be given as soon as they can be swallowed. A teaspoonful of whiskey in a tablespoonful of hot water may be given every few minutes until the danger point is passed. Warmth must be secured immediately by any means available, as hot bottles, plates or bricks, warm blankets and wraps. The body must be constantly and effectively rubbed, the direction of the rubbing being towards the heart to help the labored circulation of the blood. Meantime every effort should be continued to restore respiration. No attempt should be made to remove the patient, unless he be in danger from cold, until the restoration has been thoroughly accomplished. 382. Serpent- and Insect-bites.-The bites of Poisonous Snakes demand instant cauterization or excision of the injured part. A handkerchief should be fastened above the wound and a stick be passed through it and twisted to prevent the poisoned blood from moving towards the trunk and heart. It may be well at first to scarify the wound to enable it to bleed freely. Some one should then suck it. If practicable, the injured part may be soaked in hot water and squeezed to draw the blood out after incision. Immediate application of ammonia may be of advantage. The safest procedure of all is immediate excision of the part, or cauterization with a needle heated to redness. Among Insect-bites, the most annoying are those of the chigre. The treatment must be applied immediately and before the insect lays its eggs. This consists in anointing the bites with a 10% solution of, iodoform in collodion. Where the pest abounds, each individual should wear close-fitting leggings or top boots, and each day on returning to camp should bathe the whole body with salt water. Lime-juice, lemon-juice, kerosene oil, or salt pork rubbed over the infected parts of the body prevent the chigres from entering the skin by removing them. 383. Surgical Advice. In cases of Burns or Scalds remove immediately with scissors all clothing about the injured part. Then dress with sweet-oil, castor-oil, or sweet lard, but no oil containing salt should be used. Caron-oil, which is a mixture of linseed-oil and lime-water, gives the greatest relief. In Sprains of all sorts, as those of the wrists or joints, the immediate effort should be to rest the tendons by covering the parts with cotton wool followed by a soft, firm bandage. Next, the inflammation should be allayed by the application of hot water; finally, the absorption of inflammatory products should be promoted by friction, kneading of the joint, careful motion of it, and alternate hot and cold douching. Wounds or Clean Cuts should be treated by bringing the edges together after washing with antiseptic solution, and then supporting them in that position by long strips of adhesive plaster. These should not be applied to the wound, but first to one side of it and, drawing the flesh together, to the other side so as to bring the cut parts in contact. Hemorrhage of Vein-blood should be treated by the elevation of the part and the application of cold water, ice, snow, ́salt, or vinegar. In addition to a severe application of cold, firm intense pressure should be applied below the wound, and this generally suffices to stop it. Arterial Hemorrhage, known by the bright color of the blood and its spouting in jets, must be controlled from above, i.e., on the side towards the heart, and in the same manner as for venous hemorrhage, but by the application of firm pressure over the artery, if it can be located-which it frequently can by noticing its pulsations. Stimulants should not be given at all, or with the greatest caution, in case of hemorrhage, as they excite the circulation of the blood. 384. Medicine-chest.