirectness. The Circumlocution Office is described as the chief of "public departments in the art of perceiving how not to do it." The name has come into popular use as a synonym for governmental routine, or "red tape," or a roundabout way of transacting public business.

"The Administrative Reform Association might have worked for ten years, without producing half of the effect which Mr. Dickens has produced in the same direction by flinging out the phrase, The Circumlocution Office." Masson.

poetry, for a mistress or sweetheart, but of late generally appropriated to negroes and spaniels. Chriemhild (kreem hilt). The heroine of the German epic poem, the "Nibelungen Lied," represented as a woman of the rarest grace and beauty. Chris'ta-běl. 1. A lady in the ancient ballad of "Sir Cauline," the daughter of a "bonnye kinge" in Ireland.

2. A lady in Coleridge's poem of the same name. The hero of Bunyan's spiritual roChristian. mance, "The Pilgrim's Progress." This celebrated allegory describes the awakening of Christian's spiritual fears; his resolution to depart from the City of Destruction, where he resided; his ineffectual attempts to induce his wife and family and neighbors to accompany him; his departure; and all the incidents, whether of a discouraging or a comforting nature, which he encountered on his journey, until he arrived at the Celestial City; the whole being designed to represent the various experiences, internal and external, in the life of a real Christian.

We seem to have fallen among the acquaintances of our old friend Christian: sometimes we meet Mistrust and Timorous, sometimes Mr. Hategood and Mr. Lovelust, and then again Prudence, Piety, and Charity. Macaulay.

Chris'ti-ǎn'å (krist/yl-An'a). The wife of Christian, in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," who sets out with her children to rejoin her husband in the Celestial City, under the guidance of Mr. Greatheart.

Chris'tian Çiç'e-ro. A name conferred upon Lucius Caelius Firmianus Lactantius (d. about 325), on account of the purity and eloquence of his style. Christian Sen'e-ea. A title sometimes given to Joseph Hall (1574-1656), Bishop of Norwich, an eminent divine, formerly highly esteemed as a

moralist.

Christian Vi̇r'ġil. A title given to Marco Girolamo Vida (1490-1566), one of the most learned scholars and most elegant Latin writers of his time. He was the author of a Latin poem in six books, on the life of Christ, the "Christias," which is as close an imitation of the "Eneid" as the great difference in the nature of the subject would permit. Christopher, St. See ST. CHRISTOPHER. Chroniclers, The Rhyming. A series of writers in verse, who arose in England about the end of the 13th century.

Cid, The. [Sp., lord, from Arab. seid.] A title given to Don Rodrigo Laynez, a Spanish nobleman of the 11th century, by five Moorish generals whom he had vanquished. He was also known by the abbreviated name of Ruy Diaz (i. e., Rodrigo, the son of Diego), and was Count of Bivar. In 1065, he

Sodom and Gomorrah, the chief of the five cities said to have been destroyed by fire from heaven (Gen. xix.), and their sites covered by the Salt or Dead Sea.

Citizen King. A surname popularly given to Louis Philippe, who, in 1830, was placed on the throne of France as the elective king of a constitutional monarchy.

City of Brotherly Love. Philadelphia is some-
times so called, this being the literal signification
of the name.
City of Churches. A name popularly given to
the city of Brooklyn, N. Y., from the unusually
large number of churches which it contains.
City of Destruction. In Bunyan's "Pilgrim's
Progress," the imaginary city, typifying the world,
from which Christian started on his pilgrimage to
the Celestial City.

City of Elms. A familiar denomination of New
Haven, Conn., many of the streets of which are
thickly shaded with lofty elms.
City of Enchantments.

A magical city described in the story of Beder, Prince of Persia, in the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." City of God. The subject and title of St. Augustine's celebrated work ("De Civitate Dei"), written after the sack of Rome by Alaric, to answer the assertion of the pagans that the disasters to their country were a consequence of the desertion of the national deities by the Christians. The City of God comprehends the body of Christian believers, in distinction from the City of the World, which comprises those who do not belong to the church. The work treats of both cities, but it takes its name from the former only.

The City of the Earth, whose origin and vicissitudes Augustine had traced, appeared to him under very dismal aspects, and it was toward the City of God, of which he was also the Catholic Homer, that all his hopes were turned.

Poujoulat, Trans. City of Lanterns. An imaginary cloud-city spoken of in the "Vera Historia" of Lucian, a romance written with a satirical purpose. The aerial voya gers, passing the Pillars of Hercules, are wrecked upon an enchanted island. They next travel through the Zodiac, and arrive at the City of Lanterns. After further adventures, the voyage terminates at the Islands of the Blest. Rabelais probably borrowed his conception of the Island of Lanterns (see ISLAND OF LANTERNS) from this source, which also undoubtedly furnished hints to Le Sage and to Swift. City of Magnificent Distances. A popular designation given to the city of Washington, the capital of the United States, which is laid out on a very large scale, being intended to cover a space