64. bin, are. 379b 82. Sidneian, etc., an allusion to Sir Philip Sidney's conversation, or the dialogue of his Arcadia. 94. Her flattery, etc. Let her know only the flattery of painting and poetry. 380a 120. her Story, her true story, true of her. EDMUND WALLER The poet Waller, the eldest son of Sir Robert Waller, was born at Coleshill in what is now Buckinghamshire. He was at Eton and attended Cambridge without taking a degree. He became a member of Lincoln's Inn and is said to have entered Parliament at the age of sixteen. His sensational marriage in 1631 to Anne, daughter of John Banks, made him, with his own ample fortune, the richest poet, except Samuel Rogers, in English literature. After his marriage he retired to Beaconsfield, with which his name is intimately associated, and after the death of his wife devoted himself more closely to letters. He had no deep political convictions but sided with the King against Parliament as the easiest way to peace. He was not the originator but became a principal in "Waller's Plot" to secure the city of London for the King. The design failed on the eve of its execution, and he turned informant to save himself. He was fined £10,000 and banished the realm, but was pardoned in 1651 and returned to England. After the Restoration he again entered Parliament and remained until his death in 1687. His poems circulated freely in manuscript, but no edition was published before 1645. His social prominence, his eloquence, and his great personal charm were mainly responsible for his popularity in his own time. To-day he is remembered for his use of the couplet and for a few graceful lyrics that express the courtly ideals of the age. ON A GIRDLE 6. pale, enclosure. RICHARD LOVELACE The Cavalier poet Richard Lovelace was born at Woolwich in 1618, the scion of an old Kentish family. He was educated at the Charterhouse and at Oxford, where he was advanced to the M.A. degree, after only two years attendance, at the request of a great lady in her admiration for his handsome appearance and fine parts. Thereafter he employed his time at court or in the field. On the attainment of his majority he took 380b possession of large holdings in Kent and TO LUCASTA, ON GOING 4. To war and arms, Lovelace served against the Scots in 1639 and took the Cavalier side in the Civil War in 1642. TO ALTHEA, FROM PRISON 10. no allaying Thames, undiluted. 381a ANDREW MARVELL Andrew Marvell was born at Winestead in Yorkshire. He attended the. Hull Grammar School under his father's tuition and entered Cambridge as a sizar in 1633. After 1638, when he was awarded the B.A. degree, little is known of him for a dozen years. He came into intimate contact with the new government first in 1651 as tutor in the family of Lord Fairfax in Yorkshire. In 1657 he was made Milton's colleague in the Latin secretaryship. Meanwhile he be came preeminently the poet of Cromwell and the Commonwealth, but as only one of his poems in defense of the new order was published, his associations were not in his way at the Restoration. He entered Parliament in 1660 and continued actively in public life, particularly by the use of his pen as a satirist though rarely publishing his productions of this kind, until his sudden death in 1678. His literary work is varied. He was known in his day as a pamphleteer, and by the succeeding age as a political satirist. Both these reputations are past, and he now stands out in some vividness of outline as a poet of the pre-Restoration period. His amatory addresses and the verses that reveal his delight in natural charms represent him in his best vein. TO HIS COY MISTRESS Compare Donne's The Computation, p. 270, for similar imagery. 7. Humber. The poet was born near the mouth of the Humber river in Yorkshire. 11. vegetable love, etc., i.e., growing or increasing like a plant. 40. slow-chapt, slowly consuming. 45 f. our sun stand still. Cf. Joshua x, 12 ff. THE GARDEN 381b 29. Apollo hunted Daphne. See note to Comus, 1. 661. 