i, 23.

37 ff. Athenaic symbols, etc. The representation here is of the Athena Parthenos by Phidias.

42. Gorgon, on her shield. See note to Comus, 1. 447.

1054b 2. Tetzel, Johann Tetzel, the seller of papal indulgences who provoked the ire of Martin Luther.

5 f. bals masqués, masked balls. 13. Revivalist, i.e., of classical architecture, as represented in the palace of Versailles and the Vatican.

1055a 28 f. strong evidence, etc. Matthew xxi, 12 f.

1055b 49 f. Perdix fovit, etc., the partridge has fostered what she brought not forth. (The Vulgate, Jeremiah, xvii, 11.) 1056a 1. Gennesaret. The reference may be to Matthew viii, 28-34, particularly the last verse. Gennesaret is a beautiful and fertile district west of the Sea of Galilee.

21. Agora, market place.

50 ff. an Olympus, etc. See note to p. 305b, 1. 14 f. Cf. Hamlet V, i, 305.

1056b 13. Plutus, the god of riches.

1057b 8 ff. Solomon made gold, etc. Cf. 1 Kings x, 14 ff.

37. Bolton priory, a beautiful old abbey in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

41 f. men may come,' etc. See Tennyson's The Brook, p. 900.

1058b 32 f. plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon, where Nebuchadnezzar set up "an image of gold." Cf. Daniel iii, 1.

The title of this essay is taken from Horace (Odes, I, iii). It means, literally, "threefold brass."

36. dule trees, trees used as gallows. 1060a 4 f. blue peter, a blue flag with a white square in the center, used to indicate immediate sailing. The truck is a cap at the top of the mast or flagstaff.

37. Balaclava. See Tennyson's Charge of the Light Brigrade, p. 898 and notes. 41 f. Curtius, etc. According to a Roman

legend, a gulf opened in the Forum in 362 B.C., and the soothsayers declared it could be stopped only by the sacrifice of the city's most valuable possession, whereupon, Marcus Curtius, a patriotic youth, fully armed and mounted, plunged into the abyss, which immediately closed.

52. the Derby, i.e., the Derby races. 1060b 1. the deified Caligula, Gaius Cæsar

Caligula, A.D. 12-41, one of the cruelest of the Roman emperors. He claimed divine honors and instituted a priesthood to attend to his worship. The Prætorian guards were a special body of picked soldiers in his service.

3. Baiæ bay. See note to p. 767b, l. 32. 1061b 4. the Commander's statue. In the story of Don Juan, the famous rake accepts an invitation from a statue to supper.

25. bag's end, etc., a cul-de-sac.

41. our respected lexicographer, Dr. Samuel Johnson.

1062b 1 f. A peerage,' etc. Before the battle of the Nile, Nelson is said to have exclaimed to his officers, "Before this time to-morrow, I shall have gained a peerage or Westminster Abbey."

THE STUDY OF POETRY

This essay formed the introduction to The English Poets, edited by T. H. Ward in 1880. For an estimate of the value of Arnold's test of "high seriousness criterion of poetic excellence, see introductory note to p. 961b. The Study of Poetry should be read by all persons who desire to read poetry intelligently. 1066a 36. these words, quoted, with slight differences, from Arnold's Introduction to The Hundred Greatest Men, 1879. 1066b 30 ff. the impassioned expression,' etc., quoted from the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, p. 821b, l. 16 ff.

34 f. the breath,' etc., quoted from the same passage as the words in the preceding note.

1067a 7. Sainte-Beuve, 1804 1869, the most distinguished French critic of the nineteenth century. Arnold's familiar, at times almost chatty, style of essay-wr"ing owes much to Sainte-Beuve. 1068a 14. Pellisson, Paul Pellisson, a seventeenth-century French man of letters

16. politesse stérile et rampante, barren and cringing civility.

21. d'Héricault, a nineteenth-century French novelist and scholar.

22. Marot, 1497?-1544, a French poet of the Renaissance.

1068b 32. Methuselah. According to Genesis v, 27, he lived nine hundred and sixtynine years. 1069a 27. Imitation, the Imitation of Christ, written originally in Latin-a famous

work of pious instruction which has probably been translated into more languages than any other book except the Bible. It is attributed to Thomas à Kempis, ca. 1380-1471.

