sitions of the Gallican clergy. The pope and a majority of the bishops protested against the validity of the organic articles, and a synod convoked in 1811 at Paris refused to declare the church of France independent of the pope. Louis XVIII. concluded, June 11, 1817, a new concordat, by which that of 1801 was abolished, and that of 1516 restored. As, however, the chamber of deputies refused to ratify it, the new concordat never received legal sanction. Although the clergy had no opportunity to declare themselves in synods and councils on the relation of the Gallican church to Rome, it was generally known that a majority were in favor of strengthening the union with Rome, and opposed to defending any thing in the national church which was regarded by Rome as unCatholic. The remarkable change of ecclesiastical views which has taken place in France since the beginning of the present century is in great part owing to the influence of the works of De Maistre and Bonald. In consequence of some agitation among the people, who were excited against the Jesuits, the government in 1824 demanded of the superiors of the episcopal seminaries, and in 1826 of the bishops, that they should bind themselves to the declarations of 1682. The July revolution of 1830 had but little influence on the inner development of the Gallican church. Louis Philippe made as great concessions to the hierarchy as the origin of his own authority would allow. The bishops whom he appointed were mostly opposed to the Gallican tendencies. An attempt made in 1831 by the abbé Châtel to establish a religious association under the name of the French Catholic church (église catholique Française), was at once regarded by the Catholics as being not a movement within but a secession from the national church. The establishment of the republic in 1848 gave to the church a liberty in ecclesiastical and educational affairs which she had not enjoyed for centuries. For the first time within more than 100 years the bishops held provincial and diocesan councils. It appeared that there still existed a difference of views between them concerning the relation of the French church to Rome; but it was no longer the same party division as formerly, the Gallican party of old being found to be almost extinct. All the bishops agreed that it was desirable to strengthen the union between Rome and France, especially in order to give to the national church greater strength to resist the secular rulers. One of the clearest proofs of the spirit now prevailing is the introduction of the Roman instead of the old national liturgies, which took place in one diocese after another, until in 1858 there were only 8 in which the Gallican liturgy was retained. Under Napoleon III. the bishops claim the right to meet without previous authorization in provincial councils; and the government, in order to avoid a conflict, has permitted them to do so without deciding the legal question. The whole French episcopate are at present in the greatest harmony with Rome.

Some of the most important works on the Gallican church, its history and liberties, are: J. de Maistre, De l'église Gallicane; Dupin, Les libertés de l'église Gallicane (Paris, 1824); Frayssinous, Les vrais principes de l'église Gallicane; and an anonymous Mémoire sur la situation présente de l'église Gallicane, addressed to the bishops, and vindicating the Gallican church and its doctrines against the attacks of Count Montalembert.

GALLIENUS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS EGNATIUS, & Roman emperor, born A. D. 235, died in 268. He was proclaimed Cæsar by the senate in 253, when his father Valerian was saluted as Augustus. After the latter was defeated and made prisoner in 260 by Sapor, king of the Persians, he governed alone, and saw the empire during his whole reign rent by usurpers, invaded by barbarians, and desolated by the plague. While he abandoned himself to revelry at Rome, nearly 30 of his armies in different parts of the kingdom each elected their general to be emperor, and the military anarchy which succeeded has been called the age of the 30 tyrants. He regarded with indifference the dismemberment of his states, and the dignity of the empire was maintained only in the East, where Odenatus inflicted a defeat upon Sapor. When the legions of Illyria in 268 proclaimed Aureolus emperor, he immediately marched toward Rome to depose Gallienus; but the latter, waking from his apathy, besieged the usurper in Milan, and perished in the siege.

