surrounding departments, and the soil is on the whole fertile. The principal vegetable productions are wheat, rye, maslin (wheat and rye mixed), maize, barley, oats, potatoes, millet, beets, peas, beans, rape, fruit, and timber. The rivers abound with a variety of fish, including trout, carp, pike, barbel, eels, and crawfish. The minerals are iron, coal, porphyry, granite, and gypsum. The staple manufactures are hardware, glass, earthenware, leather, cotton stuffs, paper, brandy, and oil. Capital, Vesoul.

HAUTE-VIENNE (Upper Vienne), a W. department of France, in the ancient province of Limousin; area, 2,118 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 819,787. The surface is diversified with mountains, valleys, and extensive plains. The mountains are connected with those of Auvergne, and form a dividing ridge between the basins of the Loire and the Garonne. Their highest point, the Puy-Vieux, is 3,200 feet in elevation. The Vienne, Thorion, Combade, Briance, Gorre, Gartempe, and Couze are the principal rivers. The soil is not fertile, but good pasturage is abundant, horses, cattle, sheep, &c., are reared, iron, copper, lead, antimony, tin, coal, granite, amethysts, emeralds, &c., are found, and an active manufacturing industry is devoted to iron, steel, copper porcelain, paper, &c. Capital, Limoges.

HAUTES-ALPS. See ALPS, HAUTES. HAUTES-PYRÉNÉES (Upper Pyrénées), a S. W. department of France, in the old province of Gascony, bordering on Spain, and deriving its name from the mountains which bound it on the S.; area, 1,730 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 245,856. Its surface is broken by numerous offsets of the Pyrénées, between which lie picturesque and fertile valleys, watered by the Larros, the Gave-de-Pau, and other streams. The department has mines of copper, iron, argentiferous lead, manganese, antimony, and zinc, and contains granite, freestone, kaolin, gypsum, and several mineral springs. It produces abundance of fruits, wine, good pasturage, cattle, sheep, and horses, but not enough grain for domestic consumption. The manufactures are not important, and consist chiefly of the woollen stuffs called baréges. Capital, Tarbes.

HAUY, RENÉ JUST, a French mineralogist, born in St. Just, in the department of Oise, Feb. 28, 1743, died in Paris, June 3, 1822. He was born of humble parents, but his love for religious music attracted the attention of a priest of his native village, who, after giving him some instruction, procured him a situation in the choir of a church in Paris, whence he went to the college of Navarre and to that of Cardinal Lemoine. In the latter institution, where he became a teacher, he first acquired a love for botany; and accidentally entering the lecture room of Daubenton, he conceived a passion for mineralogy, which shaped his course in life. He was struck with the imperfections of this science, especially in regard to the theories of the persistence of form in mineral substances: the classifications seemed to him cha

otic confusion. The accidental dropping of a specimen of calcareous spar revealed to him the geometrical law of crystallization, from which arose his most brilliant discoveries. Communicating his discovery to Daubenton, at the suggestion of Laplace, who saw its great importance, he laid it before the academy in 1781. His discovery met with bitter opposition; he was accused of borrowing his ideas from Bergman and of reviving old and exploded theories; but the only answer he made to his detractors was new researches and more careful study. From the date of his memoir on the "schorls" in 1784 commenced a new era in mineralogy ; chemistry confirmed the teachings of crystallography, and an entirely new arrangement of minerals was the consequence. During the revolution Hauy, who had received holy orders, was thrown into prison; but the exertions of Geoffroy St. Hilaire obtained his release 2 days before the massacre of Sept. 1792. During the most violent acts of the convention he was appointed one of the committee on weights and measures in 1793, and in 1794 keeper of the cabinet of mines. In the latter position he prepared his principal work, Traité de minéralogie (4 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1801), of which a portion had been published in a single volume in 1797. It is a complete exposition of the grand idea that the crystalline form should be the principal guide in the determination of mineralogical species, elevating his favorite study at once into the rank of the exact sciences. In Dec. 1802, he was appointed professor of mineralogy in the museum of natural history, and from that time his part of the establishment took a new life. In answer to an application from government to prepare a treatise on physics for colleges, he published in 1803 his Traité élémentaire de physique, a work remarkable for its pure and simple style, and well calculated to inspire in youth a love for the natural sciences; it passed through 3 editions. The little emolument accorded to him under the empire he lost under the restoration, and in the latter part of his life he was cramped by the same poverty which he had experienced in youth. Supported by his religious faith, cheered by the attentions of relatives and pupils, and encouraged by the homage of the learned of all nations, the good old man was respected and happy to the last. He died from the effects of a fall, leaving as sole inheritance to his family his magnificent collection of crystals, the fruit of 20 years' labor; it is now preserved, in a room by itself, in the museum of natural history in Paris. His successor in the professorial chair was M. Brongniart, one of his pupils. Among his works, beside those above alluded to, are: Essai d'une théorie sur la structure des cristaux (1784); Exposition de la théorie de l'électricité et du magnétisme (1787); De la structure considérée comme caractère distinctif des minéraux (1793); Caractères physiques des pierres précieuses (1817); and Traité de cristallographie (1822). He also contributed

