bable that the royal journey through the kingdom, at the present time, is intended to have an influence on the elections. It was said that Austria was giving the most friendly explanations to France; but at the same time strengthening every where her military posts in Italy, and more than threatening the independence of Piedmont. She was increasing her army, and making a new loan at Vienna. This does not accord with the rumour that the great powers were likely to reduce their military establishments. IN SPAIN, PORTUGAL, and ITALY, things remain much as they were when we gave our last details. In Spain, hanging and imprisonment are frequent. The French, in imitation of the English, are threatening the tyrant Don Miguel into a compliance with their demands of compensation for injustice done to their merchants, and humble concessions for indignity shown to their consul. In Italy, the Pope is using all his influence to keep down the spirit of revolution, and with the aid of Austria is, for the present, successful. GREECE remains in a very distracted state, in consequence of dissatisfaction with their chief, Capo D'Istria, and the neglect of the powers who claim the prerogative to give them a sovereign, to appoint one, since the refusal of prince Leopold. Anarchy is threatened, and indeed, in some of the islands it already exists. Their strong attachment, moreover, to the superstitions of the Greek church, is likely to prevent the establishment of schools, and even to break up a number already established by the charity and exertions of English and American Christians. Habits of slavery and superstition are seldom laid aside by a generation that has grown up under their influence. AUSTRIA and PRUSSIA appear to be watching with great solicitude the conflict of the Poles with the emperor of Russia. That their wishes are all in favour of Russia, there is no doubt. Yet they desire and aim, to preserve the appearance of strict neutrality. They are in fact, in great fear of a revolution among their own subjects. Austria refuses to permit the Polish general Dwernicki to return to Warsaw, and his troops are also treated as prisoners. The Poles remonstrate, and an interference by other powers is talked of; but we suspect that nothing will be done. The Poles must help themselves, and with the blessing of heaven, we hope they will be able to do it. When assistance is less needed than it is at present, it will probably be offered, or easily obtained. So it was in our revolutionary struggle, and so it always was in this selfish world. RUSSIA and POLAND.-Nothing decisive had taken place up to the latter part of May, in the sanguinary conflict which has been maintained for months past, between the armies of these hostile powers, in the neighbourhood of Warsaw. A great and decisive battle was daily expected, at the date of the last accounts. It is stated that the numerical force of the Poles is equal, if not superior, to that of the Russians; and confident expectations are entertained of success to the Polish arms in the expected encounter. There have been many actions of outposts, detachments, and rear-guards, and the balance of success seems to have been in favour of the Poles. With a view to repair the disaster of Dwernicki, and to keep up the spirit of insurrection in what were formerly the southern, and south-eastern provinces of Poland, general Chrzanowski has marched into that region, cutting his way through the opposing corps of Russians. His success, although his army consisted of only 8000 men, is represented as great, and it appears that in Lithuania, Volhynia, and Samogitia, the spirit of revolt is general. In the firstmentioned province, there has been a rising of the inhabitants in mass, in favour of their Polish brethren. Their forces have been organized into regular armies, and have fought desperately against their Russian invaders. They have been in a degree scattered, but they are by no means subdued: and the measures which the Russians have taken to subdue them, by hanging and shooting them as rebels, and by abandoning their helpless women and families to the brutal licentiousness of the soldiery, has only inflamed them to madness. They are determined to conquer or die. The cholera is making havock among the Russian soldiery, and the Poles also suffer from this scourge, but in a less degree than their enemies. The issue of the bloody strife is yet dubious, but the ultimate success of the Poles seems to be more probable, we think, than at any former period. BELGIUM and HOLLAND.