GALLINULE, a wading bird, of the sub-order gralla, family rallida, and sub-family gallinulina; comprising the genera porphyrio (Briss.), tribonyx (Dubus.) from Australia, gallinula (Briss.), and fulica (Linn.); the last has been described in the article Coor. In the genus porphyrio (Briss.), or porphyrula (Blyth), the bill is short, thick, and strong, with the culmen much elevated at the base, and dilated on the forehead, with a large frontal plate and compressed sides; nostrils nearly circular; the wings and tail are short and rounded, the 2d, 3d, and 4th quills nearly equal and longest; the tarsi long and slender, with broad transverse scales; the toes very long and free at the base, claws long and somewhat curved. More than a dozen species are described, richly colored, inhabiting warm and temperate regions in pairs or small flocks, on the borders of lakes, rivers, and marshes; they prefer land to water, walk in a dignified manner, run lightly and quickly, and from the length of the toes are able to glide over the surface of floating water plants; their food consists chiefly of fruit, seeds, aquatic roots, and small fish and mollusks; their nest is concealed in the high reeds near the water's edge, made up of dried grasses, and the usual number of eggs is 3 or 4. The only American species is the purple gallinule (P. martinica, Linn.), with the head and lower parts fine bluish purple, darker and often nearly black on the abdomen and tibiæ; the sides and under wing coverts bluish green, and

lower tail coverts white; upper part of body dark green shaded with olive, and tinged with brown on the back and rump; quills and tail brownish black, with green outer edging; bill bright red with yellow tip, frontal plate blue, iris bright carmine, tarsi, toes, and claws yellow. The length to end of tail is about 13 inches, extent of wings 214, tarsus 21; weight about 8 oz. It is distributed over the southern states, and is accidental in the middle and northern; it is found also in South America. It runs, swims, dives, and flies well; when travelling far its flight is high, but low and short in its feeding or breeding grounds; it alights with the wings spread upward like the rail; the rapid jerking motions of the tail when alarmed are very remarkable; it sometimes alights on ships 200 or 300 miles from land. Its flesh is not generally held in estimation. It breeds at the south, very early in the year; the nest is built of rushes, 2 or 3 feet from the ground, and is about 10 inches in diameter on the inside; the eggs, from 5 to 7, are of a light grayish yellow, with blackish brown spots; the young, at first nearly black, are fully fledged by the 1st of June.-In the genus gallinula (Briss.) the bill is shorter and less stout, the tarsi are stronger, and the toes are margined by a slight membrane throughout their length, though in no way comparable to the pedal lobes in the coot. There are about 12 species in various parts of the world, living on the borders of slow and deep streams edged with reeds; they are more aquatic than the preceding genus, preferring water to land, swimming well and striking the water with the tail; they are excellent fliers and divers, and swim under water by means of their wings; they also walk well, flirting up their tails, and run swiftly among the reeds and through narrow places; they can pass lightly over the leaves of aquatic plants; they eat slugs, worms, insects, grains, &c.; the nest resembles that of porphyrio, the number of eggs is 8 to 10, and the young take to the water as soon as hatched. The American species is the Florida gallinule (G. galeata, Licht.), very closely resembling the G. chloropus (Linn.) of Europe; the principal differences seem to be that in the American bird the frontal plate is quadrate instead of acute, and the toes are longer. The head, neck, and under parts are deep bluish gray, blackish on the head and neck, and lighter on the abdomen; few feathers on the sides edged with white; lower lid, lateral lower tail coverts, edge of wing at shoulder, and outer edge of 1st primary, white; back and wings deep olive, darker on the rump; quills dark brown; tail brownish black; frontal plate and bill bright red, tipped with yellow; bare space on the tibia next to the feathers red; rest of legs yellowish green. The length to end of tail is about 13 inches, extent of wings 22; weight 12 oz. The female is like the male. This species is common in the winter along the rivers, ponds, and lakes, from eastern Florida to Texas, whence it migrates in spring and sum

mer to the Carolinas, and occasionally even to the middle and northern states; it is also found in South America. It is both nocturnal and diurnal in its habits, often seeking for food on land, walking and nipping insects and grass like the common fowl; it is rarely seen on salt water, but sometimes in the winter visits the banks of bayous in which the water is brackish. The nest is generally a few feet from the water, among the rankest weeds; the eggs, about an inch and a half long, are of a dull dark cream color, with reddish brown and umber spots and dots; when the female leaves her nest she covers the eggs to protect them from crows and other enemies, and both sexes incubate; if not disturbed, they will hatch several broods in a season.

GALLIO, JUNIUS, a brother of the philosopher Seneca, adopted by the rhetorician Junius Gallio, whose name he assumed, died in A. D. 65. He was in 53 and 54 proconsul of Achaia under Claudius, and resided at Corinth, where he refused to listen to charges brought by the Jews against the apostle Paul on "a question of words and names, and of your law" (Acts xviii. 15). From him the name of Gallionism has been applied to indifference to the diversities of religions.