29 f. Cum multa, etc. When you have read and come to know many things, it behooves you always to return to the beginning (Imitation III, xliii, 2).

43. Cædmon. See introductory note to Cadmon, p. 38, and Bede's account of Cadmon, p. 45.

47. Vitet, Ludovic, 1802-1873, a French dramatist and politician.

49. Chanson de Roland. See Chronological Outline.

50 f. joculator or jongleur, best translated by the English word "minstrel." 1069b 3. Roncevaux, or Roncevalles, a mountain pass on the Spanish frontier of France, the traditional scene of the events described in the central episode of the Chanson de Roland. 4 f. Turoldus. It is not certain whether Turoldus, who is referred to at the end of the Oxford manuscript of the Roland, is the author who wrote the poem, the minstrel who recited it, or the scribe who copied it.

31 ff. De plusurs choses,' etc. "Then he began to call many things to remembrance, all the lands which his valour conquered, and pleasant France, and the men of his lineage, and Charlemagne his liege lord who nourished him" (Arnold).

39 f. Ως φάτο, etc.

"So said she; they long since in Earth's soft arms were reposing,

There, in their own dear land, their fatherland, Lacedæmon

Iliad, iii, 243, 244 [translated by Dr. Hawtrey]" (Arnold.) 1070a 17 ff. 'A deiλw, etc. "Ah, unhappy pair, why gave we you to King Peleus, to a mortal? but ye are without old age, and immortal. Was it that with men born to misery ye might have sorrow? Iliad, xvii, 443-445" (Arnold). 24. Kai σé, etc. Nay, and thou too, old man, in former days wast, as we hear, happy. Iliad, xxiv, 543 (Arnold). 28 f. Ugolino's . . . words. Ugolino was an Italian political leader who was seized by the inhabitants of Pisa in 1288 and thrown into prison along with his two sons and two grandsons, where all died

of starvation in a few days. The case was famous in Dante's time.

30 f. Io no piangeva,' etc. "1 (Ugolino) wailed not, so of stone I grew within; they (the children) wailed" (Arnold). The passage occurs in the Inferno, xxxiii, 49 f. 34 ff. Io son fatta,' etc. "Of such sort hath God, thanked be his mercy, made me, that your misery toucheth me not, neither doth the flame of this fire strike me. Inferno, ii. 91-93 " (Arnold). 39. In la sua volontade,' etc. "In His will is our peace. Paradiso, iii. 85" (Arnold).

42 ff. Wilt thou,' etc. 2 Henry IV, III, i, 18 ff.

1070b 1 ff. Darkened so,' etc. See p. 353b, 1. 599 ff.

7 f. And courage,' etc. See p. 347b, l. 108 f. 12 f. '. . . which cost,' etc. See Paradise

Lost, iv, 271 f.

1071a 9 f. piλoσopwτepov, etc., more philosophic and serious.

1071b 42 ff. Brunetto Latini . . . Treasure la parleure en, etc. Brunetto Latini, ca. 1210-ca. 1294, was a distinguished Italian philosopher and scholar and was a friend of Dante. While in exile in France, he wrote in French his prose Tésor ("Treasure"), a great encyclopedia of human knowledge, and in Italian his Tesoretto ("Little Treasure "), which is an abridgment of the Tésor. Of the French language he said that its manner of expression is more pleasant and more common to all people."

64

48. Christian of Troyes, Chrétien de Troyes. See Chronological Outline. The passage quoted is found in one of Chrétien's early Arthurian romances, Cligès, 1. 30 ff. 1072a 24 ff. nourished on this poetry, etc. Arnold overemphasizes the Italian element in Chaucer's poetry. See introductory note to Chaucer, p. 140. 33 f. Wolfram of Eschenbach, an early thirteenth-century German courtly poet, the author of Parzival, one of the best-known versions of the legend of Perceval. 1072b 10 f. Dryden's, in the Preface to the Fables.