numerous papers to many of the scientific journals of the day. He was a member of the French academy, and of the principal scientific and learned associations of Europe and America.-VALENTIN, a younger brother of the preceding, celebrated as an instructor of the blind, and as the inventor of apparatus for their education, born in St. Just, Nov. 13, 1745, died in Paris, March 18, 1822. He was called in France the "apostle of the blind," and commenced his labors in their behalf in 1784. For an account of his career, and of his efforts in establishing the royal institution for this hitherto neglected class, see BLIND, vol. iii. p. 350.

HAVANA (Span. San Cristoval de la Habana), the seat of government of the Spanish colony of Cuba, situated on a fine bay of the gulf of Mexico, on the N. W. coast of the island, and on the edge of the torrid zone, in lat. 23° 9' 4" N. and long. 82° 22′ W.; pop. in 1853, according to government statistics, 134,225, though well informed persons estimate it as high as 200,000. It is built on a tongue of land formed by the sea on one side, and the land-locked basin of the harbor on the other. The walls of the city, running from the mouth of the harbor across the peninsula to the inner shore, enclose an ellipse of about 2,000 by 1,100 yards, but at the present time more than twice that space outside of them is compactly covered with buildings. The harbor has a narrow entrance for about half a mile, when it opens into a triple-headed bay containing about 9 sq. m. of surface, with a depth of water varying from 1 to 6 fathoms. For the defence of the city and harbor, there are 6 forts beside the walls and citadel; these are El Moro, La Cabaña, Numero 4, Atares, Principe, and La Punta. The largest of these, La Cabaña, requires a garrison of 2,000 men in time of war. The harbor front of the city is occupied by a continuous quay about 1,000 yards long. Its streets are narrow, but laid out with much regularity; many of them are paved with square blocks of granite, and the principal ones have large subterranean sewers. The city has 2 public markets within and 2 without the walls, which are well supplied with meats, poultry, game, fruits, and vegetables of all kinds, beside an excellent fish market. Its public buildings are not remarkable. The palace of the captain-general and that of the intendant are large plain edifices fronting on the Plaza de Armas; the custom house, fronting on the harbor, is a spacious and solid structure, as is also the deposit warehouse, formerly the convent of San Francisco. It has 6 parish churches beside the cathedral, and 9 others attached to religious orders; 2 theatres, a royal university, a charity hospital, a lying-in asylum, a hospital for lepers, a Magdalen asylum, an orphan asylum, an insane asylum, a plaza de toros, and a military hospital. The private dwellings are constructed entirely of stone, in the style of the south of Europe, their chief peculiarity consisting in the immense size of the doors and windows, and the extent of ground which each VOL. VIII-49

