442881 ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by D. APPLETON & COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. FUGGER, the name of a German family of wealthy merchants. Its founder was JOHANNES, a weaver of Graben, near Augsburg, who lived in the first half of the 14th century, and acquired a large property in lands by commerce in cloths. His son, of the same name, continued the occupation of weaver, to which he also added that of cloth merchant, and obtained by marriage the right of citizenship in Augsburg. ANDREAS, eldest son of the latter, lived about 1400, and was known as "Fugger the Rich." The nephews of the last, ULRICH, GEORG, and JAKOB, born about the middle of the 15th century, covered the Baltic with their commerce, which extended also to Hungary, Italy, and even to India, were able to influence the affairs of the empire by lending money to the princes, married into the most illustrious families, and were ennobled by the emperor Maximilian I. After attaining to high political dignities, they continued their commerce, built in the Tyrol the splendid castle of Fuggerau, greatly embellished the city of Augsburg, and found a new source of wealth by working the mines of Innthal, Falkenstein, and Schwartz. The only heirs of these 3 brothers were the 2 sons of Ulrich, RAIMUND, born in 1489, died in 1535, and ANTON, born in 1493, died in 1560. The former of these patronized letters and the sciences, and was saluted in many poor poems as the Maecenas of his times. The latter raised the family to its highest degree of power and prosperity. The emperor Charles V. resorted to them both when pressed for money, yielded to them the privilege of coining, made them counts and princes of the empire, and was lodged in the splendid mansion of Anton when he attended the diet of Augsburg. They established at Augsburg a cabinet of antiquities, a gallery of paintings, and a botanical garden, built the church of Saint Maurice, paid 3,000 crowns to Titian for a few paintings, and collected the 2 largest libraries that had yet been seen in Germany. Their name was given to a street in Madrid, and "as rich as a Fugger" became a proverb. Upon the death of these 2 brothers the family divided into numerous lines, and its most important branches at present are the princely houses of Kirchberg and Babenhausen. FUGITIVE, literally, one who flies away. VOL. VIII.-1 At common law there was the fugitive from justice; and the name of fugitive was also given sometimes to a person escaping from arrest or imprisonment for debt or from apprenticeship; and in the feudal law an escaping serf or bondsman was regarded as a fugitive. In the United States the name is commonly given to one who, in the words of the federal constitution, is "held to service or labor in one state under the 'laws thereof," and "escapes into another;" that is, a fugitive slave. A fugitive from justice is more exactly defined as one who, having committed a crime within one jurisdiction, escapes from punishment by fleeing into another. The law of nations certainly does not permit the sovereignty from which the fugitive has escaped to enter, proprio vigore, into the country where he has taken refuge, and seizing him there, take him home for punishment. Of this there is no question whatever. But it has been much discussed whether the law of nations requires the arrest of the fugitive in the territory to which he flies by the authorities thereof, and the delivering or extradition of him to the authorities from whom he has fled. The weight of authority is, perhaps, against any such obligation or duty in the absence of treaty stipulations. But such treaties have been frequently made of late years, and are justly regarded as the effect and indication of advancing civilization. The American government has made treaties providing for the extradition of fugitives from justice with England, France, Bavaria, Prussia, Hanover, and other states of the German confederation. These treaties usually specify the crimes which fugitives must be accused of to be delivered up; and also provide that no country shall be required to deliver its own citizens or subjects to a foreign country for trial and punishment.-As between the states of the American Union, extradition is made compulsory by the federal constitution, art. iv., sec. 2, which provides that "a person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the same state from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime." In the several states there are statutory provisions or established usages regulating the procedure in such cases. They vary in some respects, but the process is substantially as follows everywhere: 1. The alleged fugitive is charged with the crime in the state from which he flies, and sufficient evidence of his probable guilt is offered to the executive. 