25. Johnson, in his Lives of the Poets. 28. Gower. See p. 159 ff.

53. O martyr,' etc. Cf. The Prioresses Tale, 1. 127. Chaucer's line has "to" instead of "in."

1073a 10 f. The Prioress's Tale, 1. 197 ff. 19. O Alma, the first words of a Latin hymn of the medieval church, beginning: Alma Redemptoris mater, 'O gracious mother of the Redeemer." 1073b 42. Villon. François Villon, a fifteenthcentury French assassin, thief, crook, and underworld character, has left us some of the most beautiful poems in literature, especially lyrics picturing the physical decay of youth and loveliness.

44. La Belle Heaulmière. The name heaulmière (cf. Modern French heaume, helm) is said to be derived from the special headdress worn as a sign by courtesans. In the last stanza of the poem the old courtesan is represented as saying: "Thus amongst ourselves we regret the good time, poor silly old things, lowseated on our heels, all in a heap like so many balls; by a little fire of hempstalks, soon lighted, soon spent. And once we were such darlings! So fares it with many and many a one (Arnold). 1074a 31 ff. that the sweetness,' etc. From An Essay of Dramatic Poesy.

38 ff. 'there is,' etc. From the Preface to the Fables.

1074b 24. Chapman. See note to Keats's On First Looking, etc., p. 780a.

34. Milton. In his Apology for Smectymnuus, one of his prose tracts.

42. Dryden. In the Postscript to the Reader affixed to his translation of Virgil's Eneid.

42. Dryden. In the preface to his translation of Virgil's Eneid.

52. after the Restoration. See p. 404. 1075a 42 f. A milk-white Hind,' etc., The Hind and the Panther, 1. 1 f.

49 f. To Hounslow Heath,' etc., Second Satire, 1. 143 f.

1075b 30 f. the position of Gray is singular. See introductory note to p. 582a.

50. Burns. See introductory note to p. 665b. 1076a 8 ff. Mark ruffian Violence,' etc. From On the Death of Robert Dundas, Esq. 17. Clarinda's love poet, Sylvander. The reference is to the correspondence which Burns (under the poetical name of Sylvander) carried on with Mrs. Maclehose (whom he addresses as Clarinda).

19 ff. These English songs,' etc., Burns to Mr. Thomson, October 19, 1794. 1076b 11 ff. Leeze me on drink!' etc. From The Holy Fair.

33 ff. A prince can mak,' etc. From A Man's a Man for A' That, p. 675b, 1. 25 ff.

45 ff. The sacred lowe,' etc. From the Epistle to a Young Friend.

1077a 1 ff. Who made,' etc. From Address to the Unco Guid.

11 ff. 'To make a happy,' etc. From To Dr. Blacklock.

50. Burns. . . Chaucer. The inadequacy of Arnold's test is obvious from the fact that it excludes Chaucer and Burns from the ranks of the greatest poets. 1077b 7 ff. Had we never,' etc. Fond Kiss, p. 674a, l. 13 ff. 22 ff. Thou Power Supreme,' etc. From Winter.

From Ae

1078a 1 f. Auerbach's Cellar. A famous scene

of revelry near the beginning of Goethe's Faust is represented as taking place in Auerbach's Cellar, a wine cellar in Leip

1079a

WALTER PATER

Walter Horatio Pater was born at Shadwell in east London. His father, a physician, died in the son's infancy, and the family removed to Enfield, where Pater spent his youth. At King's School in Canterbury he showed an interest in art but none in literature. His undergraduate career at Oxford was uneventful. He considered entering the ministry, but after his graduation he settled down (1864) as a fellow of Brasenose, where he remained the rest of his life. At Brase nose he began to interest himself in literature and to write criticisms for various magazines. His articles, with some additions, were collected and published as Studies in the History of the Renais sance in 1878. By this time, despite his native reserve, he was a man of influence at Oxford and had a considerable following. His masterpiece, Marius the Epicurean, in which he set forth his ideals of beauty and the æsthetic life, was published in 1885. His essays in philosophic fiction, Imaginary Portraits, appeared in 1887, and two years later he issued his Appreciations, with an Essay on Style. Other significant works were published both before and after his death. He died at Oxford in the prime of his powers in 1894. By nature he was cotemplative and reflective. His style, with its careful attention to structure and phrase and its conscious cadence, without appearing florid or affected, has a magnificence that has rarely been equaled in English. Dominant in the deep and earnest philosophy of life which he presents is a strain of alert idealism, and through all his writings runs the strong though chastened desire to live in keeping with the highest couceptions of life and its promised fulfil

ments.

