519. Doric, Greek.

520. Adria, Adriatic Sea.

520. Hesperian fields, Italy.

521. Celtic, Celtic lands, i.e., France and Spain.

521. utmost Isles, British Isles.

534. Azazel. Cf. Leviticus xvi, 8.

543. Chaos and old Night. Chaos, according to Greek mythology, was not so much a spirit or being as a condition, amorphousness or confusion, although even that, with the active imagination of the Greek, was conceived of as vitalized by an essence, hence the vague divinity Chaos. Nyx or Night was his daughter, and in turn was the mother of mysteries, such as Death, Sleep, etc. She was clad in black, wore a veil, rode in a chariot drawn by black horses attended by the stars, and abode in the lower or outer world, but was withal a beautiful

woman.

550. Dorian mood, martial music, grave and stern.

551. recorders, wind instruments somewhat like the flute.

353a 575. that small infantry, the battle of the pygmies and the cranes, mentioned in the Iliad, Bk. III.

577. Phlegra, a headland on the peninsula of Chalcidice in the Egean Sea, the scene of the defeat of the Giants by the gods.

580. Uther's son, King Arthur. 581. Armoric, Briton.

583. Aspramont, etc., battle scenes in chivalric history and romance.

587. Fontarabbia. In the oldest of the French chansons de gestes, the Song of Roland, Charles and his twelve peers are defeated by an overwhelming host of Saracens at Roncesvalles near Fontarrabia in Spain.

353b 609. amerced, punished. 354a 651. a fame, a story.

678. Mammon, the personification of riches.

Cf. Matthew vi, 24.

354b 694. Babel. Cf. Genesis xi, 1 ff. 694. works of Memphian kings, the Pyramids. 703. founded, melted, as in a foundry. 718. Alcairo, Memphis in Egypt. 720. Belus, Bel or Baal, an Assyrian god. 720. Serapis, an Egyptian deity, lord of the Underworld.

355a 739. Ausonian land, Italy. 740. Mulciber, the Greek Hephaestus, who

was hurled from Olympus for siding with Juno in a dispute with Jove.

756. Pandæmonium," hall of all the demons," the capitol of Hell.

764. Soldan's, sultan.

765. Panim, pagan, specifically Mohammedan.

355b 769. Taurus, the Bull, one of the signs of the Zodiac.

780. pygmean race. See note to l. 575.

781. the Indian mount, Mt. Ophir.

II

2. Ormus, an island city at the entrance to the Persian Gulf, a rich emporium in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 356b 69. Tartarean, Tartarus was a vast and gloomy region far below Hades.

74. forgetful lake, the lake of fire into which they had first fallen.

77. To us is adverse, etc. As the moral, so the physical forces of the universe were reversed to them.

357a 113. Dropt manna. Cf. Exodus xvi, 31. 133. realm of Night. See note to Bk. I, 1. 543.

359a 294. Michaël, the Archangel.

306. Atlantean. Atlas was a Titan who was condemned by Zeus to stand at the western verge of the world and support the heavens. At sight of the Gorgon's head borne in the hands of Perseus, he was changed into the mountains which bear his name.

...

360b 405 ff. dark, unbottomed, infinite Abyss . palpable obscure . . . vast Abrupt, etc., the region of Chaos between hell and the earth. See Figure 4 above.

410. happy Isle, the earth.

430. Empyreal. The Empyrean was the highest heaven, composed of a substance like sublimated fire.

439. unessential, without essence or substance. 361b 513. horrent, bristling.

362a 528. sublime, sublimated, rarefied. 530. Olympian games, celebrated games or contests held every four years at Olympia in Elis, the national seat of the worship of Zeus.

530. Pythian fields. The chief seat of the worship of Apollo was at Delphi. Here the Pythian games were held every four years in honor of his victory over the Python at that place.

539. Typhœan. See note to Bk. I, l. 197. 542. Alcides, Hercules. Echalia was the capital of Euboea, which Hercules had just reduced and from which he was returning with the beautiful Iole. In his preparations for an offering, his wife Deianeira supplied him with a sacrificial robe sprinkled with the Centaur's blood, thinking thereby to prevent the loss of her husband's affection. The great hero died in the severest agony from the poisoned garment.

