he was learned himself, so was he a favourer of learning: he founded the university of Prague; was the author of the Golden Bull, called Lex Carolina, which requires emperors to be good linguists, that they may confer them selves with Ambassadors, and prescribes the solemnity of their election. He reigned thirty two years; and procured, at the hands of the princes electors, that his son Wenceslaus should be proclaimed king of the Romans in his own lifetime, and died A. D. 1378. His motto was, Optimum est aliená frui insania.

89. Wenceslaus granted divers privileges to the Norimbergers for a load of wine; executed Farthold Swartz for inventing gunpowder; a man very unlike his father; for he was sluggish and careless, more inclined to riot, excessive drinking, and voluptuous pleasures, than to any princely virtue. In his time Bajazet the Great Turk was enclosed in an iron cage by Tamerlane. This emperor, for his beastliness, was deprived of the imperial dignity by the princes electors, A. D. 1399. He reigned twenty-two years. His motto was, Morosophi moriones pessimi.

go. Rupertus, duke of Bavaria, and count palatine, was elected in his place, and from him came the four Palatine families, Heidelberg, Nieuberg, Simmeren, and Swibrooke. He passed into Italy for the recovery of the dukedom of Milan, sold by Wenceslaus, but was bearen by John Galeazzes, and so returned. In his time two popes were deposedby the council of Pisa: his merciful motto was, Miseria rer digna misericordiâ: he reigned ten years, and died A. D.

1410.

91. Jodocus Barbatus, marquis of Moravia, and uncle to Wenceslaus, of whom I find so little, that by divers he is not so much as mentioned in the series and succession of the Emperors. He reigned about five months, and was succeeded by

92. Sigismund, brother of Wenceslaus, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and carl of Luxembourg, who was crowned at Rome on Whitsunday, 1132. He travelled xceedingly for establishing the peace of Christendom, distracted at that

93. Albertus the Second, duke of Austria, son-in-law of Sigismund, whom he succeeded in all his estates and titles, excepting only Luxemburgh: for his liberality, justice, and ability in wars, he was greatly renowned: he subdued the Bohemians, caried a heavy hand over the Jews and Hussites, subdued Silesia and the people of Moravia: he reigned two years, and died of a surfeit he got by eating of melons, A. D. 1439. His

motto

was, Amicus optima vite possessio. In his time the Hungarians, and other Christians, received from the Turks that terrible overthrow in the fields of Varna.

94. Fredrick the Third, duke of Austria, the sun of Ernestus of Austria, and next heir of Albert the Second: he procured the calling of the council of Basil, for the peace of Christendom: travelling for that cause to Rome, he was there declared emperor, being a person of agreeable accomplishments to so high a calling. In his time printing was invented by John Guttenburgh, at Mentz. The noble Scanderbeg defended with great valour his dominions against all the forces of the Turks. Constantinople was taken by Mahomet, and made the chief scat of the Turkish empire. The emperor Frederick reigned lifty-three years and died A. D. 1498. His motto was, Rerum irrecuperabilium felix oblivio.

95. Maximilian, son of Frederick duke of Austria, was so great a scholar, that he spoke Latin, and other tongues, elegantly; and, in imitation of Julius Cæsar, wrote his own acts. Scaliger's testimony of him was, that "he excelled all his predecessors." He had much strife with the Venetians, whom at last he brought to submit: by his marriage

tius Smesantius, with a Secretary, out of window at Prague. He died at Vienna, A. D. 1619. His motto was, Concordia lumine majar. Having no children, he declared

101 Ferdinand the Second, of the house of Gratz, to be emperor. This prince was more zealously affected to the see of Rome than any of his predecessors, and a great enemy of the Protestant religion; occasioning thereby that long and bloody war in the empire of Germany. The king and queen of Bohemia, forsaken of their states, were forced to fly he was proscribed, and put out of his electorship. Custafus Adolphus, king of Sweden, like a tempest, fell upon Gemany, and freed divers oppressed princes; but at last was slain (although conqueror) in the battle at Lurzen, uncertain whether by the enemy, or the treason of his own forces. Ferdinand having at Jength established the grandeur of his house, died at Vinna A. D. 1657. His motto was, Legitime cortan ibus.