31. Pan did after Syrinx speed. The beautiful nymph Syrinx fled the embraces of the rustic Pan. On the bank of the river Ladon she prayed for succor and was changed into a reed. The sound of the wind-swayed reeds charmed her pursuer and he tried to reproduce it. Getting seven reeds of unequal length he partially succeeded and thus fashioned the pipe or Syrinx which has been associated with his name. 57. that happy garden-state, the Garden of Eden. 382a HENRY VAUGHAN Henry Vaughan, the "Silurist" by his own designation, was born of an ancient and honorable Welsh family in southern Wales. He entered Oxford but left without a degree. He then studied law for a while in London, but changed to medicine, and lived a practicing physician in high repute in his native Brecknockshire until his death. After passing through a crucial spiritual experience about 1647-1648 he produced his Siler Scintillans in 1650. The second part followed five years later. The two contain his best poetry. He lived nearly through the Restoration, dying in 1595, but was as much out of place in it as he had formerly been in the early Puritan régime. He remained unknown throughout most of the eighteenth century but has since been given a high and unique place in English poetry. He was much indebted to Herbert, but possessed a better wit. His mystic rapture is his main source of appeal. THE RETREAT 1. Happy those early days, etc. The poet imagined himself to have lived in an innocent happy state before his birth into the world. Compare Wordsworth's Ode on Intimations of Immortality, which derives in part from this poem. THE WORLD 382b 12. knots, love-knots. 38. epicure. See Chaucer's Prologue, 1. 336 and note. SIR THOMAS BROWNE English prose has no more remarkable instance of a highly ornate yet pleasing style than that of Sir Thomas Browne. He was born in London of a good Cheshire family, and was educated at Winchester and Oxford. He was made B.A. in 1626 and M.A. three years later. He studied medicine at Leyden, where he received a degree. Upon his return he settled at Shipley Hall in Yorkshire for a few years and there wrote his most celebrated work, Religio Medici. In 1637 he was made M.D. of Oxford and removed to Norwich. His sympathies were with the Royalists in the Civil War, but he seems to have been as little affected by the strife as any considerable figure of the time. He prospered in his profession, grew renowned for his encyclopædic knowledge and his interest in science, was knighted by the King in 1671, and died in Norwich on the anniversary of his birth in 1682. The range of his interests is indicated by his best known works the doctor's religion, i.e., his own, in Religio Medici, popular errors or superstitions in Pseudodoria Epidemica, and ancient burial customs in Hydriotaphia or Urn-Burial. His remarkable style echoes his curiousmindedness, his unusual learning, his tinge of melancholy, and his whimsical humor. 386 38. Βατραχομυομαχία, "The Battle of the Frogs and Mice," a poem ascribed to Homer. 39. S. and T. in Lucian. Lucian was a celebrated Greek satirist, A.D. 120-200. In his Judicium Vocalium Sigma complains of Tau's interference with other consonants. 43. Si foret in terris, etc. "If it should be among mortals, Democritus would laugh." Democritus, ca. 460-ca. 357 B.C., was called "the laughing philosopher" because he laughed at the follies of mankind. 50 f. Actius his razor. Accius, according to Livy, cut a whetstone through with a razor. 53. basilisco, a piece of ordnance. 386b 26 ff. Le mutin Anglois, etc. "The obstinate English, and the swaggering Scotch, and the foolish French, and the cowardly Roman, and the rogue of Gascony, the proud Spaniard, and the drunken German." 30. St. Paul, etc. See Titus, Bk. I, 12 f. 40. Heraclitus, a celebrated Greek philosopher, ca. 535-ca. 475 B.C., called the weeping philosopher." 387a 5. Satyr, a satire. 33. quadrate, agree. 46. Non occides. Thou shalt not kill," the sixth commandment. Cf. Exodus xx, 13. 49. Atropos, the third Fate, who with her shears cut the thread of life. 387b 17. the greatest affliction of Job, the commiseration of his friends. See the Book of Job. 42. Damon and Pythias, Syracusans of the first half of the fourth century before Christ. Damon substituted for Pythias, under sentence of death, while the latter set his house in order." On his return the offender was pardoned because of the fidelity of the two friends. 64 43. Achilles and Patroclus. Patroclus was the fast friend of Achilles, the hero of the Iliad. It was only by his death that Achilles was aroused from his sulks to proceed to the destruction of Troy. 46. lay down his life, etc. See John xiv, 13. 