545. Lichas, the messenger who bore the poisoned robe to Hercules. He was changed into an island.

545. Eta, a mountain in the southern part of Thessaly, the scene of Hercules' death. 362b 577 ff. Styx, etc. The four rivers here named are borrowed from the Odyssey, Bk. X, 513 f.

592. Serbonian bog, a lake and quicksand in

Egypt between the city of Damietta and the sand mound called Mount Casius. 596. Furies. See note to Sackville's Induction, 1. 105. 363a 611. Medusa, the most celebrated of the three sister Gorgons. She was originally a beautiful maiden, priestess of Athena, but forgetting her vows of celibacy she was married to Poseidon and as a punishment was changed by the goddess into the most frightful of monsters, whose gaze could change to stone. She was relieved at last by death at the hands of Perseus.

614. Tantalus, a great king of Lydia, who was especially favored by the gods, but for his presumptions he was placed in Tartarus, and afflicted with a burning thirst, in water that receded before him, and with an insatiable hunger, in the presence of fruit that forever eluded his grasp. 638. Bengala, according to the older notion, a prosperous country of the Indies. 639. Ternate and Tidore, two of the Molucca islands in the East Indies.

641. Ethiopian, the Indian Ocean. 641. Cape, the Cape of Good Hope.

363b 655. Cerberean. See note to Sackville's Induction, 1. 497, and L'Allegro, 1. 2. 660. Scylla. See note to Comus, I. 257. 661. Calabria, a district in southern Italy. 661. Trinacrian, Sicily, so called from its triangular shape.

662. the night-hag, Hecate, archsorceress of the ancients.

665. Lapland, the traditional home and favorite resort of witches.

364a 692. the third part of Heaven's Sons. See Revelation xii, 4, 9.

709. Ophiuchus, Serpentarius or Serpentbearer, a northern constellation over against Scorpio.

721. but once more. See Revelation xx. 366b 904. Barca or Cyrene, cities of northern Africa.

919. frith, an arm of the sea.

367a 922. Bellona, the Roman goddess of War. 939. Syrtis, treacherous quicksands in the

region of Tripoli in northern Africa. 945. Arimaspian, a mythical Scythian race who fought with the griphons for gold in the mines of which these monstrous half-eagle, half-lion creatures were guardians.

367b 964. Orcus and Ades, divinities of the

realm of death. The former brought spirits under the power of death and the latter ruled over them there.

965. Demogorgon, a mysterious, terrible, and

evil divinity who had in subjection the inhabitants of Hades.

1002 f. first Hell. See Figure 3 of Book I above.

368a 1004. Earth, another world. See Figure 4 of Book I above.

1017. Argo, the ship which carried Jason and

his fifty heroes on their quest of the Golden Fleece.

1018. justling rocks, the Symplegades at the entrance of the Euxine from the Bosporus, two great rocky islands which floated about and constantly crashed together and then parted. After the pas sage of the Argo they became permanently joined and fixed to the bottom of

sea.

368b 1029. utmost Orb, the tenth or outer circle of the stellar universe. See Figure 5 of Book I above.

GEORGE HERBERT

The most devotional of the numerous sacred poets of England, George Herbert, was born in 1593 at Montgomery Castle in Wales. His father, Sir Richard Herbert, died early, and the education of the several sons, the oldest of whom became the celebrated Lord Herbert of Cherbury, was left to the mother. She was a woman of singular piety and great personal charm, at one time a patroness of the poet Donne, and strongly impressed her character on her son George. George attended Westminster School and Cambridge University, and became a good classical scholar. He received the M.A. degree in 1616 and continued in his college as a fellow. In 1619 he was made university orator and thus was brought into contact with the life of the court. Encouraged by his mother, he had contemplated divinity early, but with the chance of a political career, he hesitated over his life work for some years. The King's death, however, in 1625, spoiled his prospects at court. This fact and his own failing health determined him for the church. He was granted the living at Leighton Bromswold in Huntingdonshire, and on his ordination in 1630 was presented with the vicarage of Bemerton near Salisbury. It was here mainly that he won the fame which has since caused him to be known as " saintly George Herbert." Within three years he died of consumption and was buried under the altar of his church. None of his English poems were published in his lifetime. He left a body of manuscript, however, to his friend Nicholas Ferrar of Little Gidding, who issued it as The Temple soon after his death. Its popularity is shown by the several editions which followed within a few years. He was a disciple of Donne in his overelaboration and fastidious literary artistry. His shortcomings are discernible in his limited range of subject matter and his obvious artificiality. His greatest service was in the wholesome restraint which he exercised, by his sincere piety