house occupies. The city is well lighted with gas, and supplied with water by an aqueduct about 7 m. long, which, beside supplying more than 50 public fountains, is conveyed by pipes into many of the houses. There are two paseos, or public promenades, that of Isabel Segunda, laid out in the zone along the walls, which for military reasons has not been built upon, and which now runs through the heart of the city, and the Paseo Militar, running from the outer edge of the city to the foot of the hill of Principe. The first of these is more than a mile in length, laid out with a broad carriage way, with shaded walks on each side, and several fountains and statues; the second is more modest in its arrangement, but on one side of it is laid out the public botanical garden, in which stands the summer residence of the captain-general. Near the Paseo de Isabel Segunda is the Campo Militar, a drill_ground for the garrison. There are several other places of public resort, situated on portions of the wall looking over the harbor, among which we may cite the Cortina de Valdes and the Salon O'Donnel. The university of Havana comprises 4 faculties, philosophy, jurisprudence, medicine and surgery, and pharmacy, with 25 professors and 250 students; it has a library of 3,000 volumes, and an anatomical museum, and is supported by a funded revenue of $30,520,beside fees. There are numerous daily, weekly, and monthly publications; but the press is under a strict censorship, and nothing can be published until every page of the manuscript has the sign manual of the government censor. The climate of Havana is the perpetual summer of the tropics, modified by the cool and moist sea breeze occasioned by the trade winds during the hottest part of the day. The average maximum height of the thermometer during the winter season is 85° F., and in summer 87°. It seldom rises above 90°, and rarely falls below 70°. This latter point is only reached during the gales from the north, which blow at intervals in the months between November and March, when the thermometer occasionally falls as low as 60°. This equable climate makes Havana a delightful resort for northern invalids, but they cannot be too cautious in guarding against the sudden cooling of the atmosphere by the occasional "northers." The nights are always cool and pleasant, and as the sea breeze sinks with the sun, it is gradually replaced by that from the land, which comes laden with aromatic perfumes.-The civilization of commerce has invaded Havana to a greater degree than it has any other Spanish city. In its capacious harbor the flags of all the commercial nations are constantly seen, and among its mercantile establishments American, English, French, German, Dutch, and Belgian, as well as Spanish houses, are found. The mechanical appliances of industry and traffic of other nations have been largely adopted. Railways, steamers, and the electric telegraph connect it with the rest of the island; numerous

banks and insurance companies exist; steam ferries across the harbor, a city railroad, and several omnibus lines exhibit the activity of its internal movement. It imports about 75 per cent. and exports about 45 per cent. of the entire commerce of Cuba. In 1858 there arrived there 958 American vessels measuring 392,972 tons, 653 Spanish vessels measuring 151,027 tons, and of other nations 338 vessels measuring 135,816 tons. The principal exports during the same year were 940,514 boxes and 10,064 hhds. of sugar, 18,415 pipes of rum, 20,483 arrobes of coffee, 21,545 hhds, of molasses, 106,231,000 cigars, and 5,046,896 lbs. of leaf tobacco. Among the imports, provisions constitute the leading articles. In 1858 there were imported 15,873,700 lbs. of jerked beef, 12,852,500 lbs. of salted fish, 249,610 barrels of flour (of which 6,478 barrels were from the United States), 29,009,700 lbs. of rice, 8,704,300 lbs. of lard, 23,088,000 feet of lumber, 434,983 box shooks, 51,908 hogshead shooks, and 80,473 tons of coal. -The fine harbor of Havana was discovered by Sebastian de Ocampo in 1508, who careened his vessels there while circumnavigating the island, and gave it the name of bay of Carenas. As early as 1516 there were a few straggling settlers in the vicinity, and in 1519 the population of the town of San Cristobal, which had been settled some 10 or 12 leagues distant, in the Indian province Habana, on the S. coast of the island, removed to the present site of the city. The conquest of Mexico, and the subsequent development of that rich Spanish viceroyalty, gave an early impulse to the settlement at Havana, which was at once the haven and the outpost of the harborless shore of Mexico. Its geographical position also made it the port of outfit for adventure in North America, and on May 12, 1539, Fernando de Soto sailed from there with 900 infantry and 350 cavalry for Florida. In 1550 the seat of government was transferred to Havana from the city of Santiago de Cuba, which had been till then the residence of the governor. Occasional incursions of the buccaneers gave rise to the first steps for its fortification, and these were continued and extended, principally at the expense of the viceroyalty of Mexico, until it has come to be one of the strongest cities in America. Up to the beginning of the 18th century Havana increased slowly, and its history is eventless. In 1702 the war of Spanish succession gave it some importance, and a fleet was fitted out there to drive the English from the blockade of Pensacola, which was successful. Its value as a naval station began to be developed soon after, and the royal navy yard was founded. In the summer of 1761 the yellow fever first appeared in Havana, supposed to have been brought there by a ship from the East Indies. On June 6, 1762, an English squadron of 32 men-of-war and 200 transports, with 20,000 men under command of the earl of Albemarle, appeared off Havana. Landing about 2 m. E. of the mouth of the harbor, they began a siege, and on Aug. 14 the city sur