-The five great powers, Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, have delivered their ultimatum to the Belgic congress. The Belgians must not make war for the extension of their territory, and must content themselves with the limits prescribed by those powers, or be treated by them as enemies. Lord Ponsonby, the British ambassador at Brussels, is charged with seeing this ultimatum recognised and agreed to by the congress, or in the event of refusal, he is to leave the country. The Belgians are restive, and the country is in a state of great disorder, but they will probably not be so desperate as to set the great powers at defiance. Prince Leopold is, at present, most likely to have the next offer of the kingship of Belgium, which has for some time past been going a begging. The Hollanders appear to be managing their affairs with wisdom and spirit. Their king and his eldest son are men of talents, and they appear to have the entire confidence of the nation. TURKEY.-The Sultan Mahmoud is greatly embarrassed by his rebellious Pachas. They threaten him on the East, and on the West. It is said indeed that he has settled his quarrel with the Pacha of Bagdat; but there are two or three others who are in arms against him. The Pacha of Albania has an army greater, we believe, in numerical force, than the Sultan can send against him. It however lacks artillery and cavalry, and has lately been worsted in a conflict with the Sultan's troops; but it is by no means subdued. In short, it has become questionable whether Mahmoud is likely to wear his crown and his head much longer. There was even a report at Vienna, that he had actually been murdered. The present rebellion appears to have been kindled from the unextinguished embers of inveterate hatred, which the Sultan drew upon himself, by the destruction of the Janissaries, increased by his want of success in the late war with Russia, and by his endeavours to introduce among his subjects the improvements of modern Europe. It is said that of the male population of European Turkey, threefourths had some alliance or connexion with the Janissaries. Had the war with Russia terminated in favour of Turkey, little more would probably have been heard about that old military corps. But the failure of success in that war, imputed by the Turks to the destruction of the Janissaries, and the partiality shown by Mahmoud to Christian usages and improvements, have inflamed the minds of the rigid Mussulmans to a great height, and a war of extermination between him and them has commenced. Time will show its issue. The Mohammedan power is manifestly waning to extinction. ASIA. A report was prevalent in this country last month, and we believe credited, that the commander-in-chief of the British forces in India had been put under arrest by the governor-general, and that the most serious consequences to the British interests, in that country, were expected to ensue. But as a late arrival brings no information of such an occurrence, the story is now regarded as a fabrication. The governor-general was making a tour through the interior of British India for the benefit of his health, and the inspection of the state of the country; and was received by several of the native princes with every mark of honourable distinction. The death of lieutenantgeneral sir Thomas Sidney Beckwith, governor of the presidency of Bombay, and commander-in-chief, was announced at Calcutta on the 4th of February. Captain John James Hamilton, assistant adjutant-general of the army, attached to the head quarters of the commander-in-chief, also died on the 20th of January, at Alahabad. The cholera was still prevailing at Calcutta, and in other parts of India. AFRICA. The grand geographical problem relative to the termination of the river Niger, is believed in England to have been recently solved and settled. This river, it has long been known, rises in Western Africa, near the sources of the Senegal, and runs eastward for a considerable distance-The question was, where did it terminate. One opinion was, that it was lost in the lakes and marshes of Wangara, far in the interior of the continent; a second was, that it joined the Nile, or rather that it became the Nile, and emptied into the Mediterranean Sea; a third was, that after running far eastward, it turned to the west in a curve, and emptied into the Atlantic Ocean. This last opinion is now said to be satisfactorily verified. It appears that two Englishmen, brothers, by the name of Landers, embarked on the Niger, in a canoe, at Youri, in Central Africa, and after a variety of hazardous incidents, reached the Atlantick by a branch of this river, in the Bight of Biafra, south-east of Benin. AMERICA. HAYTI. A rupture is threatened between France and the government of Hayti. It appears that an envoy, or agent, was sent to Paris by the President of Hayti, to endea vour to obtain a modification and mitigation of the pecuniary demand made on Hayti, and heretofore agreed to, for indemnifying the sufferers by the revolution in Saint Domingo. The envoy, as the President affirms-exceeding, if not violating the powers given him-signed two treaties, very disadvantageous to Hayti. These treaties were brought out to Hayti by two vessels of war, and their immediate ratification by the President was demanded. This he peremptorily refused. The consul general thereupon made his arrangements to leave the island without delay, and advised all his countrymen to do the same, under the idea that war with France would inevitably ensue. It is hoped, however, that war will be avoided. The conditions imposed on Hayti are, it is said, such as she cannot fulfil; and it is thought that a more equitable arrangement will be made. The French have not generally left the island; but the President has issued a proclamation, and is taking prompt and energetick measures for a vigorous defence, in the event of an invasion. 