Vowels.

§ 13. (1.) Any vowel at the end of an accented syllable, and e, o, and u at the end of an unaccented syllable, have the long English sound; as, Ca'to, Cē'res, Mi'das, So'lon, Nu'ma, Pê-li'des, Ho-me'rus, Lu-ca'nus.

§ 14. (2.) If a syllable ends with a consonant, the vowel has its short English sound; as, Băl'bus, Měm'non, Mos'chus, Pub'lius.

EXCEPTION.-E, in final es, has its long sound; as in Achilles (a-kil'lēz).

§ 15. (3.) A, ending an unaccented syllable, is sounded like a in comma; as, Cre-u'sa, A-ri'on.

§ 16. (4.) E final is always sounded; as in He'be, Pe-nel'o-pe.

§ 17. (5.) The diphthongs a and c are pronounced as e would be in the same situation; as, Cæsar (sē/zar), Enone (e-no'ne), Daedalus (ded'a-lus), Edipus (ed/i-pus).

§ 18. (6.) I, ending a final syllable, has its long English sound; as, E-pig'o-ni. Ending an initial unaccented syllable, it has in some cases its long sound, as in Bt-a'nor, I-ū'lus; and in some its short sound, as in Ci-lic'i-a, I-ta'li-a. In all other cases, ending an unaccented syllable, it has its short sound; as, Fā'bi-us. § 19. (7.) Y is pronounced as i would be in the same situation.

§ 20. (8.) When ai, ei, oi, and yi, not initial, are followed by another vowel, and take the accent on the a, e, o, or y, the i assumes the sound of consonant y, and the vowel before it has its long sound; as in Maia (mā'ya), Hygeia (hī-jē'ya), Pompeius (pom-pē'yus), Latoia (la-tō'ya), Harpyia (har-pi'ya).

Consonants.

§ 21. (9.) The consonants c and g have their "soft" sound, like s and j, before e, i, y, a, and a; before a, o, and u, or a consonant, they have their "hard" sound; as in cot, go.

EXCEPTION. When g, having the sound of j, is preceded by another g, the former of the two is suppressed, or may be said to coalesce in sound with the second; as, Aggenus (a-je/nus).

§ 22. (10.) The combination ch is pronounced like k; as, Charon (kā'ron). § 23. (11.) Each of the three consonants c, s, and t, when preceded immediately by the accent, or itself ending an accented syllable, and followed by ia, ie, ii, io, or iu, commonly has the sound of sh; as in Por'cia (por/shi-a), Cly'tie (klish'i-e), Hora'tii (ho-rā'shi-i), Pho'cion (fo'shi-on), Cas'sius (kash'ius). C has also the same sound, when following an accented vowel, and standing before eu and yo; as, Meno'ceus (me-ne/she-us), Si'cyon (sish'i-on). EXCEPTION. When si, immediately preceded by an accented vowel, is followed by a vowel, the s takes the sound of zh; as in He'siod (he'zhi-od). -Though not properly an exception to the rule, it may be stated that zi similarly situated is pronounced in the same manner; as in Aly'zia (a-lizh'i-a). - †, when preceded by another t, and commonly in the termination tion, has its proper sound (heard in top, mat, &c.); as in Brut'ti-i, Me'ti-on: when preceded by s or x, it has, according to some authorities, the same sound; according to others, the sound of ch in church; as in Sallus'tius (sal-lus'ti-us, or sal-lus'chi-us), Sex'tius (seks'ti-us, or seks/chi-us), &c.

§ 24. (12.) S, when final, if preceded by e, has the sound of z; as in Per

§ 25. (13.) X, ending an accented syllable, and standing before i followed by another vowel, has the sound of ksh; as, Cinx'ia (singk/shi-a).

§ 26. (14.) Combinations of initial consonants which are foreign to the nature and habits of our language, drop the sound of their first letter or digraph; as in Cneius (pronounced ne'yus), Ctesiphon (tes'i-fon), Gnatho (nā'tho), Mnemosyne (ne-mos’i-ne), Pnytagoras (ni-tag'o-ras), Psyche (si'ke), Ptolemy (tol'e-me), Phthas (thas).

§ 27. (15.) The terminations aus and ous are always to be pronounced in two syllables; as, Archela'us, Alcin'o-us.

§ 28. (16.) The termination eus, in proper names which in Greek end in Evç, as Orpheus, Prometheus, &c., should be pronounced in one syllable, the eu being a diphthong with the sound of "long u."

Accent.

§ 29. (17.) Words of two syllables invariably have the accent on the first syllable. In words of more than two syllables, if the penult is long in quantity, it takes the accent; but, if short, the accent is on the antepenult. When the penult is common, or doubtful, the accent is on the antepenult.