THOMAS CAREW

Thomas Carew was a genuine Caroline in both his manner of living and in his poetry. He was a younger son of Sir Matthew Carew and seems to have formed bad habits early. He was at Oxford but did not remain for a degree. When his father's family was in straitened circumstances by 1613, he was an indifferent student of the law at the Middle Temple. Soon afterward he became attached in some secretarial capacity to the embassy of Sir Dudley Carleton to Italy, but gave up his post in a huff on his return in 1616. some years he idled his time away in some ill repute and in want of preferment. After a visit with his friend, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, to France in 1619, he became attached to the Eng

For

370b

lish court, and received from the King the royal domain of Sunninghill in Windsor Forest. He made a maudlin kind of deathbed repentance for his irregular life, and died in 1638. He was acquainted with most of the literary men of his day, and was especially intimate with the young dramatist Davenant and with Sir John Suckling. He wrote the elaborate masque, Calum Britannicum, but is remembered for his lyrics, which were composed, it is said, with great difficulty, but which possess melody, cultivated ease, and a certain feeling of classical decorum, which gave them a high rank in literature.

A CRUEL MISTRESS

9. Vesta, the goddess of Fire and the Family Hearth.

13. The Assyrian king, Nebuchadnezzar. Cf. Daniel iii.

FRANCIS QUARLES

Francis Quarles, another of the religious poets of the time, was born at his father's manor house at Romford in Essex. He was educated in a country school and at Cambridge University, where he was awarded the B.A. degree in 1608. From the study of law in Lincoln's Inn he rose to the position of cupbearer to the Princess Elizabeth, and on her marriage to the Elector Palatine in 1613 attended her to Germany. For his scriptural paraphrases and religious tracts he was made secretary to Archbishop Ussher of Armagh in 1629, and lived in Dublin for a few years. By 1633 he seems to have been in retirement at Roxwell in his native Essex, where he prepared his chief volume of poetry, Emblems, published in 1635. Four years later he was made chronologer to the city of London. At the outbreak of the Civil War he cast in his lot with the Royalist cause, suffered the loss of his property and was publicly traduced for his active adherence, and died, it is said, from a sense of his wrongs in 1644. The wretchedness of man's estate is the general theme of his writings. His poetry abounds in conceits, but contains flashes of genuine poetic fire. The qualities which made him popular in his day, such as liveliness, good sense, and rough humor, continue to preserve his fame.

A GOOD NIGHT

3. he that keeps, etc. Cf. Psalms exxi, 3 f.

SWEET PHOSPHOR, BRING
THE DAY

3. Phosphor, the morning star.

371b 15. fray, frighten away.

31. Vulcan's forge. See note to p. 338b, 1. 655.

38. Heaven's loitering lamp, the moon. 43. our greater taper, the sun.

44. the lesser, the moon.

