the Jesuits of a great mass of money. The cardinal Bellarmine dedicated bis controversies to him; yet being asked his judgment of him when dead, said, "He thought he was damned." Sixtus died A. D. 1590.

234. Urbanus the Seventh, a Genoese, ascended the chair after him: of whom there is the less to be said, in that he enjoyed his popedom but one fortnight, and then he left it to who should come after, dying before his inauguration. The seat, not long empty, was supplied by

235. Gregorius the Fourteenth of Milan: he held a Jubilee, and exhausted the treasury of the church, which Sixtus before had sealed by an oath, to be employ. ed in the recovery of the Holy Land: he cursed king Henry of Navarre as a relapsed hereretic. His bulls were burnt by the hands of the hangman. He died of the stone before he had sat one year

out.

236. Innocentius the Ninth, a Bononian, for the two months he was in, expressed an hatred against the king of Navarre, and a good liking of the Jesuits. One year, four months, and three days, made an end of four popes; and then came, A. D. 1592,

237. Clemens the Eighth: he made Henry of France turn papist to be quiet: was much troubled with the gout, but eased,as he saith, when the archduke Maximilian had kissed his gouty toes. He was succeeded A. D. 1604, by

238. Leo the Eleventh: he came in with this motto over his arch-triumphal pageant, Dignus est Leo in virtute Agni, acciperi librum solvere septem signacula ejus but a fever ended him before he had sat twenty-eight days.

239. Paul the Fifth, an Italian, promoted the powder-plot; interdicted the state of Venice, whereupon the Jesuits were banished. The oath of allegiance to king James was forbidden by breves from this pope. He sat sixteen years.

240. Gregorius the Fifteenth, a Bononian, obtained the seat, elected by way of adoration he instigated the French against the protestants, sainted Ignatius Loyola, and quarrelled with the Vene tians. He sat two years, when

241. Urbanus the Eighth, a Florentine, was chosen, A. D. 1623. He ad

vanced his kindred. In his time the archbishop of Spalato turned from papist to protestant, and thence to papist again. He was a politer scholar than most of them; and was succeded A. D. 1644, by 242. Innocentius the Tenth, who sat eleven years.

213. Alexander the Seventh was cho sen A. D. 1655, sat twelve years, and was succeeded, A. D. 1667, by..

244. Clement the Ninth, who sat three years.

245. Clement the tenth obtained the chair, A. D. 1670, and sat six years.

246. Innocent the Eleventh succeeded A. D. 1675, and continued thirteen years. He was followed by

247. Alexander the Eighth made popé A. D. 1689, and sat two years.

248. Innocent the Twelfth came inA. D. 1691, and sat upwards of eight years.

249. Clement the Eleventh succeeded A. D. 1700, and sat twenty-one years; dying A. D. 1721.

250. Innocent the Thirteenth was made pontiff; he sat near three years; and died A. D. 1723.

251. Benedict the Thirteenth sat upwards of five years; he dying A. D. 1730.

252. Clement the Twelfth obtained the popedom, which he held ten years: and was succeeded, A. D. 1740, by

them, he absented himself, and was afterwards worshiped by them as a god. He was the slave and disciple of Pythagoras, about five hundred and fifty years before Christ,

5. Diocles was the law-giver of the Syracusans; he punished offences with inexorable severity, and for such as transgressed, there was no hope of pardon. Among others of his laws, this was one: "That no man should presume to enter armed into the Forum, and assembly of the people: in case any should, he should suffer death. No exception to be made in case of imprudence, or any kind of necessity." One day, when the news was, "That the enemy had broken into their fields," Diocles hasted out against them, with his sword by his side. Upon the way, as he west, it fell out, that there was a sedition and tumult amongst the people in their, assembly; whither he imprudently went, armed as he was: when presently a private person that had observed him, began to cry out, "That he had broken the laws which himself had made." Diocles, turning towards his accuser, replied, with a loud voice, "No; but they shall now have their sanction." Which said, he drew his sword, thrust it through his own throat, and died.