102. Ferdinand the Third, son of the preceding emperor, had continual wars with the Swedes and French, the latter being generally succes ful, under the conduct of the prince of Concé and marshal Turenne but Ferdinand at length gaining two victories in Swabia and Franconia, concluded a peace at Munster, A. D. 1648, reigned quietly till 1657, when he died at Vienna, aged 49, and was succeeded by his son

103. Leopold the First, who, although never in a field of battle himself, carried on war by his generals during all his reign. He was victorious against the Turks, subdued and beheaded the rebel lords of Hungary, who revolted against him; assisted the state--general against the French, in which he was unsuccessful, till the death of M. Turenne, in 1675. In 1683 the Turks beseiged Vienna, with an army of two hundred and forty thousand men, but were forced to raise the siege by prince Charks of Lorrain, as sits d by Sobieski, kmg of Poland. In 1686 he concluded the league of Augsburgh; the object of winch was, to subject France, and dethrone James the Second ing of En land. This kindled war anew over all Europe; which, after

various turns, was concluded by peace in 1697. By this treaty the waters of the Rhine were to be esteemed as the boundaries between Fiance and Germany, On the death of Charles II. King of Spain, war was again commenced for the succession to that throne. This Leopold did not live to see finished, dying at Vienna in 1705, aged 65, and was succeeded by his son

104, Joseph. He derived from his father a fixed enmity against the French, and leagued with the English and Dutch to oppose the ambitious views of that monarchy. This occasioned a succession of hostile years, in which the great Churchill, duke of Marlborough, gained a series of victories for the allied powers, that will render him immortal. Joseph died of the small-pox. A. D. 1711, aged 33, and was succeeded by his brother

105. Charles VI. He was born in 1605, and was archd: ke in 1687. He had from his infancy a great zeal for the Romish religion, and a vast respect for ecclesiastics; was well skilled in many languages, and was a skilful general. Charles II king of Spain, dying in 1700, Louis XIV. caused his grandson Philip, duke of Anjou, to be proclaimed king of Spain, at Madrid and Versailles, by the title of Philip V. The archduke Charks, on the other hand, was proclaimed king of Spain at Vienna, in 1703, and supported in his pretensions by his bro ther, the emperor Joseph, and his allies, who at first was successful, and Charles made his public entry into Madrid: but the French, commanded by the duke de Vendosme, turned the scale, and forced Charles to quit Madrid, and retire to Catalonia, where he lost all, except Barcelona and Taragony. On the death of his brother, the emperor, he quitted Spain, leaving the regency to his wife, and the command of his army to count Staremberg; and was proclaimed emperor in 1711. The war was still carried on in Spain, and another declared against the Turks, who were, by the victorics of prince Engene forced to sue for peace. In 1718 a quadruple alliance was settled between the emperor, Great Britain, France, and Holland; in which it was agreed that the emperor should possess

all his estates as archduke of Austria, and that he should acknowledge Philip V. to be king of Spain. 1733 a new war commenced; Augustus, king of Poland, being dead, the French wanted to place Stanislaus on the throne, which the emperor desired might be filled by the elector of Saxony, who took the naine of Augustus III. After much blood spilt in this contest, peace was concluded in 1735: Augustus III. remained king of Poland; and to Stanislas was allowed the duchies of Lorrain and Br, on condition that, after his death, they should revert to France. To this war succeeded another with the Turks, in 1737, which was fatal to the empire; and Charles was forced, in 1739, to conclude a peace, in which he gave up to the Turks Belgrade, Servie, and all the Austrian possessions in Wallachia, after this disadvantageous peace he died, in 1740, aged 55, and was the last emperor of the House of Austria. To him sncceeded 106. Charles VII. He was the son of Maximilian-Emanual, elector of Bavaria, and married the daughter of the EmpeFor Joseph. On the death of Charles VI. he refused to acknowledge the archduchess Maria Teresa, only daughter of that emperor, as heiress of the House of Austria, and the pragmatic sanction made in her favour. Having received troops from France, he took the title of archduke of Austria, made himself master of Bohemia, and took the title of its king. In 1742 he was elected emperor, but his Success was not permanent. The queen of Hungary protested against his election, retook most of his acquisitions, carried the war into Bavaria, laid the whole electorate under contribution, and reduced it to great extremity. In this situation of affairs Charles died at Murich, A. D. 1745. He was succeeded by

107. Francis, who reigned nineteen years, and died A. D. 1764, and was succeeded by his son

108. Joseph Benedictus Augustus.

CHAP. II.

Of the Eastern, Greek, an! Turkish Emperors.

1. CONSTANTINUS, sirnamed the Great, aged thirty-one, in the year 306, took upon him the care of the empire: he overcame Maxentius and Licinius restored peace to the church, took Byzantium, and, having enlarged it, called it Constaatinople and new Rome. He died in Nicomedia, anno 337, aged sixty-five.

2. Constantius his son succeeded him in the East; he favoured the Arians hearing that Julianus, his kinsman, conspired against him, he made peace with Sapores, the Persian king, and moved towards him: but in his march, being seized with a fever, he died, anno 361.