GALLIPOLI (anc. Callipolis), a town of Roumelia, European Turkey, 120 m. W. S. W. from Constantinople; pop. about 30,000. It is situated on a peninsula at the N. W. extremity of the Dardanelles, and was formerly well fortified. Its streets are narrow, dirty, and ill built, but its bazaars are large and abundantly supplied with goods. It has many mosques, fountains, Byzantine ruins and monuments, and manufactures of cotton, silk, and fine morocco leather. It has 2 harbors, and frequently receives the imperial fleets. It is the see of a Greek bishop. Gallipoli was formerly of great importance as a centre of the Greek and Italian commerce and as the key of the Dardanelles. The commerce is still considerable in grain, wine, silk, and oil, chiefly in the hands of the Greeks.

GALLIPOLI, a fortified seaport town of Naples, on an island in the gulf of Taranto, 29 m. W. S. W. of Otranto, connected with a suburb on the mainland by a bridge; pop. 8,500. It is well built, with a castle and fine cathedral, and is the great mart for the oil of Apulia, which is collected in extensive tanks excavated in the limestone rock.

GALLITZIN, GOLYZIN, or GALIZIN, a princely Russian family, numerous members of which have distinguished themselves as soldiers, statesmen, or authors. Their origin is traced back to Gedemin, prince of Lithuania, and the ancestor of the Jagiellos. I. MIHAIL commanded, in 1514, a Russian army against the Poles under Prince Ostrogski, was defeated, taken, and held in captivity for 38 years, together with his brother Dmitri, who died in the last year of their detention. Released by King Sigismund II., Mihail was received with distinction by the czar, but retired to a con

vent, where he died. II. VASILI, defended Novgorod against the first pseudo-Demetrius, but soon followed the example of Basmanoff in espousing the cause of the pretender (1605); stained his hands with the blood of the son and widow of Boris Godunoff, his late master; was rewarded by the usurper, but conspired against him, and contributed to his fall and violent death (see DEMETRIUS); took part also in the conspiracy which overthrew his successor, Basil Shuiski, and was a chief member of the deputation which offered the throne of Moscow to Ladislas, the son of Sigismund III. of Poland. Offended by the conditions of the offer, the Polish king held the Russian envoys in arrest at Kiev, where Vasili died before the termination of the war between the two states. III. VASILI, surnamed the Great, born in 1633, received a classical education, fought against the Turks, Crimean Tartars, and Cossacks, and was made attaman of the latter; was active in bringing about the great reforms of Czar Fedor Alexievitch; was, after the death of that czar, treated with particular distinction by his sister, the princess regent Sophia; concluded in 1686 a favorable treaty with Poland; commanded in a new expedition against the Tartars of Crimea; promoted the ambitious designs of Sophia against her brother Peter the Great, and fell with her. He was tried, condemned, and confined to Yarensk in the government of Vologda, allowed to return to one of his estates on the intercession of other members of the family, but banished again in 1693 to a cold and dreary district in the government of Archangel, where he died. IV. MIHAIL, born about 1675, served in the guards of Peter the Great, and accompanied that monarch on his various campaigns; distinguished himself at the taking of Schlüsselburg; won a victory over the Swedes at Dobry in Lithuania (1708); defeated the reënforcements of Charles XII. under General Lewenhaupt at Liesno; fought in the battle of Pultowa (1709), and a few days after compelled the remnants of the Swedish army to surrender; accompanied the czar on his disastrous expedition to the Pruth (1711); was rewarded for his services with the most flattering honors, and was sent as commandergeneral to Finland, where he was victorious on land and sea, and remained till the peace of Nystadt (1721). He was made field marshal by Catharine I., the wife and successor of Peter, was also distinguished during the following reign of Peter II., and died in Moscow, Dec. 1730. V. ALEXANDER, son of the preceding, born Nov. 1718, served under Prince Eugene on the Rhine (1733), fought in the 7 years' war, commanded a Russian army on the Dniester in 1768, took Chocim, and died in 1783. VI. DMITRI, born in 1721, was ambassador to the court of Vienna, became by his will the founder of a magnificent hospital in Moscow, and died in 1793. VII. DMITRI, born in 1738, was sent in 1763 as ambassador to France, where he became acquainted with the most eminent men of the age; married Amalia, daughter of Count Schmet