By quantity, in Greek and Latin, is meant the relative time occupied in pronouncing a syllable, when those languages were spoken tongues. A syllable containing a short vowel may be lengthened by accompanying consonants; but the ancients seem to have felt the effect of these only when final, and to have made no account of initial consonants-probably because they pronounced them with extreme brevity-in estimating the duration of a syllable. The general rules in relation to quantity are as follows:- 1. Before j, x, z, or any two consonants except a mute followed by l or r, the vowel of the penult is long by position. [This is the language of the grammarians: the vowel, in such cases, was probably short or stopped; but the syllable was long, being made so by the following consonant or consonants.] The digraphs ch, ph, rh, and th, which represent simple sounds, are reckoned as single consonants. 2. A vowel before a mute and/or r is common; that is, either long or short. 3. Diphthongs are long. 4. A vowel before another vowel or h is short. In other cases, the quantity must be determined by etymology, metrical usage, or the orthography of the word in Greek; but every vowel which cannot be proved to be long, is arbitrarily assumed to be short. The division of words into syllables - which depends in part upon the position of the accent, and this, in turn, upon quantity - must be understood before words can be correctly pronounced. The rules in regard to this subject may be found in any good Latin grammar.

BRIEF RULES

FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANGUAGES OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE.

Vowels.

§ 30. (1.) In the languages of the Continent of Europe, the vowel a, when long,

of a in fat, man never that of a in fate. Â, in French, has a sound resembling that of a in far, but deeper and less distinct, verging toward that of a in all its peculiar quality is due to the retraction of the tongue and the soft palate. A briefer variety of the same sound is heard in the Fr. pas, Ger. mann. In Hungarian, a is like o in not; á, like a in far. Å, in Swedish, has a sound intermediate between that of a in all, and that of o in note. For the sounds of ä, ã, ą, see §§ 37, 62.

§ 31. (2.) E generally has a sound similar to that of "long a" in fate, but often like that of "short e" in met, or like the latter when protracted. (See § 1.) É, in French, has the sound of e in then, or that of the initial element in mate (see § 1); è and ê have the sound of the first e in there; e (unaccented) is, in most cases, either entirely silent, or has a very brief sound of the neutral vowel (u in up, urn). É, in Swedish, when long, has a sound somewhat like that of short i (in pin), but more prolonged; when short, it is like e in met. In Hungarian and Polish, e (unaccented) sounds like e in met; é nearly like a in mate. For the sounds of e, e, see § 62.

§32. (3.) I has usually the sound of i in marine, which is the same as the "long e" in me, she, &c. It is often shortened in quantity, like the e in bemoan, but the quality of the sound remains the same, and should not be suffered to degenerate into that of i in ill. This latter sound, however, is heard in Dutch, and sometimes in German. In Hungarian, i and i differ only in length, the

accented vowel being more protracted than the unaccented.

§ 33. (4.) O has, for the most part, the same, or nearly the same, sounds that it has in English in the words note, not, north. (See § 5.) It sometimes as in the It. volpe· has a sound intermediate between that of o in note and that of oo in food. This is called, in Italian, "o chiuso." The 0 aperto" of the same language is a sound intermediate between the o of note and that of north. In Swedish and Norwegian, at the end of a syllable, o has the sound of oo or of oo. Ô, in French, has always the full sound of "long o" in English. In Hungarian, o is nearly like long o in English; ó has a fuller and deeper sound. In Polish, o sounds like o in note; ó, like oo in food, or in foot. For the sound of ö, see § 46.

§ 34. (5.) U, in most of these languages, has, when long, the sound of u in true (equivalent to the oō in food); when short, that of u in full (equivalent to the oo in foot). In French, - and also in Dutch, when at the end of a syllable, — it has a sound intermediate between oo and e, formed by attempting to pronounce these sounds simultaneously, the lips being placed in the position for uttering ōo, and the tongue in that for e. The sound is sometimes long and sometimes short, but the difference is merely one of quantity. In Dutch, u, when short or stopped, is sounded as in nut. U, in Swedish, is intermediate between i and oo, but is a pinched and very peculiar sound, differing considerably in its effect upon the ear from that of the French u, the lips being rounded instead of pouted. The nearest equivalent in English is oo. In Hungarian, u (unaccented) has the sound of oo; ú, a longer and fuller sound of the same general quality. For the sound of ü, see § 51.

like "long e" in English. (See § 32.) In Dutch, it has the sound of the English "longi" (i in pine); but in the modern Dutch orthography it is replaced by j. In Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, it is like the French and Dutch u, or the German ü. (See § 34.)

Diphthongs and Vowel Combinations.

§ 36. (7.) Aa, in most languages, has the same sound as single a,- that is, the sound of a in far,—but is more prolonged. In Danish, it sounds nearly as a in all, but verges towards the sound of o in note.

§ 37. (8.) Ae, or ä, when long, is usually sounded like a in fate, or the first c in there; when short, like e in met. (See § 1.) In Dutch, it is like a in far; but the reformed Dutch orthography substitutes aa for ae.