384 View of Publick Affairs. BRAZIL.-Don Pedro, the Emperor of Brazil, has abdicated his throne, and left America for Europe. Finding that his Parliament was determined to withstand some of his demands, and that his army was not disposed to sustain his authority and enforce his orders, he suddenly went on board a vessel of war with his wife, and left an instrument We have not heard of his arrival in Europe. This of abdication in favour of his son. event has occasioned, of course, great agitation throughout the Brazils-the country is in a state of great disorder, and the issue remains to be seen. COLOMBIA is a prey to a succession of factions. There has lately been a revolution and a change of authorities at Bogota-What is called the liberal party is now dominant, and tranquillity is hoped for; but it is we fear a forlorn hope. We now believe that Bolivar was right in his general views in regard to his countrymen; and that in his attempts to do the best that the circumstances in which he was placed would admit of, he fell a sacrifice to party strife which he could not control. It is impossible to conjecture what will be the termination of the civil broils, by which this fine country is losing all its natural advantages for improvement and happiness. MEXICO is in a more quiet state than it was a year ago. But it is still agitated by party strife; and the same may be said of all the other republicks of Southern America It were endless and useless to attempt to chronicle their ephemeral changes. UNITED STATES.-We are glad to observe that the celebration of the birth-day of our country, the 4th of July, is gradually taking a more moral and religious aspect than it once assumed. In many places, religious services have been performed, and in some the festivities have been conducted without ardent spirits, wine, or any other liquor that could intoxicate. We hope it will also appear that the religious community have, at this season, made handsome collections in their several churches, to recruit the funds of the African Colonization Society. Surely on the day on which we celebrate the establishment of our national freedom, contributions for the purpose of extending freedom to others, especially when those others have been enslaved by ourselves, must be a thank offering to the Author of all good, peculiarly appropriate. In some of the toasts given in this city, and in other places, we are sorry to say that we have been disgusted and shocked at the contemptible and profane attempts at wit, by the application of texts of scripture to subjects and events utterly unworthy of such an association. There seems to be a prevailing disposition to this practice, and it is one that is reproachful to us as a matter of taste, as well as a matter of morals. The venerable James Munroe, one of the ex-presidents of the United States, died, it appears, at his residence in the city of New York, at 3 o'clock, P. M. on the 4th inst. It is certainly remarkable, that of four presidents of the United States who have passed from time to eternity, three should have made this solemn passage on the day when the people whose chiefs they had been, were rejoicing in the commemoration of the act which gave them a place among the nations of the earth-What a transition! from the pageantry of time to the changeless realities of eternity! With much grief we have noticed the prospect of an Indian war in the state of Illinois. The Sac and Fox tribes of Indians are charged with a hostile invasion. Their territory forms the northern part of the marked limits of that State, on our maps; and whether they have actually transgressed, or we are seeking for more of their lands, we are not prepared to pronounce. Their removal to the western side of the Mississippi is declared to be necessary. Why this? Why not drive them, if they need driving, within their own territory, on the eastern side of the river? It appears also, that the Creek Indians, in the state of Georgia, are suffering, and we believe dying, of actual starvation. How much of this is attributable to the late measures taken for their removal we know not. We are not disposed to charge our country unduly with the sufferings of the wretched aborigines of our land. They often suffer grievously for the necessaries of life from their own improvidence. But as a nation, we have a fearful responsibility to our common Creator, for the injuries done to these unhappy people-and never, we think, so glaringly done, as in some recent transactions. We know