tau; went in 1773 as ambassador to the Hague; retired after the conquest of Holland by the French to Brunswick, wrote on natural sciences, and died in 1803. Among his works are a Description de la Tauride (1778), and a Traité de la minéralogie (1792). VIII. AMALIA, wife of the preceding, born in Berlin, Aug. 28, 1748, made the acquaintance of Prince Dmitri at Aix la Chapelle, was married to him, but afterward lived in separation from her husband, first in the vicinity of the Hague, and subsequently at Münster in Westphalia, where she became the centre of a circle of pietistic writers, being herself remarkable for literary accomplishments as well as personal attractions. She contributed not only to the peculiar religious development of her son Demetrius (see GALLITZIN, DEMETRIUS AUGUSTINE), but also to the conversion of Count Frederic Stolberg to Catholicism. Goethe was among her visitors, and Hemsterhuys addressed to her, under the name of Diotima, his Lettre sur l'athéisme (1785). She died Aug. 24, 1806. IX. SERGHEI fought against the Turks, under Potemkin, against the Poles in 1794, and against the Austrians in Galicia in 1809, commanding the troops which assisted the Poles to drive back the archduke Ferdinand, when he died. X. EMANUEL, born in Paris in 1804, studied in that city, entered the Russian army, distinguished himself at the taking of Varna, returned to France, travelled subsequently through Russia and other countries, wrote, translated, and edited in French a number of works on Russia and its literature, especially descriptions of travels, and died at Paris in Feb. 1853.

GALLITZIN, DEMETRIUS AUGUSTINE, a Russian nobleman, who exercised the functions of a missionary priest in the United States, born at the Hague, Dec. 22, 1770, died in Loretto, Penn., May 6, 1840. His father while Russian ambassador in Paris had gained the friendship and embraced the principles of Voltaire and Diderot; his mother, the countess of Schmettau, had similar inclinations; and the young Demetrius, while educated in all secular learning and accomplishments, was strictly debarred from a knowledge of religion. In his 17th year, however, he became a member of the Roman Catholic church, which his mother had joined a short time before. His father designed him for the army, and in 1792 he was aide-de-camp to Gen. Van Lilien, who commanded the Austrian forces in Brabant during the first campaign against the French. After the death of the emperor Leopold and the assassination of the king of Sweden, Austria and Prussia dismissed all foreigners from their armies; and his own country being at peace, Demetrius resolved to travel in America. He was accompanied on the voyage by a young German missionary, the Rev. Mr. Brosius, who improved the influence which his position as tutor gave him over the young prince's mind to turn his thoughts toward the priesthood. Soon after landing, in 1792, Demetrius entered the theological seminary recently founded by the Sulpicians in Baltimore,

and on March 18, 1795, he was ordained priest by Bishop Carroll, being the second Roman Catholic upon whom that order was conferred in the United States. He also joined the society of Sulpicians, but subsequently, finding his relations with the latter inconsistent with the life of a missionary, he unwillingly broke them off. His first pastoral charge was at Conewango, Penn., whence he officiated at various towns in the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, until in 1799 he selected a bleak uncultivated spot, high up on the Alleghany mountains in Cambria co., Penn., about 250 m. from Philadelphia, as the site of a proposed Catholic colony. He purchased a large tract of land, which he divided into small farms and sold at a nominal price, or oftener gave away, to emigrants, erected saw and grist mills, and having laid the foundation of a town, named it Loretto. To meet the heavy debt which he thus incurred he relied upon his patrimony; but on the death of his father in 1803, the Russian government, in consequence of the son's change of religion, refused to allow him to succeed to the estate, and he was consequently involved for a time in great embarrassments. Some assistance from his relatives, however, from the king of Holland, one of his early friends, and from the Russian ambassador at Washington, relieved him, and he expended on his settlement about $150,000. His life was peculiarly austere and laborious. His plain log cabin was always open to the poor and strangers, his dress was of the simplest homespun, and he concealed his rank under the assumed name of "Father Smith." There were at that time few Catholic priests or churches in Pennsylvania, and Father Gallitzin added to the care of his flock at Loretto incessant journeys over a wild and extensive region. He found time to compose several controversial works which were extensively read; his " Defence of Catholic Principles," "Letter to a Protestant Friend," and an "Appeal to the Protestant Public," are still often reprinted. He was several times proposed for the episcopacy, but would never accept that honor. At his death he left a flourishing community of 6,000 persons at Loretto. His name has since been given to a village there, and a monument was erected to his memory before the church in 1848.-ELIZABETH, Princess Gallitzin, cousin of the preceding, born in 1796, died in St. Michael's, La., Dec. 8, 1843. She abjured the Greek faith, joined the society of the sacred heart in Rome, and in 1840 was sent to America as visitatrix of the order. She founded an establishment in New York, and another in the far west at Potawatamie village.