6. Zalencus was the law-giver of the Locrians; he made a law that the adulte er should be punished with the loss of both his eyes. His own son happened to be the first offender in that kind: therefore, to shew the love of a father, and the sincerity of a judge, he put out one of his son's eyes, and one of his own. He also provided by his la vs, that no woman should be at tended in the street with more than one maid, but when she was drunk; that no woman should go abroad at night but when she went to play the harlot; that none should wear gold or embroidered apparel, but when meant to set themselves to open sale; and that men should not wear rings or tis

sues, but when they went about some act of uncleanness and many others of this mould: by means whereof, both men and women were restrained from all extraordinary trains of attendants and excess of apparel, the common consequences of a long and prosperous tranquil lity. He lived about five hundred years

before Christ.

7. Charondas, the law-giver of the Thurians, in Greece, amongst others of his laws, had made this against civil factions, and for prevention of sudden and tumultuary slaughters: "That it should be capital for any man to enter the assembly of the people with any weapon about him." It fell out, that, as he returned from abroad, he appointed a convention of the people, and (like unto the before-mentioned Diocles) appeared therein armed as he was. When his opposers told him, "That he had openly broke the law of his own making, by entering the place in such a manner as he did," "It it very true," said he; "but, withal, I will make the first sanction of it." and thereupon drawing his sword, he fell upon it. So that he died in the place, about four hundred and forty years before Christ.

S. Pharamond was the first king of the French, and a law-giver amongst them. It is said, that he was the ma❤ ker of the law, called the Salique law, by which the crown of France may not descend unto the females, or (as their saying is)" fall from the lance to the dis taff" Whence this law had its name of Salique is uncertain: some say from the words, Si aliqua, so often used in it; others, because it was proposed by the priests, called Salii; or that it was decreed in the fields which take their name from the river Sala. But Hailiam, one of their best writers, affirms, that it was never heard of in France till the time of Philip the Long, anno 1315, Otheis say it was made by Charles the Great, after the conquest of Germany, where the incontinent lives of the women living about the river Sala (in the modern Mis

Dion. 1. 2. c. 9. p. 238.

Lon. Theat. p. 416.

nia), gave both the occasion and the name, De terra vero Salicâ nulla portio bæreditatis mulieri veniat; sed ad virilem sexum tota terra hæreditas perveniat, are the words of the law. This terra Selica, the learned Selden, in his titles of Honour, englishes knight's fee, or, land holden by knight's service; and proves his interpretation by a record of the parliament of Bourdeaux, cited by Bodinus.

9. King Richard the First of England, as lord paramount of the seas, immediately on his return from the holy land, the island of Oleron being then in his possession, as a member of his dukedom of Aquitain, did there declare and establish those maritime laws, which, for near five hundred y 1 years, have generally been received by all the s'ates of the Christian world which frequent the ocean, for the regulating of sea affairs, and deciding of maritime controversies. From thence they are called the laws of Oleron: Qua quidem leges statuta, per Dominum Richardum quondam Regem Anglie, in reditu á terrâ Sanctá correcta fuerunt, interpretata, declarata, & in insula d'Oleron publicata, nominata in Gallica lingua La "Loy d'Oleron, &c. saith an old record, which I find cited in a manuscript discourse of sir John Burroughs, intituled, "The Sovereignty of the British Seas."

10. Nicedorus was a famous wrestler and champion in his younger time, but having taken leave of those youthful exercises, and grown into years, he became the law-giver of the Mantineans, amongst whom he lived; and by the prudent composure of his laws, he brought much greater honour to his country, than when he was publicly proclaimed victor in his former atchievements. It is said, that the body of his laws were framed for him by Diagoras Melius.

11. Pittacus made laws for the Mitylenians, and having ten years presided amongst them, after he had well settled the affairs of their republic, he voluntarily resigned up his power. Amongst other his laws, this was one: that he

who committed a fault in his drunkenness should undergo a double punishment; one for his fault, and the other for being drunk. This law he made on purpose to preserve the Mitylenians in temperance, because their island abounded with wine.