rendered, with a spoil estimated at £3,000,000 It was held by the captors until July 6, 1763, when it was restored to Spain in compliance with the stipulations of the treaty of Paris. On regaining possession of the city, Spain immediately set about strengthening its defences; and as the revenues of the island at that time barely amounted to $300,000 per annum, a yearly payment of $1,200,000 was assigned to it from the treasury of Mexico. By the treaty of Paris Florida was ceded to England, and Louisiana returned by France to Spain. The first of these events gave rise to a Spanish emigration from the continent, which considerably augmented the population of Havana; the second resulted in a remarkable military movement. The French inhabitants of Louisiana having refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of Spain, Count O'Reilly fitted out an expedition of 2,500 men from Havana, with which he occupied New Orleans and reduced Louisiana, annexing it to the captaincy-general of Cuba. On the breaking out of the American revolution Spain reconquered Florida from Great Britain, and on Aug. 3, 1780, concentrated in Havana a powerful expedition consisting of 12 ships of the line, 3 frigates, 4 brigs, and 82 transports with 12,000 troops, known as the "auxiliary army for America." In 1781 an expedition of 13,000 men left Havana for the purpose of cooperating with the French in an attack on Jamaica; and in 1782 a successful expedition of 5 ships of war, 30 transports, and 3,000 men was sent from there against Nassau. A small expedition was sent in 1784 to drive the English from St. Augustine, Florida. In 1795 the revolution of St. Domingo drove more than 12,000 Spanish families from that island to Havana; and on Jan. 15, 1796, the remains of Columbus were brought from the city of St. Domingo and deposited with great pomp in the cathedral. In 1802 a large portion of the French army under Leclerc, driven from Hayti, found a refuge at Havana, where many of them settled. The revolutions of the Spanish colonies on the continent operated to increase with many refugees the population of the city; and during all the long contest of the mother country with the revolted colonies, it was the centre of military and naval operations, being looked upon as the key of America. The gradual subversion of the Spanish rule on the continent brought with it the remains of its forces and its adherents from Mexico and the Spanish main to augment the population of the capital of Cuba. The last military expedition that Spain fitted out there was the disastrous one of Barradas, who with 3,000 men sailed from Havana in May, 1829, to invade Mexico. Thus Havana acquired an importance and a large population froin other causes than the development of industry and the growth of commerce. The English occupation of the city and surrounding country in 1763 gave the first impulse to agriculture and trade in Cuba, by opening foreign markets to its products. For a time these were

restrained by the reestablishment of the Spanish colonial monopoly system, but before the close of the last century the necessities of the country had opened a contraband trade with the United States, for provisions and lumber in exchange for sugar and molasses. This was partially authorized by royal decrees issued in the early part of the present century, and in 1818 the port was opened to foreign commerce. HAVELOCK, HENRY, a British general, born in Bishop Wearmouth, Durham, in 1795, died in Lucknow, India, Nov. 25, 1857. He was educated at the Charterhouse school. In 1813 his father, who had become rich as a ship builder and merchant, lost his property, and the son began the study of the law, but afterward obtained a commission in the army. After serving 8 years in Great Britain, he was sent to India in 1823. In the first Burmese war (1824) Havelock was at the actions at Patunagoa, Pagban, and Napadee; and at the conclusion of the war he was sent on a mission to the court of Ava, having previously been appointed deputy assistant adjutant-general. In 1827 he published "The History of the Ava Campaigns," which was remarkable for the freedom of its criticisms. In that year he was appointed adjutant of the military depot at Chinsoora, and soon after was married to a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Marshman of Serampore. He subsequently passed his examination in languages at the college, and was appointed adjutant of his corps by Lord William Bentinck. After 23 years' subaltern service, he was promoted in 1838 to a captaincy, and accompanied the army for the invasion of Afghanistan as staff officer of Sir Willoughby Cotton. During this campaign Havelock passed through many extraordinary trials, and was present at some remarkable scenes of Indian military life. In marches through the desert, and amid sufferings by starvation and sickness, he distinguished himself by promoting temper⚫ance and encouraging piety. He was at the storming of Ghuznee and the occupation of Cabool, and soon after published his "Narrative of the War in Afghanistan in 1838-'9" (2 vols. 8vo., London, 1840). He afterward distinguished himself in various actions in Afghanistan, and had the chief direction, under Sale, of the defence of Jellalabad. At the battle of Maharajpoor, Dec. 29, 1843, during the Mahratta campaign, the personal bravery of Havelock contributed in no small degree to the success of the British arms. Soon afterward the Sikhs revolted and marched with a large army against Ferozepoor. The British forces advanced to meet them, and defeated them at Moodkee, and at Ferozepoor whither they retreated. There, as well as at the engagement of Aliwal, Have lock gained fresh honors. In 1843 he had been appointed to the rank of Persian interpret er to the commander-in-chief, and brevetted as lieutenant-colonel, and at the conclusion of the Sutlej campaign was appointed deputy adjutant-general at Bombay. Here he remained until 1849, when he went to Europe for his