GALLON, an old English measure of capacity, subdivided into 4 quarts. Formerly there were gallons of different capacities, one for wine, another for ale or beer, and a third for grain and dry goods. The wine gallon, called also the standard gallon, contained 231 cubic inches, the ale gallon 282 cubic inches, and the

corn gallon 268.6 cubic inches. In 1825 the imperial gallon was established by the British parliament, the capacity of which was 10 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water, that weighed 252.458 grains to the cubic inch, thus making its contents 277.274 cubic inches. The gallon of the United States is the standard or Winchester wine gallon of 2.31 cubic inches, and contains 8.3388822 avoirdupois lbs. or 58372.1754 troy grains of distilled water at 39.83 F., the barometer being at 30 inches. The gallon of the state of New York is of the capacity of 8 pounds of pure water at its maximum density, or 221.184 cubic inches.

GALLOWAY, JOSEPH, an American loyalist, born in Maryland about 1730, died in England in Sept. 1803. He was educated for the bar, and in early life removed to Philadelphia, where he attained considerable eminence in his profession. In 1764 he became a member of the Pennsylvania assembly, and joined his friend Dr. Franklin in advocating the adoption of a royal government for the colony instead of the proprietary form then in use, which involved him in a controversy with John Dickinson. Subsequently he became speaker of the assembly, and in 1774 a delegate to the first congress. In this body he took a prominent part, and proposed to settle the difficulties between the colonies and the mother country by vesting the government in a president-general of the colonies, to be appointed by the king, and a council to be chosen by the several colonial assemblies; the British parliament to have the power of revising the acts of the latter body, which in its turn was to have a negative on British statutes relating to the colonies. The plan, though advocated by a few members, was rejected by congress; and the author, who had never been in favor of a political separation from Great Britain, although he had warmly urged the redress of the grievances which the colonists suffered, abandoned the whigs after the question of independence had begun to be agitated, and thenceforth was known as a zealous tory. He remained with the British army in Philadelphia and New Jersey until 1778, when he went with his daughter to England, where he passed the remainder of his life. Being summoned in 1779 before a committee of the house of commons to testify on American affairs, he animadverted severely on the course of Gen. Howe and other British officers. A new edition of this "Examination" was published in Philadelphia in 1855 by the "Council of the SeventySix Society." Galloway's estate, estimated to be worth £40,000, was confiscated upon his departure for Europe; but a large portion was subsequently recovered by his daughter. His literary remains comprise a "Speech in answer to John Dickinson" (8vo., London and Philadelphia, 1764); "Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies" (8vo., New York, 1775); "Letters to a Nobleman" (8vo., 1779); "Reply to Sir William Howe" (1780), &c. In the latter part of his life

he became interested in the scriptural prophecies, and wrote on the subject.