STYLE

35. Michelet, Jules Michelet, 1798-1874, a French historian and man of letters, 1080a 13. Pascal, Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662

an eminent French mathematician, philosopher, and man of letters.

50. Tacitus, Cornelius Tacitus, ca. 55-ca. 120, a well-known Roman historian and orator. 1081b 47. le cuistre, the downright pedant. 1082b 34. Montaigne. See introductory note to John Florio, p. 306.

45. ascêsis, a Greek word meaning exercise, training, art.

1083a 9. Esmond, Henry Esmond, a novel by William Makepeace Thackeray.

24. Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller, 1759-1805, a famous German dramatist and critic.

44 f. Flaubert's Madame Bovary, a novel by the French writer, Gustave Flaubert, 1821-1880.

45 f. Stendhal's Le Rouge, etc., a novel by the French author, Henri Beyle, 17831842, whose pen name was Stendhal. 1084a 28. Dean Mansel. Henry Longueville Mansel, 1820-1871, an English metaphysical writer, dean of St. Paul's. 1085b 14 f. Swedenborg, Emanuel Swedenborg, 1688-1772, a Swedish scientist, philosopher, and mystic.

15. Tracts of the Times. See introductory note to John Henry Newman, p. 1044. 1086a 4 ff. Gustave Flaubert. See note to p. 1083a, I. 44. Flaubert's letters to Madame X (Madame Colet), written in 1846, often disparage human love in favor of the love of art.

1086b 29 ff. a sympathetic commentator, etc., Guy de Maupassant, in his Introduction to the Lettres de Gustave Flaubert à George Sand.

1088a 10. Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, 17071788, Comte de Buffon, a French naturalist, author of a discours sur le style. 1089b 7. Bach, Johann Sebastian Bach, 16851750, a famous German musician.

1091a 22. Gadarean sow. Cf. Mark v, 1 ff. 27 ff. Where's thy drum,' etc. King Lear IV, ii, 55 ff.

38. François-Victor Hugo, 1828-1873, translator of Shakespeare's works into French, 1850-1867.

1091b 9 ff. I pant,' etc. King Lear V, iii, 243 ff.

1092b 38. Tolstoi, Count Leo Tolstoi, 18281910, a great Russian novelist and social reformer. In his late years he became a very hostile critic of Shakespeare. 38. Suderman, Herman Sudermann, 1857-, a German dramatist.

1093a 50. Choephora, a tragedy by Eschylus. 51. Ugolino. See note to p. 1070a, 1. 28 f., and Dante's Inferno, xxxiii, 49 f.

CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE

1094a 30. Hallam, Henry Hallam, 1777-1859, an English historian.

1094b 6. the son of Victor Hugo. See note to p. 1091a, 1. 38.

34. vision of Helen, scene xiv. 49. monologue, scene xvi.

1095a 23. the king's deposition, Act V, scene i. 26 f. the corresponding scene, etc., Act IV, scene i.

1095b 4. Mr. Collier, John Payne Collier, 1789-1883, a Shakespearean critic.

22. Nathanial Lee, ca. 1653-1692, an English dramatist. He wrote The Massacre of Paris and collaborated with Dryden in The Duke of Guise, a play on the same theme.

28. loss, Marlowe's death, in 1593. 29. Thomas Nash. See p. 259 and notes. 39. Greene. See pp. 256 and 302 f. and

notes.

1096a 43 f. the soliloquy, etc., scene xix. 1096b 13. Jack Cade, an Irishman by birth, leader of the rebellion in 1450 which bears his name.

22. the author of, etc., Swinburne himself, A Study of Shakespeare, 1880.

25. Mr. Dyce, the Rev. Alexander Dyce, 1798-1869, an English editor and critic. He issued an edition of Marlowe in 1850 and one of Shakespeare in 1857. 47. Peele. See p. 257 and notes. 1097a 36. Passionate Shepherd. See p. 259.

