swallowed down in pottage by poor people; that which remained they cast into the sea; their bones were beaten in mortars, and the powder mingled with those horrible messes, and the pottage, which they had made of human flesh. As for the tyrant himself, he was reduced to that necessity, that he went up and down, playing upon a symbol, to procure food for his belly, and died in that miserable state.

4. Conrade Trincio, Lord of Fulingo, in the Dutchy of Spoleto, hearing that the captain of the castle of Norcera had slain Nicholas Trincio, his brother, upon suspicion of adultery, came and besieged this captain, and he'd him so strait to it, that being out of all hope to save himself, he first cut the throats of his wife and children, and then threw himself down from an high tower, that he might not fall alive into the power of Conrade: who seeing himself frustrated of the means to torment him according to his intention, set upon his kind.ed allies, friends, and familiars; and as many of them as he could take, he tortured without mercy and after he had murdered them, plucked out their bowels, chopt their bodies into small parcels, hung up their quarters in the highways and places of shew, for travellers to gaze on; be having himself with that savage and outrageous cruelty, that no mai can call it a punishment or revenge, but must study to had out a name fit for it; and, after all, perlans shall lose his labour.

5. Altobel, a citizen of Tudert un (which some call Ted) in the Detchy of Spoleto, made war upon his followcitizens, and seized upon the city and scate: after whion, he behaved Hanself with goat crucity amongst thema, Loth towards rich and poor. May it bads he also made upon the neighbouring territeries, and spoiled and riil i some other cities near Tudertum. At last he was defeated and taken prisoner by the Pope's army: forthw'd he was Lound stark naked to a post in the market-place, to the end that all they whom he wronged might revenge themselves upon him in what manner they pleased. Thither run

the mothers whose children he had killed, who, like so many wild beasts, begin to tear his body with their gre dy teeth; others wound, cut, and slash him, some in one sort, some in another; the fathers, kindred and friends of such as he had massacred, pulled out his eyes, heart, and entrails, not forgetting any point of ex. treme rigour. He, with a courage desperately obstinate, endured these torments with constancy; saying, between. times, "That no new thing had happened unto him; and that long since he had foreseen within himself this punishment.” Being dead, they put an end to their fury, by cutting his body into mor sels, which (like flesh in a butcher's shop) were sold by weight, and afterwards eaten by those that bought them. Leander, in his description of Italy, saith, "This fell out in his time."

6. The duke of Limbourg dying with out issue, the duke of Brabant, and the carl of Gelders, strove about the succession, each of them pretending right to it; when they could not agree they fell to arms: at last the duke of Brabant won the victory in a battle, and took, amongst other prisoners, the bishop of Collea, who followed the party of the earl of Gelders. Tuis bishop, after he had been prisoner to the earl of Heynault the space of seven years, was set at liborty upon conditions which he accepted; and being ready to return home, he prayed the carl that he would honour him so far, as to convey him into his country. The earl willingly condescended, and having brought him almost to Collen, not mistrusting any thing, he saw himself upon the sudden enclosed with a troop of horsemen, which took him and delivered him to the bishop, who locked him up in a prison, where he ended his days; and the more to vex and torment him, the bishop caused an rod cage to be made and anointed all over with honey, which was laid out to the sun, the earl being locked fast within it. "This was done in the memory of our fathers," saith Philip Camerarius.

7. C. Cornificius, a poet and emulater of Virgil, when he saw the soldiers often

flying, he called them helmeted hares; who so far resented this term of ignominy, that upon the first opportunity they all deserted him in fight; and so he was slain upon the place by the enemy. 8. M. Tullius Cicero had made some orations against M. Antonius; for which, when Autonius came to be of the Triumvirate, he caused him to be slain. Fulvia, the wife of Antonius, not satisfid with the death of that great orator, cause his head to be brought to her, upon which she betowed many curses: she spit in the face of it, she placed it upon her lap, and opening the mouth, drew out the tongue, and pricked it in divers places with a needle; and after all, cause it to be set up in a high and eminent place over those pulpits from whence the orators use to speak their orations to the people.

9. Pope Stephen the Seventh, having been hindred from the Popsdom by Formosus his predecessor, when after his death he was made Pope, he caused his dead body to be taken out of the sepulchre, to be stript of the pontifical ornaments, clothed in secular garments, and to be buried without the church; he also caused his fingers to be cut off, and to be cast into the river for the fish to deWhen Sergius the third came to te Pope, he caused the body of the same Formosus to be drawn out of his second burying-place, to be beheaded in the Forum or market-place, and then to be cast into the river Tiber, to gratify Lotharius the king of France, who thus hated the dead Formosus, for that by his means the empire was translated from the French to the Berengarians. Others say that Sergius did this to Formosus, because he had also opposed him in the election.