GÁLLS, or GALL NUTS, hard woody excrescences, in size from that of a pea to that of a nutmeg, formed by an insect on the twigs of the dwarf oak, quercus infectoria, in Syria and Asia Minor. (See GALL INSECTS.) They are brought to the United States principally from Smyrna and Trieste, and, being produced near Aleppo, are often called Aleppo galls. They are also obtained from Calcutta, to which place they are supposed to have been carried from Persia. Those are the best which are gathered when of good size, but before the insect by which they are produced has eaten its way out. They are known as black or blue galls, and possess in a higher degree the dark coloring property and the medicinal virtues of the article than the larger ones, from which the insect has escaped, and which are known as white galls from their lighter dingy color. About the season of gathering the galls they are carefully examined upon the trees, in order to collect them in their best condition. They are then of a dark bluish or lead color without, and internally whitish or brownish, hard and rough, with a knotted surface. They are solid, but easily broken, and form when ground a light yellowish gray powder. In the centre is a spot or cavity, caused by the presence of the larva or insect. Their taste is bitter and disagreeable, but they are without odor. They are powerfully astringent, and have been used in medicine since the time of Hippocrates; but excepting as a gargle in the form of infusion or decoction, or for external application mixed with some ointment, they are now little employed. Their chief value is in their soluble portions, producing black dyes when mixed with solutions of sulphate of iron. The portion that is soluble is taken up by 40 parts of boiling water. Ether takes up, alcohol of the galls. The solution serves to detect the presence of iron in other solutions. Galls are used as a source of tannin or tannic acid, the principal ingredient in their composition, as appears by the following analysis of Guibourt: tannic acid, 65; gallic acid, 2; ellagic and luteo-gallic acids, 2; brown extractive substance, 2.5; gum, 2.5; starch, 2; sugar, 1.3; chlorophyl and volatile oil, 0.7; woody fibre, 10.5; water, 11.15; total, 100. It is questionable whether the gallic, ellagic, and luteo-gallic acids exist in the substance of galls, or are produced by the action of the oxygen of the air upon the tannic acid, this being easily thus converted into other acid compounds. The tannin is separated by treating the powdered galls with ether mixed with about one-tenth part of water protected from the air. The greater part of the tannin thus extracted separates from the ether by standing, and is obtained in a concentrated aqueous solution. The aqueous solution of galls possesses the property of precipitating gelatine from its solutions, by the tannic acid it contains.

GALLUP, JOSEPH ADAM, an American physician and author, born in Stonington, Conn.,

March 30, 1769, died in Woodstock, Vt., Oct. 12, 1849. He had not the advantages of a collegiate training, although he received a very thorough education, and in 1798 he was graduated as bachelor in medicine at Dartmouth college. He practised medicine a few years in Hartland and Bethel, Windsor co., Vt., whence he removed to Woodstock in Jan. 1800. His first writings appeared in 1802 in the "Vermont Gazette," published at Windsor, and attracted early attention. For 3 years commencing in 1820 he was president of and a professor in the institution at Castleton, Vt., then called the Castleton medical academy, and was also for several years a lecturer in the medical department of the university of Vermont. He subsequently established the medical institution at Woodstock, called at the outset the clinical school of medicine, and delivered his first course of lectures there in the spring of 1827. This school afterward became the Vermont medical college, and was incorporated in 1835. In 1815 he published "Sketches of Epidemic Diseases in the State of Vermont," to which are added "Remarks on Pulmonary Consumption," which was republished in England. He published in 1822 his "Pathological Reflections on the Supertonic State of Disease," beside other pamphlets, and in 1839 his more considerable work in 2 vols., entitled "Outlines of the Institutes of Medicine, founded on the Philosophy of the Human Economy in Health and Disease."

GALT, JOHN, a Scottish author, born in Irvine, Ayrshire, May 2, 1779, died in Greenock, April 11, 1839. After spending some years in mercantile life he began to study law at Lincoln's Inn, London, but in 1809 set out on a tour of nearly 3 years in southern Europe and the Mediterranean, publishing the results of his observations on his return in two books of travels. He sailed from Gibraltar to Malta with Lord Byron and Mr. Hobhouse, and in the Levant he schemed to introduce British goods into the continent by way of Turkey in defiance of the Berlin and Milan decrees. He had in 1803-4 contributed to the "Scots' Magazine" portions of an ambitious composition in octosyllabic verse. He next produced a volume of dramatic pieces, which Scott called "the worst tragedies ever seen," and which was followed by lives of Benjamin West and Cardinal Wolsey, a tragedy entitled the "Appeal," acted in Edinburgh for a few nights, and "The Earthquake," a novel in 3 volumes. These works, written in the intervals of various commercial undertakings, made no impression upon the public, but his "Ayrshire Legatees," which appeared in successive numbers of "Blackwood's Magazine" in 1820–221, unexpectedly turned the popular tide in his favor. Within the next 3 years appeared the "Annals of the Parish," generally esteemed his best work, written 10 or 12 years before, but then rejected by the publishers, the "Provost," which he himself preferred, the "Steamboat," "Sir Andrew Wylie," the "Gathering of the West," the "En