388a 18. two natures in one person, Christ, who was both human and divine. 19. three persons in one nature, the Trinity. 19 f. one soul in two bodies, the ideal of true love. 388b 26. the story of the Italian. He deluded his enemy into a renunciation of his faith to save his life and then slew him to prevent repentance and insure eternal death. 389a 3. battle of Lepanto, a naval victory of the Italians and Spaniards over the Turks, October 7, 1571. 11. peccadillo, a slight offense. 29 f. that lecher, etc. Pygmalion, a sculptor Stoics, 17 f. Peripatetics, or Academics, schools of Grecian philosophers. 20. Janus, an important Roman divinity, usually represented with two faces, one turned to the past and the other to the future. 390b 49 f. Tacitus, in the very first line. See Annales i. 51 ff. Cicero . . . a perfect hexameter. See Pro Archia. 391a 4. ephemerides, a calendar. 24 f. those three noble professions, medicine, law, and divinity. 391b 9 f. Magnæ virtutes, etc., "Neither great virtues, nor less vices." 14. Antiperistasis, the antagonism of natural qualities. 31 f. the man without a navel, Adam. 39. Numquam minus, etc. "Never less alone than when alone." - Publius Scipio. 392a 42 f. Ruat cœlum, etc. "Though the skies should fall, let Thy will be done." 392b 23. Scorpius, a southern constellation, eighth sign of the Zodiac. 24. planetary hour of Saturn, under the influence of Saturn. 41. Galen, a celebrated Greek physician of the second century after Christ. 393a 13. Themistocles, a famous Greek statesman and commander (d. ca. 460 B.C.), chiefly responsible for saving Greere from destruction by the Persians. 17. Lucan and Seneca. They were allowed by Nero to choose the manner of their deaths. 394a 7. Peru, synonymous with great wealth. 31. Statists, statesmen. 35. the prophecy of Christ. Cf. John xii, & 394b 23. Copernicus, 1473-1543, the founder of modern astronomy. 24. Crambe, tiresome repetition. 30. summum bonum, literally, the highest good, the end sought by all sects of philosophy. 38. Pliny, A.D. 23-79, a famous Roman naturalist. 39. Boccaccio, 1313-1373, Italian poet and novelist, whose Decameron is one of the most celebrated collections of tales made during the Middle Ages. JOHN MILTON 395a LETTER ON EDUCATION 5. Master Hartlib, 1600?-1670? a prominent Prussian philanthropist, who settled in London as a merchant about 1628. 395b 15. Januas and Didactics, abbreviated titles of educational works of Comenius, 1592-1671, a Czechic educational reformer. 25. The end then of learning, etc. One of the most celebrated definitions of education in any language. 396a 29. praxis, use, practice. 397a 22. Lily, William Lily, 1468?-1522, author of a celebrated Latin grammar. 23. commencing, finishing for a degree. 37. grammar, i.e., Latin grammar. 397b 2. Cebes, a Greek philosopher and disciple of Socrates of the fifth century, writers, authors of three important treatises dealing with agriculture, and all entitled De Re Rustica. 44. one of Hercules' praises, i.e., the reclamation of land made waste by the ravages of some monster, as the Nemean lion or the wild boar of Erymanthus, both of which Hercules slew. 398a 6. Theophrastus, 372-287 B.C., a botanical writer, pupil of Aristotle. 8 f. Vitruvius, a contemporary of Augustus, author of De Architectura. 9. Seneca's natural questions, Naturales Quæstiones, chiefly on meteorology and astronomy. 10. Mela, Celsus, Pliny, or Selinus, Latin writers of the early Christian era on geography, medicine, and natural history. 16. enginery, engineering. 25. a crudity, indigestion. 47 f. Orpheus, Hesiod, etc. Greek and Roman poets from the earliest or mythical times to the fourth century after Christ. 398b 1. Proairesis, choice between right and wrong. 9 f. the moral works of Plato, etc., the moralizing or philosophical works of these celebrated Greek and Roman writers. 11. Locrian remnants, Timæus of Locris, fourth century before Christ, was one of the masters of Plato. A work "On the Soul of the World and Nature" has been ascribed to him. 25. Trachiniæ, Alcestis, plays, respectively, of Sophocles and Euripides, both of which deal with the suffering and sacrifice of a faithful wife. 36. Moses. Cf. Exodus xxiv, 12 ff., etc. 39. Lycurgus, Solon, etc., lawgivers of Sparta, Athens, and southwestern Italy and Sicily. 