He

3. Julianus succeeded, sirnamed the Apostate, son of Constantius, the brother of Constantine the Great, at first a Christian, afterwards a professed enemy of the gospel: fortunate in his wars against the Almanes, Franks, and other Transalpine nations, whilst he was a Christian. was slain in the Persian war, when become a persecutor, aged thirty-eight: his motto was, Pennis suis perire grave. He reigned but one year and eight months: dying in 203, he threw his blood up into the air, saying, "Satiare Nazarene.”

4. Jovian, or Jovinian, chosen by the army, was a religious prince, made peace with the Persians, settled the affairs of the church, and was stifled in his bed by the vapour of some coals that were lighted in his chamber, A. D. 361: he being dead, Valentinian, one of mean birth, but great abilities in war, was elected empe-' ror. He reigned seven months, twentytwo days his motto was, Scopus vita Christus.

5. Valens, the brother of Valentinian, made partner with him in the empire, ruled in Constantinople and the East. Valentinian took more delight in Rome

and

and the western parts; a great patron of the Arian faction, who first the Goths on this side the Ei Lanow, to the destruction of hitself and the enpire: he was wounded in a great battle with the Cloths, near Adrianople, and being carried into a country hut, the enemy (not knowing he was there) set fire to it, and he was burnt alive, A. D. 378. He reigned fourteen years: his motto was, Allerus ab irû, alienus à justitiá.

6. Gratian. St. Ambrose was much esteemed by him: distressed by, the Goths, he made Theodosius partner in the empire with him, and was treacherously murdered by Andragathius, by the command of the tyrant Maximus, A. D. 383. His motto was, Non quam diu, sed bene. In his time was a great earthquake at Alexandria, saith Cedrenus.

quam

7. Theodosius, a Spaniard, defeated Maximus, vanquished the Goths, utterly suppressed the Pagan superstitions, hum bled himself by penance and tears for the rash massacre of the citizens of Thesalonica, and strengthened the church of God with good laws and ordinances: his saying was, Eripere telum non dare irato decet. He died at Milan, A. D. 995.

8. Arcadius, his eldest son, succeeded him in the east: Ruffinus, his tutor, sought to betray him to the Goths, but was timely discovered to his ruin: after which Eudoxia his wife, and Gaina his general, ruled him at their pleasure, and made him persecute St. Chrysostom. His symbol was, Summa cadunt subito. He reigned twelve years and died A. D.

403.

9. Theodesius the second made peace with the Goths, called the council of Ephesus against Nestorius, overthrew Atili, by his general tius, was a lover of learning, and died A. D. 450, by a fail from his horse. His motto was, Tempori parendum he died aged about fifty years, having reigned the most part of them.

10. Martianus, an able experienced soldier succeeded his master, by the marriage of Pulcheria, his master's sister, who espoused him on account of his excellent virtues. He called the council of Chalcedon against Dioscorus: his motto was, pax bello potior; his zeal for religion, charity to the poor, and the in

nocence of his manners, acquired him im mortal glory. He died A. D. 457.

11. Leo, a Thracian, elected by the joint consent of senate and soldiery, was a worthy man, and so inclinable to mercy, that his motto was, Regis clementia virtus. He was a great favourer of learning and learned men. He died A. D. 474.

12. Zeno, as mishapen in body as un toward in manners, a tyrant and great drinker in one of his drunken fits ke was buried alive by his empress Ariadne, A. D. 491. In his time Constantinople was almost wholly destroyed by fire, in which, amongst other things, perished one hundred and twenty thousand vo lumes of manuscripts. His motto Mala nodo malus cuneus.

13. Anastasius, a mean officer of the court, by favour of the empress, was created emperor: he was a great patron of Eutyches. In his time the burning-glasses of Proclus saved the besieged city, by firing the enemy's navy: he was fortunate in his wars with the Persians and Arabians. His motto was, Mellitum vene, num blanda oratio. He was killed by a clap of thunder, A. D. 518, aged eighty. eight.

14. Justinus was the son of of a Thra, cian shepherd, a patron of the orthodox clergy, though he himself had no learning. Much ado he had with Theodorick, the 'perfidious Arian Goth; the ruin of Antioch by an earthquake almost broke his heart. His motto was, Quod pudet hee pigeat. He died A. D. 527.

15. Justinian recovered Africa from the Vandal by Belisarius, and Italy from the Goths by Narses; and reduced the laws of Rome into form and method, by which he rendered his name immortal. His motto was, Summum jus, summa injuria. He died A. D. 566.

16. Justinus the second instituted the

exarchate of Ravenna, and lost a great part of Italy to the Lombards: a covetous Pelagian, and one that had nothing of worth in him. His motto was Libertas res inestimal ilis. He became mad in 574, and died A. I). 578.

17. Tiberius, a Christian, and a worthy man, liberal to the poor, happy in finding of hidden treasures, and one who re pressed the dang boldness of the proud

Persian,