not when, if ever, our nation will cease to be dishonoured and injured, by men in high stations challenging each other to duels. Certain it is, that this murderous practice will never be forborne by others, while secretaries and members of Congress sanction and sustain it by their example. A most disgraceful scene has recently been witnessed at Washington. The late Secretary of War challenged the late Secretary of the Treasury, who very properly refused to fight him; and an attempt at assas sination is affirmed to have followed the refusal. This allegation is indeed denied, but in our code of morals the difference between a duellist and an assassin is very small. We did not receive our valued correspondent's paper, in continuation of his Essays on Mental Science, in time for its insertion in our present number-it will appear in our next; and we thank him for the assurance that the series will not hereafter be interrupted, unless by unforeseen occurrences. THE EDITED BY J. T. RUSSELL, CORRESPONDING SECRETARY. JULY 1, 1831. SELECTIONS FOR THE MONTHLY CONCERT. BOMBAY. Extracts from the Journal of Mr. Stone, a Missionary of the A. B. C. F. M. from Dec. 15, 1829, to March 31, 1830. there is a spirit of inquiry going abroad among this people. 16. There are now three brahmins who profess their conviction of the truth of Christianity, who say they do not worship idols, and should be willing to be baptised, could any way be devised for their support. Two of them are embarrassed by debts entailed upon them by their ancestors, and should they violate caste, they would be immediately thrown into prison. The great poverty of nine tenths of the natives operates as an iron chain to bind them to their caste. 15. In the morning, Bapoo, the Brahmin at Panwell, who, in consequence of reading our books and hearing Mr. Graves preach once, about a year ago, destroyed his househoid gods and professed to renounce the superstitions of his fathers, called on me and spent two hours in religious conversation. He says he still be- January 2. Morning, visited schools: lieves that idolatry is wrong; that there remainder of the day in my study, not is but one God; that he prays to him, and very well. Had another very interesting not to the gods of the heathen. He says conversation with Bapoo, the brahmin inthat he is convinced of the truth of Chris- quirer. He is a native of considerable tianity, that he views himself to be a great strength of intellect, really a metaphysisinner; that he has great fears that he cian, and an acute reasoner, and possessshall go to hell, &c. I asked him, if he ed of more openness of character than was a great sinner, how he could be sav- most brahmins. He is employed now as ed. He replied, that he could be saved an inspector of our schools, and comes only by repenting of his sins, believing in and reads the scriptures with me daily. Christ, and having his heart renewed by He says that every night many brahmins the Holy Spirit of God, (or to use the call at his lodgings to dispute with him, literal meaning of the Mahratta word, so that he gets but little time for rest. his heart being new created by the Holy Should he become a true christian, and Spirit of God.) I asked, if he prayed be received into the church, the natives for the gift of the Holy Spirit, to renowould at once forsake him. He brought vate his heart? He replied, that he did. me this morning the opinion of several I asked if he was willing then to be bap- brahmins respecting the different retised and confess Christ before men? He ligions in the world, and respecting sin, said he wanted to have Christian instruc- &c. A curious illustration of their tion ripe in his mind first; an expression opinions were expressed as follows. All which means, when I shall understand religions are given to men by God. As all the doctrines and duties of Christian- vapors, through the influence of the ity well, then I shall wish to be baptised. sun, rise from all the rivers, lakes, and He says his wife, who was very angry seas, and mingle together in the heawith him for destroying their family gods, vens, and form clouds and rain; so and entreated him not to become an out- all who practise their various recast, by forsaking their religion, is now ligions will rise and mingle together in willing herself to hear Christian instruc-heaven. To forsake the religion of their tion and will not object to his becoming a Christian. He thinks she will become one too. He mentioned another interesting case. A merchant of the brahmin caste had, by reading the books which he had given him, became convinced of Another brahmin called to-day professthe folly of idolatry, and greatly desired edly to make inquiries about this new reto receive Christian instruction from us.ligion, as they call Christianity. I had He resides beyond Poonah, more than 100 but a few moments toconverse with him. miles distant. These facts shew that I asked him how a sinner could obtain Chr. Adv. VOL. IX. 2Z forefathers