§ 38. (9.) Aeu, or äu, in German, has the sound of oi in toil, but is differ ently pronounced in different parts of Germany.

§ 39. (10.) Ai and ay are generally sounded like the English adverb ay (yes); but in French they have nearly the sound of a in fate, or e in there. (See § 1.) § 40. (11.) Eau, in French, has the same sound as the French au; that is, of the English "long o."

§ 41. (12.) Ee has a prolonged sound of the foreign e, which is nearly equivalent to the English a in fate. (See § 31.) § 42. (13.) Ei and ey are generally like ay in day, when this word is pronounced with the full diphthongal sound of the vowel. In French, they have a more open sound, resembling that of e in met, or that of a in mate with the terminal element of the a omitted. (See § 1.) In German and Danish, they are like the English adverb ay (yes); that is, they unite the sounds of a in far and i in ill, and hence nearly resemble our "long i."

§ 43. (14.) Eu, in French and Dutch, has—with some variations of quantity, and some slight differences of quality- a sound similar to that of u in urn, but more accurately described as intermediate between the a in mate and the o in note, and formed by an attempt to pronounce these vowels simultaneously. (See § 46.) Eu, in German and Danish, sounds like oi in toil. In Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, it is equivalent to a oo.

§ 44. (15.) Te usually sounds like e in me, but, in German, it sometimes makes two syllables, and, in French, before r final, forms a diphthong which is pronounced e-ð.

§ 45. (16.) Ii is equivalent to ime-prolonged.

- that is, to the English "long e," as in

§ 46. (17.) Oe, or ö (in Dan. ø), in the Germanic languages, is essentially the same as eu in French (see § 43), though most authorities recognize a slight difference of quality between the two sounds, ö inclining more to the sound of a, and having the lips more pursed up for its utterance, than eu. The u in urn is the nearest English approximation to both. In Hungarian, or ő is merely a longer variety of ö.

§ 47. (18.) Eu, in French, is like eu in the same language. (See § 43.) § 48. (19.) Oi, in French, sounds, in most words, nearly like wa in was. In

in the modern French spelling. Oi, in Danish, is like oi in English; i is oe, with the o short, or brief.

§ 49. (20.) Oo, has the sound of oo in door, or o in note, somewhat prolonged, and without the final element of this sound in English.

§ 50. (21.) Ou, in French, when long, is like oo in food; when short, like oo in foot. In Dutch and Norwegian, it has the sound of ou in the English word out. In Portuguese, it is usually pronounced like the English “long o.” § 51. (22.) Ue, or ü, in the Germanic languages, is sounded like the French u (See § 34.) In Hungarian, ü or ű is merely a longer variety of ü.

§ 52. (23.) Ui and uy, in Dutch, resemble oi in English. § 53. (24.) Uu is like oo in food, but longer.

Consonants.

§ 54. (25.) B, in German and Danish, at the end of a word, sounds like p In Spanish, between two vowels, its sound is intermediate between those of the English b and w, and may be described as a v made without the aid of the teeth, but with the lips alone, which are pouted and brought flatly and feebly

into contact.

§ 55. (26.) C, in Italian, before e and i, sounds like ch in church; in Spanish, in the same position, like th in thin (though in Catalonia and in Spanish America it has the sound of s). In German and Danish, before e, i, y, ä, ö (Ø), ün or a diphthong commencing with any one of these letters, and in Polish in all positions, it is pronounced like ts. Ć, in Polish, blends the sounds of ts and consonant y. (Compare § 74.) C, in French and Portuguese, sounds like s, before a, o, and u.

§ 56. (27.) D, in German, Dutch, and Swedish, at the end of a word, sounds like t; in Spanish and Danish, when occurring between two vowels, or at the end of a word, like th in this, but it is very gently pronounced, so as some, times scarcely to be audible.

§ 57. (28.) F, in Swedish, at the end of a word or syllable, sounds as does in English.

§ 58. (29.) G is always "hard" before a, o, u, as it is in the English words gain, gold, gust. In Polish, it is hard in all situations; so also in Hungarian, unless followed by j or y. (See §§ 76, 79.) In French, Spanish, and Portuguese, before e, i, and y, it is like the j of these languages. (See § 60.) In Italian, in the same position, it is like the English j, that is, like g in gem. (See § 8.) In German, the standard and best pronunciation makes g "hard" in every case when it is followed by a vowel in the same word; but when preceded and not fol lowed by a vowel, it has the sound of the German ch. (See § 71.) In Dutch, g, in all positions, has a harsh guttural sound, which is the sonant or vocalized cor、 respondent of the German guttural ch. (See § 71.) In Swedish, before e, i, y, ä, and ö, and when preceded by any other consonant than n, it sounds like the English consonant y; in Danish, at the end of a word, its sound is very soft, somewhat resembling that of h. Gu, in French, Spanish, and Portuguese before e and i, sounds like gu in guest, guile, the u being inserted to keep the g