EDMUND GOSSE

Edmund Gosse, the son of a distinguished naturalist, was born in London. He was educated privately in Devonshire, and at eighteen became an assistant in the library of the British Museum. In 1875 he was made translator to the Board of Trade. From 1884 to 1890 he was a lecturer in English literature at Cambridge, and in 1894 he became librarian to the House of Lords. He has received honorary degrees from both Oxford and

1098a

Cambridge, as well as from several other institutions, in recognition of his eminence in letters. During the first part of his career he was a graceful poet and published numerous volumes of verse. Since about 1900 he has written on a variety of subjects, chiefly in literary history and criticism, and has proved himself a master of an easy and fluent style and an exponent of a broad and sympathetic culture. His greatest service perhaps is in acquainting English readers with foreign literature, chiefly that of Holland and Scandinavia. He was knighted in 1925. He resides in London.

IMPRESSION

In this poem the writer aptly characterizes contemporary English poetry of the close of the Victorian era.

EUGENE LEE-HAMILTON

Born in an atmosphere of relative affluence, Eugene Lee-Hamilton was educated with the greatest care. He attended Oxford University, where he won a scholarship during his first term. After leaving the university, he became an attaché to the British legation in Paris and later secretary of the Alabama Claims Commission in Geneva. In 1873 he fell a victim to spinal meningitis and for twenty years was confined to bed, at times with excruciating pain. During this period he composed his Sonnets of the Wingless Hours, 1894, and supervised the studies of his gifted half-sister Violet Paget, who later became well known as a critic under the pen-name of Vernon Lee. By 1894 Lee-Hamilton had largely recovered his health. He later married Annie F. Holdsworth, the Scottish novelist. The death of their infant daughter is lamented in the poet's Mimma Bella, which includes some of the best sonnets in recent English literature. He died in 1907. His earliest volume of poems, which appeared in 1878, gave little promise of his later achievements. He is chiefly memorable for his work in the sonnet, a difficult metrical form in which he attained great skill. His sonnets are often tender and elevated in tone, and they leave an impression of spontaneity rarely accomplished in this form of stanza. On the sonnet, see introductory note to Sidney's Astrophel and Stella, p. 273a.

WHAT THE SONNET IS

1098b 7. Faustus, the chief figure in an ancient legend of a man who sold his soul to

the devil in return for worldly gifts and finally had to pay the price. The theme has been used frequently in literature, notably by Marlowe and Goethe.

ALFRED AUSTIN

Alfred Austin was born at Headingly near Leeds, where his father was a merchant. He received his early schooling at Stonyhurst and Oscott, and afterward attended the University of London, where he was graduated in 1853. Four years later he was called to the bar from the Inner Temple but soon abandoned law for literature and travel. In 1896 he was appointed to the poet laureateship, which had been vacant since Tennyson's death. In England he lived in the country, finding recreation in riding, gardening, and fishing, and died at Swinford Old Manor near Ashford in Kent. In his early poetry, which was satirical, he attacked some of his great contemporaries but proved him staf extremely uncritical. He wrote several plays without attaining any success on the stage. His poetry reveals a thoroughly English patriotism and a deep and intimate love of nature. His lyrics often lack the fervor and glow of a compelling spontaneity, but they possess a freshness and an orderly charm that make them delightful reading.

1099a AT SHELLEY'S HOUSE AT LERICI The Shelleys removed from Pisa to Lerici on the bay of Spezzia in April, 1822. In July following Shelley was drowned while on the way home from a trip to Pisa.

1099b 64. thrice-spurned Sibyl. The Cumean Sibyl offered one of the Tarquins Line books for three hundred pieces of gold On his refusal she burned three of the books and offered him the rest at the same price. Again the king refused, and she burned three more, asking for the remaining ones the original price of all. Struck by the strangeness of the case, he bought the three and found them to cottain important prophesies concerning Rome. Cf. note to p. 1044b, I. 17. 86 f. Pentecostal Peace, etc. Cf. Acts ii, 1 ff. 88. this bay, the bay of Spezzia. 92. Manfredonia, a town and district in Apulia, southeast Italy.

93. satraps, subordinate rulers, colon:al governors.

95. mammoth-monsters. Austria from time immemorial has been the proverbs. enemy of Italy.

98. Porto Venere, "the port of Venus,” a small town on a point of land enclosing the bay of Spezzia on the west.