health. He returned to Bombay in 1851, and became in succession brevet colonel, quartermaster-general (1854), and then adjutant-general. An expedition being sent to Persia in 1856, he was appointed to the 2d division, and commanded the troops at the taking of Mohammerah. He returned to Bombay when peace was concluded, and sailed for Calcutta, but was wrecked on the voyage (April, 1857) off the coast of Ceylon. Reaching Calcutta while the mutiny of 1857 was at its height, he was at once despatched to Allahabad to take command of a column destined for the relief of Cawnpore, which was then besieged by the Nena Sahib. He left Allahabad, July 4, with about 1,200 men, and, having been joined by a reënforcement which raised his strength to nearly 2,000, encountered and routed 3,500 rebels at Futtehpoor, and on the 16th defeated the Nena before Cawnpore. The next day he entered the city, to find that it had fallen on June 27, and that the surviving Europeans had been massacred with aggravated atrocities only the day before his arrival. From Cawnpore Havelock followed the Nena to Bittoor, defeated him, and reduced the place to ashes. He then pushed on toward Lucknow, where the garrison under Brigadier Inglis was closely beset by the rebels. Having crossed the Ganges on the 25th, he was opposed at Onao by a large and strongly posted body of the enemy, over whom he gained a victory (July 29) which deserves to rank as one of his most brilliant achievements. On the same day he defeated the mutineers again at BusserutGunge; but 2 days afterward, finding his whole force reduced to about 1,300 men, and being incumbered with the sick and wounded, he had to retreat to Mungulwar to wait for reenforcements. The enemy immediately reoccupied Busserut-Gunge, and Havelock returned twice and drove them out. After the third attack upon that town (Aug. 12), he recrossed the Ganges to Cawnpore, having now only 1,000 men, while between him and Lucknow there were at least 3 strongholds defended by 30,000 rebels with 50 guns. Joining Gen. Neill at Cawnpore, he marched against the Nena, who had reentered Bittoor, and routed him, Aug. 16. On Sept. 15, Maj. Gen. Outram reached Cawnpore with 1,700 men. His rank was higher than Havelock's, but he generously relinquished to the latter the chief command, and on the 19th Havelock, raised from the rank of brigadier to that of major-general, again set out for Lucknow, Outram accompanying the force as a volunteer. After a series of battles he reached that city on the 25th, and fought his way with a loss of over 500 men into the residency where Inglis was shut up. Gen. Outram now resumed the command. Under him, gallantly seconded throughout by Havelock, the garrison and their relievers now had to withstand a siege until the arrival of Sir Colin Campbell, who released the British and enabled them to retire to Cawnpore. The residency was evacuated Nov. 22, but Havelock, whose strength had been broken

by sickness and exposure, died of dysentery 3 days afterward at the Dilkoosha palace, on the S. of the city. It is remarkable that Havelock was never wounded in any of his battles, in Burmah, Afghanistan, Gwalior, the Sutlej campaign, Persia, and during the great mutiny, though he was always exposed to the hottest fire, and though he had 4 horses shot under him. He left a younger brother, Charles F. Havelock, who is remarkable for his bravery, having been engaged in every Indian battle from the capture of Bhurtpore to the victory of Guzerat. Previous to his death the commander-in-chief had conferred on Havelock the "good service pension" of £100 a year. A baronetcy having been conferred on him by the queen one day after his death in India, on the news of that event it became evident that the title had fallen to the ground. The queen therefore bestowed the dignity on Henry Marshman Havelock, eldest son of the general, with remainder in default of issue to the heirs male of his father. Few military men were ever more popular in England than Gen. Havelock; and, as an English writer has remarked, "the death of this hero of a series of exploits which form one of the most glorious episodes that even the history of British India contains was more deeply felt in every British home than any event since the death of Nelson." -See "Life of Havelock," by J. T. Headley (New York, 1859).