ROBERT HERRICK

Robert Herrick was one of the greatest of the seventeenth-century lyrical poets. He was the fourth son of Nicholas Herrick, a goldsmith of Cheapside in London, derived from an ancient family of Leicestershire. The father did not survive the son's infancy. In 1607 the boy was apprenticed to his uncle for ten years but did not serve his time. By 1613 he was a fellow commoner at Cambridge, and after the attainment of the M.A. degree in 1620 he returned to London, where he remained for nearly a decade. In 1629 he was made vicar of Dean Prior Church in Devonshire. Much of his poetry obviously was written before, but by his own confession the best was written after this significant change in his life. Probably poor as a preacher, but evidently high in esteem with the gentry for his conversation, he remained at Dean Prior until he was ousted by the Puritan government in 1647. While in London the following year he published his only book, Hesperides, together with his Noble Numbers, in one volume. In the one he is frankly pagan and in the other sincerely Christian. Two years after the recall of King Charles II to the throne, Herrick's parish was restored to him. He died there in 1674. He left nearly thirteen hundred lyrics. Jonson is his master in English, and Horace, Catullus, and Martial in Latin; but when he borrows most, his spirit is always freshly original, and however foreign his material, he never fails to make his productions entirely English. He shows great metrical variety, and is always a consummate artist. In general, his poems are characterized by a great natural charm.

372a THE ARGUMENT OF HIS BOOK 3. hock-carts, harvest-home carts. 3. wakes, watches.

6. cleanly wantonness. This may be taken as a keynote to all Herrick's secular

377a

SIR JOHN SUCKLING

Sir John Suckling excelled in the courtly graces of excellent wit, a handsome presence, the habit of gaming, and a happy but careless gallantry, generosity, and a turn for poetry. His birthplace was Whitton in Middlesex. His father, of an ancient Norfolk family, was a prominent official and man of affairs, rising ultimately to a Secretaryship of State and the Privy Council. The poet went to Cambridge and left without a degree, but his attainments were respectable. He was a man of polite rather than profound learning. Coming into some rich estates on his father's death in 1627, he was able to make himself conspicuous at court, soon becoming known as the greatest gallant of his time. He was knighted by the King at Theobald's in 1630. Attached to the Royalist cause from the first, he led a troop of horse against the Scots, and tried by a sudden attack to secure the command of the army for the King, but his plot was discovered and he fled the country. He died probably by self-poisoning in Paris in 1642. His Fragmenta Aurea, published four years after his death, contains his best work. His dramas are dreary, their chief merit consisting in an occasional good lyric, such as "Why so pale," etc., in Aglaura. Gaiety and ease are his best traits, often atoning for his irresponsible air and the general frivolity of his subject matter.

THE CONSTANT LOVER

5. moult away, shed.

He entered Oxford but migrated to Cambridge and received the B.A. degree about 1618. He became a priest in the Church of England, but on becoming a Roman Catholic abandoned a clerical and scholastic career and "set up for a play-maker" in London. His plays followed each other in rapid succession from 1626 to 1642, when the closing of the theaters put an end to his career as playwright. He published plays during the Commonwealth and engaged in teaching in London. He died in 1666 from his miseries and losses occasioned, it is said, by the great fire. He wrote few lyrics, but a poet who could pen "No Armour against Fate," found in his masque of The Contention, possessed no mean lyrical ability.

RICHARD CRASHAW

Richard Crashaw was the only son of the poet and Puritan divine, William Crashaw of London. He attended the Charterhouse School, was admitted to Cambridge in 1631, became noted for his proficiency in languages, received his B.A. degree in 1684 and his M.A. as a fellow of Peterhouse four years later. In 1643 he lost his position by the exigencies of war, and by 16-46 had become a Catholic and was living in Paris. He went to Italy in 1649, was an attendant upon Cardinal Palotta at Rome, but falling out with his household was made a subcanon for his own protection in the church of Our Lady at Loretto, and died there in 1649. A volume of his poems, both sacred and secular, Steps to the Temple, and Delights of the Muses, was published in 1646, and a mass of manuscript survived him at his death, only part of which has been preserved. His devotional poems are noted for their passionate fervor and richness of imagery. As a class, they are usually reckoned his best, but the lover of poetry in its less spiritual essence often finds greater pleasure in the sweetness and delicate artistry of an occasional secular piece, such as his Wishes to His (Supposed) Mistress.

WISHES TO HIS (SUPPOSED)
MISTRESS

6. shady leaves of destiny, the Book of Fate.

14. her to, to her.

18. tire, attire.

18. shoe-tie, an ornamental shoe lace, sometimes very elaborate.

379a 20. tissue, a cloth interwoven with gold or silver.

33. ru'th, falls in love with.