-No. 1. Tincture of opium: sedative. Dose, 10 to 30 drops in water, not to be repeated for six hours. In diarrhea, dysentery, pleurisy, colic, sleepless ness, etc. No. 2. Paregoric: sedative. Dose, 15 to 60 drops in water. No. 3. Chlorodyne. Dose, 5 to 25 drops in water. seasickness, diarrhea, colic, cramps, spasms, neuralgia. In No. 4. Turpentine. For fomentations; to be sprinkled on flannels wrung out of boiling water and at once applied to the skin. In colic, dysentery, pleurisy, pneumonia. No. 5. Carbolic acid. Used in solution and externally only part to 100 parts water to remove foul odors or to wash wounds; I part to 20 parts olive- or linseed-oil as an application to ulcers, to prevent attacks from insects, to destroy ticks, etc. No. 6. Olive-oil. For use with above; also as a local application to burns, etc. No. 7. Opium pills, one grain each. Dose, one pill. In diarrhea, rupture, spasms, colic, etc. No. 8. Dover's powder, in capsules or tablets of fivegrains. Dose, one to two capsules. In bronchitis, coughs, colds, pleurisy, dysentery, fevers, etc. No. 9. Calomel and soda, in one-grain compressed tablets. Dose, I to 5 tablets. In torpid liver, disordered stomach, liver congestion, pleurisy, diarrhea, etc. No. 10. Quinine, in five-grain capsules. Dose, one to five capsules. In malarial fevers, etc. No. 11. Ipecacuanha powder, in five-grain capsules. Dose, one to six capsules. In dysentery, especially in the premonitory or acute stages; also as an emetic after poisons. No. 12. Salicylate of soda (purest procurable), in tengrain capsules. Dose, one to eight capsules a day. rheumatism of all kinds. For For No. 13. Vaseline. For use as simple ointment. No. 14. Permanganate of potash, in two-grain pills. snake-bite, internally; as surgical wash or as a gargle for sore throat, one dissolved in a cup of water; also for snake-bite injected hypodermically close to the wound. No. 15. Adhesive plaster, tape rolled in tin. No. 16. Mustard, in tin, and mustard-leaves. For counterirritation and as an emetic. No. 17. Two clinical thermometers in cases. For certain detection of fevers when temperature is noted above 99° F. This invaluable but fragile instrument should be carried in duplicate in case of accident. No. 18. Several long cotton roller bandages, various widths; a rubber bandage and two pairs of triangular bandages for fractures. No. 19. Borated lint and absorbent cotton. wounds and sores. No. 20. Arrowroot. and after violent vomiting. For dressing As a food after fevers and dysentery No. 21. Persulphite of iron. Applied to wounds to stop violent hemorrhage. No. 22. Sun cholera tablets. For use in cases of diarrhea, cholera, etc. Dose, one every two hours until three or four have been taken. No. 23. Extract of beef (Liebig). For beef tea and broth. No. 24. Collodion with 2% salicylic acid. For insectstings, skin eruptions, and corns, to be used as a paint. No. 25. Collodion with 10% iodoform. wounds as a dressing. No. 26. Carbolized vaseline. To be painted on For dressing wounds. No. 27. One hypodermic syringe. No. 28. One dozen assorted surgical needles and silk. No. 29. Styptic cotton. For nose-bleed at high altitudes. No. 31. Vegetable compound cathartic pills. liver and constipation. Dose, one to three pills. For torpid No. 32. Linseed. For poulticing boils, the abdomen, etc. No. 33. Castor-oil in capsules. As a mild laxative or purgative. Dose, one-half to one fluid ounce. No. 34. Bichloride of mercury tablets. For antiseptic wash for wounds and sores. CHAPTER XLI. PHOTOGRAPHY. 385. Uses of Photography in Surveying.-As a map record alone is insufficient to completely illustrate the results of an exploratory survey, requiring for the fuller understanding of the discoveries made a written report as an accompani ment, so also is such a report incomplete unless accompanied by illustrations (Chap. IV). A military reconnaissance must likewise be accompanied by a report, and this is made more comprehensive, and is often more rapidly and lucidly prepared, when illustrated by sketches or photographs (Chap. V). The present stage reached in the development of the science of photography is such that any one possessing the qualifications necessary for the execution of an exploratory, geographic, or military reconnaissance could easily acquire the skill necessary to make photographs for the proper illustration of the accompanying report. The varieties of work to be executed under such circumstances are many. They include chiefly outdoor or landscape photography, but in addition must frequently be accompanied by illustrations of the inhabitants, the fauna and flora, as well as details of the geology of the regions traversed. Finally, photography is now employed quite extensively in the making of topographic surveys (Chap. XIV), and may be used in determining longitudes (Chap. XXXVII). |