2. That executive gives to the applicant a formal requisition (reciting generally the facts of the case) upon the executive of the state to which he has fled. 3. This last executive then examines into the case, usually by the prosecuting officer of the state, as far as he deems necessary, and if he sees no sufficient reason to the contrary, issues his warrant to some proper officer. 4. Thereupon this officer takes possession of the fugitive, and is protected in carrying him to the state from which the requisition issues, and there surrendering him to the proper officer. 5. It has been held that if the executive which issues the warrant becomes satisfied that it should not have been issued, it may withdraw it and liberate the fugitive at any time before he passes beyond the limits of the state. The extradition of the fugitive from service is provided for, not by state statutes, but by acts of congress. They provide very summary processes, as entirely ministerial and as little judicial as such processes can be, in the state to which the fugitive slave has fled, resting the whole procedure upon a previous judicial investigation at home, which has been held to be conclusive as to the service due and the escape, and to leave for trial in the foreign state only the question of personal identity. If the fugitive slave be surrendered to the claimant, and if the claimant takes him home, he may there have all the opportunity which the general law gives him of trying the question whether he is bound to service. This statute and process have been held to be applicable to fugitive apprentices. FUGUE (Lat. fuga, flight), a species of musical composition in which one voice or part seems to be perpetually flying away from another, whence the name. The principal musical thought of the piece, or the subject, having been performed by one voice or part, is taken up by another, and so on with all the voices or parts, each commencing after the others, and all performing together. The result is an endless pursuit and flight of the same theme by the different parts. Fugues are simple, double, or counter, the latter being much the most complicated, and afford a wide field for invention, of which the older composers frequently took advantage. FULDA, a S. E. province of Hesse-Cassel, bounded E., S., and W. by Weimar, Bavaria, and Hesse-Darmstadt; area, 860 sq. m.; pop. in 1854, 138,685.-FULDA, the capital of the province, is situated on a river of the same name, here crossed by 3 bridges, 56 m. N. E. from Frankfort-on-the-Main; pop. 9,570. It contains an electoral palace and gardens, formerly the residence of the prince-bishops, 11 churches, 2 convents, an ecclesiastical seminary, and a num ber of schools. The cathedral is a fine modern building, the 4th which has stood on this site. Of the ancient church it retains only a crypt, in which is the sarcophagus of St. Boniface. Fulda has also a library of 50,000 volumes, manufactories of cotton, linen, and woollen goods, &c., and trade in corn and cattle. FULGURITE (Lat. fulgur, lightning), sand vitrified into a slender tube, which is sometimes of great length, found on sandy beaches and plains, penetrating in some instances 50 feet or more beneath the surface, and dividing into several branches. Beudant describes fulgurites under the mineral species quartz, by the name of quartz tubuleux, and ascribes their origin to a stroke of lightning. Their diameter varies from of an inch to 3 inches, and the thickness of the wall of the tube from of an inch to 1 inch. Their inner surface is vitrified; the outer is composed of grains of sand cemented together. M. Fiedler exhibited one to the French academy of sciences in 1843, which he excavated from a point in a vineyard which had just been struck by lightning. Dufrénoy (Mineralogie, vol. ii., p. 161) speaks of one he saw in possession of M. Ficter, which was more than 10 metres long, and presented beside many ramifications. An account of a remarkable one dug up at Rome, N. Y., was published in the "American Journal of Science" (vol. xiv. p. 220, 1843). M. Hachette, together with Messrs. Savart and Beudant, succeeded in producing some artificially, making use of a strong electrical battery, and causing the charge to pass through a quantity of pounded glass placed in a hole in a brick. One was an inch in length, and from to of an inch in diameter outside-inside only of an inch. With a little chloride of sodium mixed with the glass, a tube was obtained of uniform diameter 11 inches long. 30 FULLER, ANDREW, an English Baptist theologian, born in Wicken, Cambridgeshire, Feb. 6, 1754, died in Kettering, Northamptonshire, May 7, 1815. Till the age of 20 he was chiefly engaged in husbandry; but having united himself to the Baptist church he became a preacher of that denomination, and was settled first at Soham in 1775, and afterward at Kettering in 1783. In 1784 he published a treatise entitled "The Gospel Worthy of all Acceptation," a work of great ability, which excited much controversy, and is believed to have materially modified the prevailing doctrinal views of the denomination to which he belonged. In 1799 he composed his "Dialogues and Letters" (published collectively in 1806). In 1792 he took an active part with Carey and others in establishing the Baptist missionary society, and was appointed its first secretary; and from that time till the close of his life he was constantly engaged in the most important and arduous labors for its prosperity, and the extension and success of its missions. In 1794 he published "The Calvinistic and Socinian Systems, examined and compared as to their Moral Tendency;" in reply to which Dr. Joshua Toulmin wrote "The Practical Efficacy of the Unitarian Doctrine considered," and Fuller rejoined in "Socinianism Indefensible, on the ground of its Moral Tendency" (1797). He was the author of a great number of other treatises, sermons, &c., all of which bear the marks of an acute and powerful mind. His "Complete Works" were published in 8 vols. 8vo. (London, 1824), and in 1 vol. imperial 8vo., with a memoir by his son (1852). They have been reprinted in the United States with a memoir by the Rev. Joseph Belcher (3 vols. 8vo., Philadelphia), and in other editions. The degree of D.D. was conferred on Mr. Fuller by Yale college, and also by the college of New Jersey, but he declined receiving it as unscriptural and incompatible with the simplicity of the Christian character. From his sagacity and strong common sense, his almost instinctive knowledge of the human heart, and the native vigor and practical character of his mind, he has been called "the Franklin of theology." FULLER, MARGARET. See OSSOLI, MARGARET FULLER. FULLER, RICHARD, D.D., an American clergyman, born in Beaufort, S. O., in 1808. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1824, subsequently studied law, and before his 21st year was admitted to the bar of South Carolina. He almost immediately entered upon a large and lucrative practice, and was on the road to professional eminence when he was prostrated by a fit of sickness. On his recovery he became a member of the Episcopal church, afterward joined the Baptist denomination, and, renouncing his profession, studied for the ministry. He was ordained in 1833, and took charge of the Beaufort Baptist church, where his preaching and pastoral offices were attended with beneficial results. In 1847 he assumed the charge of the 7th Baptist church in Baltimore, one of the largest in the city, with which he still remains connected. Among Dr. Fuller's published writings are: "Correspondence with Bishop England concerning the Roman Chancery:" "Correspondence with Dr. Wayland on Domestic Slavery;" "Sermons," and "Letters." FULLER, THOMAS, one of the wittiest and most peculiar and original of English authors, born in Aldwinckle, Northamptonshire, in June, 1608, died Aug. 15, 1661. He was carefully educated by his father, the rector of St. Peter's in his native village, till in his 13th year he was sent to Queen's college, Cambridge. He won the highest university honors, and received the degree of bachelor in 1625, of master in 1628, a fellowship in Sidney Sussex college in 1631, and about the same time the living of St. Benet's, Cambridge, where he exhibited great eloquence as a preacher. He was also made a prebendary of Salisbury. His first publication was a poem entitled "David's hainous Sinne, heartie Repentance, heavie Punishment" (London, 1631). He was soon after presented to the rectory of Broad Windsor, Dorsetshire, where he prosecuted several works that he had planned at Cambridge. bishopric was expected for him, when he met his death by a fever. He was buried in his church at Cranford, in the chancel of which his monument still remains. His "Holy and Profane State, a collection of Characters, Moral Essays, and Lives, Ancient, Foreign, and Domestic" (Cambridge, 1642; 4th ed. 1663), proposing examples for our imitation and abhorrence, is one of his best productions, and fully exhibits his sagacity of thought and pithiness of style. His "Church History of Britain, from the Birth of Jesus Christ until the year MDCXLVIII." (London, 1655), though abounding in jokes, quibbles, dedications, anecdotes, and curious and irrelevant learning, is one of the most remarkable works in the language for wit, piety, pathos, and imagination, and contains many interesting memorials, the result of long, active, and extended research. The "History of the Worthies of England," a collection of eccentric biographies, published posthumously (London, 1662), has been more generally read than any other of his works, and abounds in gossip, admirably told stories, curious details, and witty and excellent reflections. The men whose lives are recorded are arranged according to their native