12. Numa Pompilius was the first lawgiver amongst the Romans, and he gave out that he conversed in the woods with the goddess Egeria; that so, by that celestial converse, which he would have it thought he enjoyed, he might procure the greater estimation to himself, and the more reverence unto those laws that he sought to establish amongst them. He ordered and disposed of the year into twelve months, appointed priests to Mars, an altar to Jupiter, a temple to Faith, and another to the god Terminus. He was the author of the Vestal Virgins, and of sundry rites and ceremonies amongst the Romans; seeking to with draw them from their martial humour, by endeavouring to render them in love with devotion and peace, and the arts of tillage and husbandry in the fields.

13. Minos was the First who is said to have constituted the republic of the Cretans, which (Homer says) was the most ancient of all others. Nine years was this prince daily busied in the framing and composing of his laws; for the bet fer ordering of which, he is reported to have retired into a cave, and there to have made his abode under ground.

14. Ægidins Fontana (after the eruption of Atila), with divers patrician fa milies, retired to the parts whereabout Venice now is thither also was a great conflux of the most noble persons from all the neighbouring cities; and this was the man who first gave laws to the new city of Venice; and from their author, they are at this day called the Ægidian laws.

15. Tuisco, said to be the son of Noah, the father and first king of the Ger mans and Sarmatians, considering that without justice, and sense of religion, people could neither improve into a com

(10.)

mon

16. Donvallo Molmicius was king of the Britons; and whereas the former kings passed their inglorious lives in idleness and sloth, and in the use of those laws only which were made by Martia, the wife of king Gintoline; he restored the military art, almost utterly extinct, and withal established new and wholesome laws, called from him the Molmician laws he gave the right of sanctuary to churches; was the first who wore a crown of gold; countenanced and rewarded such as were students in good arts; constituted a standard for weights and measures; severely punished thieves, and all manner of rogues; decreed the breadth of divers roads and highways, and that the right of them should remain in the king and (lest there should be a scarcity of corn through the abundance of cattle) he ordered, upon a penalty, how many ploughs each county should have in it; and that no magistrate or creditor should seize upon any caule employed, in draught, in case any other goods were remaining sufficient to answer the debt.

17. Cangius, or Cingis Coan, at first a man of a base condition, and a brazier or blacksmith, was afterwards raised to a high degree, and was the law-giver to the Scythians, or Tartars. His decrees were to this purpose: that they should avoid pleasures, and be content with such things as came next to hand; that they should love one another, and ever prefer the public welfare to any private emolument whatsoever; that they should do nothing rashly, possess no grounds, marry many wives, and that they should preserve truth in their words, and justice in their deeds, that so no man might be deceived or circumvented by them.

18. S. Olaus, king of Norway, observing the people in his days lived with

out any known rule, and were scattered up and down like a sort of wild men, gave them laws, and thereby reduced them to a more civil and better state of life. The ancient monuments of his laws are to this day held in great veneration by that people.

CHAP. V

Of Ambassadors; what their Negotiations and after what Manner they have behaved themselves therein.

It highly concerns princes and republics to make choice of such men for their ambassadors as are of an acuteness be→ yond other men; of great judgment and experience in affairs, and of an uncommon diligence in the observation of all things, with the measures and moments of them. A natural courage is also (sometimes perhaps) as requisite a qualification as any of the rest; where most of these are, their business is most happily effected, and where a defect is observed, the negotiation for the most part miscarries.

1. Publius Popilius Lena, was sent from the senate and people of Rome to king Antiochus, to forbid him to make any enterprize upon Egypt, and to command him to depart away in case he was entered upon it. At his coming the king offered to embrace and welcome him, because they were friends ever since the time wherein Autiochus had been hostage at Rome: but Popilius drew back, saying, That particular friend ship was at that time to be laid aside, when the concerns of the public were to be treated." Thereupon he delivered into his hand the command of the senate: when the king delayed to return his an swer, and demanded some time wherein he might advise thereof with his friends, Popilius, with a wand he had in his hand, began to mark out a circle somewhat spacious about the chair of Antiochus, and said, 66 Sir, call hither what friends you please, to advise with you touching this affair, within this circle that you see,

and