is the greatest sin. Bapoo did not pretend to believe their tenets, but wished me to give him a refutation of them, which I did in a few words to his entire satisfaction. the Lord Jesus Christ, and obey his commands. May the divine Spirit give them a heart to understand and obey the gospel of salvation. the pardon of his sins and the favor of a holy God. He asked what is sin? I replied the transgression of the commandments of God. He asked what commands? I repeated the first and second Mrs. Stone had twenty very interesting comandments, which at once proves all Hindoo girls, belonging to her school, brahmins to be sinners. He then said call at our house. I heard them read and that pardon is to be obtained by fasting, repeat the commandments. They manrepeating the names of the gods, per- ifest much affection for her, and put forming religious austerities, &c. I asked much confidence in what she says to if the doing of these things would change them. This was not the case a few the affections and destroy the love of sin months ago: they then regarded her with in the soul. He said he could not tell great jealousy and fear, lest she would then how a sinner could be delivered from do something to them which should polsin and be saved. I replied that was the lute them. They could not then be pervery reason why I came to this country, suaded to come to our house. Such fears to tell sinners how they may be deliver- were excited in their minds by the brahed from sin and be saved. Having given mins and others, who exert all their inhim a brief history of Christ, and of the fluence to prevent females from receiving atonement which he made for the sins of Christian instruction. These fears have the world, I told him that to renovate been removed by the kindness which and purify the heart was the work of the Mrs. S. shows them, and the desire she Holy Spirit, which could be obtained on-manifests for their happiness. ly by those who repented of sin, believ- 29. At evening went to a native buned in Christ, and prayed to the true God. galow, inhabited by shoemakers; and sat I gave him the ten commandments with down on a board in the centre of the an exposition of them, and the tract en-room, as the roof was too low to admit of titled Glad Tidings, requesting him to read them attentively, and call on me again. May the divine Spirit guide him to the truth. standing erect, and they have no chairs in their houses, and taught fifteen men, women, and children from the scriptures. I gave them the history of man's crea12. In the morning visited and exam- tion, apostacy, and the way of obtaining ined two schools; and addressed a collec- salvation. I found on inquiry that they tion of natives in the front yard of one of were all convinced that they were sinful, their houses, for more than an hour.and I then showed them from this, that They listened with fixedness of mind, the wrath of God was upon them. I and manifested considerable emotion asked by what means they could escape when I described to them the sufferings this wrath? One said by practising auswhich Christ endured to atone for their terities; another said by calling on the sins and to save them. I asked them if name of the gods, i.e. to repeat over the any of their gods ever died to make an names of their gods, a great number of atonement for their sins? They replied times; another said by ablution, &c. &c. "None." I asked if any of them ever I showed them that none or all of these did any thing for their salvation? They expedients could remove sin and obtain all replied with one voice "None of the favour of God. They then said, them.' I asked how then can you be "How can we escape the wrath of God?" saved, as you are all sinners, having vio- In reply I preached to them Jesus and lated the holy law of God. They replied him crucified, while they listened with that they should obtain pardon by repeat-great earnestness. I was peculiarly ining the names of the gods, by penance, terested by the inquiries of the aged fe&c. I shewed them by familiar illustra- males, whose feelings were much excittions these could never take away sin.ed by what they heard. I preached to Some of them seemed convinced that they had been trusting in refuges of lies. Having exposed the absurdity of idolatry and shewing them the great sin of forsaking the only true God, the creator, preserver, and benefactor of all, and in his stead to worship a vile image, they acknowledged that they ought to worship but one God. I exhorted them, as they would escape the woes of hell, and obtain the favour of God, from this day to their death, no more to worship idols nor practise their abominable superstitions; them till nine o'clock, prayed with them, and told them I would come again and give them further instructions; upon hearing which they appeared quite rejoiced. SANDWICH ISLANDS. Extracts from a letter of Messrs. Rich- RELIGIOUS MEETINGS. but to repent of all their sins, believe inducted as formerly, except that one of |