counties, of which he mentions the natural productions, herbs, medicinal waters, curiosities, local proverbs, manufactures, and buildings. Of his minor productions, the principal are the "Appeal of Injured Innocence" (London, 1659), a defence of his "Church History" (with which it is sometimes bound) against Heylin, and treating almost every subject within the range of human disquisition; the "Pisgah-Sight of Palestine" (London, 1650); and "Andronicus, or the Unfortunate Politician" (London, 1646). The style of all his writings is extremely quaint and idiomatic, in short and simple sentences, and singularly free from the learned pedantry of his time. "Next to Shakespeare," says Coleridge, "I am not certain whether Thomas Fuller, beyond all other writers, does not excite in me the sense and emulation of the marvellous; the degree in which any given faculty, or combination of faculties, is possessed and manifested, so far surpassing what we would have thought possible in a single mind, as to give one's admiration the flavor and quality of wonder. Fuller was incomparably the most sensible, the least prejudiced great man, in an age that boasted of a galaxy of great men. In all his numerous volumes on so many different subjects, it is scarcely too much to say that you will hardly find a page in which some one sentence out of every three does not deserve to be quoted by itself as a motto or as a maxim." His memory was so remarkable, that he could repeat a sermon verbatim after hearing it once, and 500 unrelated words of different languages after hearing them twice. His lively and learned conversation made his company much courted, and he would listen for hours to the prattle of old women in order to catch snatches of local history and tradition and proverbial wisdom. FULLERS' EARTH, an unctuous sort of clay, useful in fulling cloth, from its property, common to aluminous earths, of absorbing oil and grease. That variety of clay is preferred which falls to pieces when put in water, making a slight crackling sound. Its colors are various shades of yellowish, greenish, bluish, brown, and gray; lustre dull, but appears greasy when rubbed. Composition as given by Dr. Ure: silica 53, alumina 10, peroxide of iron 9.75, magnesia 1.25, lime 0.5, water 24, potash a trace. Dr. Thomson found silica 44, alumina 23.06, protoxide of iron 2, magnesia 2, lime 4.08, water 24.95. It is not now esteemed of so much value as formerly, soap having taken its place. In England it used to be so highly valued that its exportation was prohibited. It was carried in large quantities from the counties of Surrey and Buckingham, and then sold to be transported to the north or west of England. When used, it was first dried by the sun or by fire, and then thrown into cold water. The powder thus formed was sorted by washing into coarse and fine qualities, the former of which were applied to inferior cloths, the latter to the finer goods. FULLERTON, LADY GEORGIANA CHARLOTTE, an English authoress, born Sept. 23, 1812. She is the daughter of the 1st earl of Granville, and was married in 1833 to Capt. Alexander George Fullerton. Her first publication, a novel entitled "Ellen Middleton," appeared in 1844, and was succeeded within a few years by "Grantley Manor." Both works exhibit constructive skill and an analysis of characterof no mean order. "Lady Bird," published in 1852, after the conversion of the authoress to the Roman Catholic church, is one of her most imaginative works. FULLING, also called MILLING, the operation of removing greasy matters from woollen goods, and of giving to them a more compact texture by causing the fibres to entangle themselves more closely together, as in the process of felting. Fulling mills are ancient inventions, the process probably having been applied to the first woven fabrics, as felting must already have been then known. Cloths brought to the fulling mills contain the oil which was applied to the fibre in weaving. The first process to which they are subjected is called scouring or braying. This is effected by placing the rolls in troughs so arranged that they can retain the detergent liquid, as, first, stale urine and hogs' dung, subsequently urine alone, and again fullers' earth and water, while heavy oaken mallets or pounders slide down with force into one end of the troughs and mash and roll over the folds of cloth. The pounders are lifted by revolving cams, and kept in action for hours together, one to each trough. The oil is absorbed by the clay, and both are washed off by the water. The fulling is properly a second process performed in the same machines with the use of soap applied liberally in solution. The stampers are better made of polished iron, and the operation is facilitated with economy of soap by keeping the trough filled with hot steam. Cloth is also fulled in what is called the fulling machine with |