41. Justinian, called "the Great," 483-565, emperor of Rome and codifier of the Roman law. 399a 1. Attic tragedies, the plays of the Athenian tragic dramatists, Eschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles. 20 f. Plato, Aristotle, etc., Plato's Phadrus, for its discussion of rhetoric, Aristotle's Rhetoric, Phalerius' Elocution (?), Cicero's Rhetorica, Hermogenes' fine works on rhetoric, and Longinus' On the Sublime. 29. Horace, his Ars Poetica. 30 f. Castlevetro, Tasso, Mazzoni, Castlevetro's translation and exposition of Aristotle's Poetics, Tasso's Discourses on Epic Poetry, and Mazzoni's Defense of Dante's Divine Comedy. 399b 19. Pythagoras, Plato, etc. Pythagoras taught philosophy to a group of his disciples at Crotona in Italy; Plato founded the Academy; Isocrates had a school of rhetoric in Athens; Aristotle founded the peripatetic school of philosophy. 24. Cyrene and Alexandria. The former was celebrated for its school of medicine and its general intellectuality; the latter was the home of literature and science. 26 f. a defect... of Sparta, that both the legal and educational systems tended to In Thomas Fuller was born at Aldwinkle in Northamptonshire, later the birthplace of Dryden. At thirteen he entered Cambridge and proceeded B.A. and M.A. He entered the church and enjoyed some appointments in the west but probably remained in the University until he obtained the B.D. degree in 1635. politics he was a moderate, but leaned to the Royalist side. At the beginning of hostilities he surrendered his interests in the west and came up to London. During the conflict and the new order of government he lectured and preached and wrote, working mainly at his Worthies of England. At the Restoration he recovered his appointments, became D.D. by king's letters, and was made chaplain extraordinary to the King. He died of a fever in the summer of 1661. SAMUEL BUTLER Samuel Butler was the son of a small farmer of Worcestershire. His formal education probably ended with his career in the Worcester Grammar School. As early as 1628 he seems to have been in attendance upon the Countess of Kent at Wrest in Bedfordshire, where he attained to some proficiency in painting. For a number of years he appears to have been clerk to a succession of country gentlemen, one of whom was Sir Samuel Luke of Cople Hoo near Bedford, a stiff Presbyterian and an officer in Cromwell's army, the original of Hudibras, though the satire is general rather than personal. He published nothing until he was nearly fifty years old, when an anonymous tract brought him an appointment with the Lord President of Wales and the stewardship of Ludlow Castle in 1660. A few months after his marriage in the same year he gave up his position, apparently in expectation of a competency from his wife's dower, which was never realized. The first part of Hudibras, published in 1663, brought him fame almost over night and strongly recommended him to the King. He was, however, allowed to live on in poverty and obscurity probably he was not by nature easy to help until his death by consumption in London in 1680. His satire, a mockheroic romance like Don Quixote, was the most popular book of the Restoration because it expressed so well the scorn of the age for its antithetical predecessor, the Puritan régime. Its genuine wit and cleverness and its unusual verse, dog lenge. 24. swaddle, bind up, swathe. 26. styled of War, etc. Sir Samuel Luke was a colonel in the Puritan army, as well as a justice of the peace. 406b 38. As Montaigne, etc. “When my cat and I entertain each other with mutual apish tricks . . . who knows but she laughs at, and censures my folly, for making her sport, and pities me for understanding her no better?" - Esays, Bk. II, xii. 40. Sir Hudibras. Butler probably took the name from Spenser's Faerie Queene, 11, ii, 17. 407a 74. Comittee-men and Trustees. The former were committees appointed by Parliament, in certain counties, to fine and imprison. 91. Babylonish, Babel-like, confused. 100. Babel. Cf. Genesis xi, 1 ff. 113. the orator, Demosthenes. 118. Tycho Brahe, a celebrated Dutch astronomer, 1546-1601. 118. Erra Pater, probably a nickname for the |