10. Cambyses, the son of Cyrus, king of Persia, sent to Amasis, king of Egypt, that he should send him his daughter. Amasis, knowing that the Persian would use her but as one of his concubines, not his wife, and withal dreading his power, he sent Nitetes, the daughter of Apries

the former king, adorned after the manner of his daughter. The daughter of Apries made known this deceit to Cambyses at her first coming, who was thereupon so incensed, that he resolved upon a war with Egypt: and though Amasis was dead before he could take Memphis, yet as soon as he had, he went thence to the city of Sais, enters the palace of Amasis, causes the body of him to be taken out of his sepulchre; which done, he would have it to be scourged, pulled, beaten, pricked, and used with all the contumely he could de:ise; this being done till the ministers of his pleasure were wearied, and seeing the salted carcase opposed their blows, so that no particle fell from it thereby, he at last caused it to be thrown into the fire, where it was burnt to ashes.

11. Cyrus warring against Tomyris, queen of the Massagetes, had by a stratagem taken her son Spargapises; for he had left part of his army with plentiful provision of meats and wines, on purpose to be seized upon. These troops Spargapises had cut in pieces, and that done, set himself and his army to feasting; and while they were secure asleep, and enfeebled by drinking, Cyrus, set upon them, killed and took most of them. Spargapises being brought be fore Cyrus, desired that he might be unbound: when he was loosed, and his hands at liberty (grieved for the discomfiture of his army) he slew himself. After which Tomyris in a great battle. overthrew the forces of Cyrus; and hav ing found him amongst the dead, in revenge of her son's death, she caused his head to be cut off, and to be thrown into a vessel filled with human blood; with this bitter sacasm, say some, "Satiate thyself with blood which thou hast so much thirsted after :" but Herodotus, "Thou hast destroyed my son taken by guile, and as I threatened I will satiate thee with blood."

12. A noble Hungarian having found one in bed with his wife, committed the adulterer to prison, there to be famished

Pu 161. 167.

to

to death; and that he might the better attain his end, he caused a roasted hen every now and then to be let down to his nose, that by the smell of the meat his appetite might be excited to the greater eagerness; but he was not suffered to taste of it; only it was presented to make his punishment the more bitter. When the miserable creature had endured this manner of usage for six days, the seventh it was found that he had eaten the upper parts of his own arms.

13. When Paris was dead, Helena was married to another of the sons of Priam, called Deiphobus; and Troy being taken by the Greeks, Menelaus, her first husband (from whom she had been stolen), acted his revenge upon this latter husband with great severity; for he cut off his ears, arms, and nose; and at the last, when he had maimed him all over, and in every part, he suffered him to die in exquisite torments.

14. Fredericus Barbarossa, the emperor, with a strong army besieged Milan, that had withdrawn itself from under his obedience, and had lately affronted his The empress, empress in this manner. desirous to see the city (not fearing to meet with any disrespect from a place under her husband's jurisdiction), had put herself into it. The mad people seized upon her, set her upon the back of a mule, with her face to the tail, and the tail in her hand instead of a bridle and in this contumelious manner put her out at the other gate of the city. The emperor, justly incensed, urged the besieged to yield, who at last did; and he received them to mercy upon this condition that every person who desired to live, should, with their teeth, take a fig out of the fundament of a mule; as many as refused were immediately to be beheaded. Divers preferred death before this ignominy: those that desired life did what was commanded: whence came that scornful proverb in Italy; when putting one of their fingers betwixt two others, they cry, Ecco la fico. "Behold the fig."

15. "There are no greater instances

Pontanus

of revenge," says Sabellicus, "than in factious cities of Italy; where the chiefs of the one faction falling into the hands of the other, it was a great favour to be beheaded or strangled." adds, "That he has heard his grandmother tell, how in certain mortal differences betwixt some families, one of the opposite faction being taken, he was immediately cut into small gobbets, his liver was thrown upon the hot coals, broiled and divided into little morsels, and distributed amongst their friends, invited to breakfast for that purpose: after which execrable feeding there were brought cups with the sprinklings of some of the gathered blood. Then followed congratulations amongst themselves, laughter, jests, and witty pas sages to season their viands, and, to conclude, they drank to God himself, as being the favourer of their revenge."

16. A certain Italian having his enemy in his power, told him, "There was no possible way for him to save his life, unless he would immediately deny and renounce his Saviour." The timorous wretch in hope of mercy, did it; when the other forthwith stabbed him to the heart: saying, "That now he had a full and noble revenge, for he had killed him at once both body and soul."

;

17. George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, was stabbed at Portsmouth, Satur day, August 23, 1628, by John Felton. It is said, the villain did it partly in revenge, for that the duke had denied him some office he had made suit for nor is it improbable, for I find him thus characterised: "He was a person of a little stature, of a stout and revengeful spirit. Having once received an injury from a gentleman, he cut off a piece of his little finger, and sent it with a challenge to the gentleman to fight him; thereby to let him know, he valued not the exposing of his whole body to hazard, so he might but have an opportunity to be revenged.

18. Anno 1500, at such time as Tamas Shaw ruled Persia, the city Ispahan (the metropolis of all Persia), surfeiting

with