HAVEN, ALICE BRADLEY, an American authoress, born in Hudson, N. Y., in 1828. Her maiden name was Emily Bradley, and while a school girl she sent under the pseudonyme of Alice G. Lee many attractive sketches to the "Saturday Gazette," then recently established by Joseph C. Neal in Philadelphia. She was married to Mr. Neal in 1846, and at his request assumed and has since retained the name of Alice. On the death of her husband in 1847, she took the editorial charge of the "Gazette," and conducted it for several years, contributing at the same time poems, sketches, and tales to the leading magazines. She published a volume in 1850 entitled the "Gossips of Rivertown, with Sketches in Prose and Verse," and is more generally known by her series of juvenile stories, as "Helen Morton,' ," "Pictures from the Bible," "No such Word as Fail," "Patient Waiting no Loss,' ""Contentment Better than Wealth," """All's not Gold that Glitters," "Out of Debt Out of Danger," "The Coopers," and others. In 1853 she was married to Mr. Samuel L. Haven, and has since resided in Westchester co., N. Y.

HAVEN, ERASTUS OTIS, D.D., an American clergyman, born in Boston, Mass., in 1820. He was graduated at the Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn., in 1842, soon after which he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, was appointed teacher of natural science in the Amenia seminary, N. Y., and in 1845 was elected principal of that institution. In 1854 he was elected professor of Latin and Greek in the university of Michigan. In 1856

he was elected editor, and returned to Boston to take charge of the "Zion's Herald and Wesleyan Journal," the oldest Methodist newspaper in the world. He is the author of a work entitled "The Young Man Advised" (12mo., New York, 1855), beside reviews, sermons, &c.

HAVEN, NATHANIEL APPLETON, an American lawyer and man of letters, born in Portsmouth, N. H., Jan. 14, 1790, died there, June 3, 1826. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1807, studied law, settled in Portsmouth, indulged s taste for literature, and appeared often as an orator on public occasions. In 1814 he delivered a 4th of July oration at Portsmouth, visited Europe in the following year, in 1816 delivered a Phi Beta Kappa oration at Dartmouth college, and was editor of the "Portsmouth Journal" from 1812 to 1825. On May 21, 1823, he was the orator at Portsmouth at the second centennial celebration of the landing of the first settlers. A selection from his writings, accompanied with a memoir by George Ticknor, was published in 1827.

HAVERCAMP, SIGEBERT, a Dutch philologist and critic, born in Utrecht in 1683, died in Leyden, April 25, 1742. He succeeded Gronovius as professor of Greek at Leyden, and was subsequently appointed to the chair of history and rhetoric. He published editions of Lucretius, Josephus, Eutropius, Sallust, and Censorinus, and a history of Asia, Africa, and Europe, in Dutch, beside many other learned works.

HAVERFORD COLLEGE, an institution of learning under the care of the society of Friends, founded by members of that body in Philadelphia, New York, and New England, and opened in the autumn of 1833. It is situated in the township of Haverford, Delaware co., Penn., on the line of the Pennsylvania railroad, 8 m. N. W. from Philadelphia. The buildings stand on a lawn of 45 acres, laid out with great taste, and adorned with a fine collection of trees and shrubbery. The institution is richly endowed, and furnished with libraries, a chemical laboratory, philosophical apparatus, mineralogical and geological cabinets, and an astronomical observatory. The college admits but about 70 students. Among the early presidents of the college were the late John Gummeré and Daniel B. Smith. The officers of instruction at present are 3 professors, 2 tutors, and an instructor in drawing. Commencement is on the second Wednesday in July, and the first term begins 9 weeks afterward.

HAVERHILL, a township and village of Essex co., Mass., at the head of navigation on the N. or left bank of the Merrimack river, 12 m. W. S. W. from Newburyport at the mouth of the river, and 32 m. N. from Boston; pop. in 1855, 7,940. The village is pleasantly built on a gentle acclivity, and presents with its neat shaded dwellings and background of hills & remarkably attractive appearance. It is the seat of an active manufacturing industry. In 1855 the town had 1 woollen mill, 1 furnace, 1 manufactory of iron railings, 7 of hats and caps, 3