of turmoils, proved a perfect failure; and the Carolinians were only too glad to surrender the Proprietary Government into the hands of the king."

The following sketches embrace the family history of the descendants of one of the Palatines.

Mr. John Wyndham's paternal ancestors were among the earliest settlers on the waters of the Broad river (called by the French, Grande river). This part of the Atlantic coast had been opened to Spanish discovery early in the 16th century, and the name of Chicora, given to it by the Indians, was recognized. Cape St. Helena, and Broad river, with its celebrated island, Port Royal, had been known since the enterprise of Ribault. That officer, in 1572, built Fort Carolina, on the site where the town of Beaufort now stands. This ancient point of French discovery, had also been the first seat of English settlement under the Proprietary Government; although this germinating point of settlement was carried subsequently to the fertile banks of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Here the City of Charleston was founded in 1680.

The refinement and chivalrous spirit that still distinguishes the oldest families in South Carolina, was introduced in the reign of Charles II., by the emigration of the cavaliers of England, who came out under the stimulant, as previously remarked, of grants of fertile lands, untrammelled religious opinion, and the love of enterprise in a new country.

Mr. Wyndham located himself on that part of the const formerly occupied by the Yamasees, who in 1715 planned a massacre of all the white inhabitants. This was but a repetition of the terrible massiere of the

Virginia colonists under Opechanganough, in 1622; of the Susquehannocks, in Maryland, in 1612; of King Pip, of New England, in 1677; and of the Tuscaroras, in North Carolina, in 1711:-events which have done much to blunt Southern sympathy for this doomed race, up to the present day.

The waters of the Coosauhatchie and Combahee, fowed through portions of the country where Mr. Wyndham resided. The mounds near Pocataligo yet remain to attest the seat of the Yamasee dominions. This massacre, in South Carolina, broke out suddenly; for the Indians, with their usual stealthy cunning and secrecy, never betrayed a single hint of their bloody purpose, although it was planned a whole year before. Indications in their countenances of dissatisfaction, it is true, were observed, in consequence of which, Governor Craven sent Mr. Nairn to reside among them as Indian Agent, in order to test their fidelity, and redress their grievances, if they had any. But although the plot was then on the eve of execution, they lulled his every suspicion; and, after a satisfactory council with them, and partaking of their hospitalities, retired to re-t, satisfied that his fears were unfounded.

Early the next morning, being the 13th of April, he was awakened by the war-whoop, and fell beneath their treacherous blows. He had a companion who escaped with a wound, and swam over the river to give the alarm; but this had no effect to save the immediately surrounding settlers, a hundred of whom were butchered with the tomahawk that day. Governor Craven, of Charleston, adopted the most stringent and prompt means to put down the savage outbreak; orga

and opinions, was succeeded by its opposites in social, political, religious, and literary life.

The violent struggle that brought Charles I. to the scaffold, the marked era of the Protectorship and the Commonwealth, and the revolution that re-introduced a Stuart, had filled the kingdom with a numerous class of discontented persons, which had the effect of swelling the tide of emigration to the American colonies.

The adherents to the government of Charles now determined to apply to the Crown for the charter of a colony, to which his friends and favorites might freely migrate. Charles acceded to the petition, and in 1672 granted a charter for the large range of the Atlantic coast situated between Virginia and Florida, to which was given the name of Carolina. Causes led to delays in the execution of the charter, and in 1674 a renewed charter of the country was granted to certain nobles and gentlemen, which was of an almost sovereignly aristocratic character.

"Agreeably to the powers with which these proprietors were invested by their charter, they began to frame a system of laws, for the government of their Colony, in which arduons task they called in the great philosopher, John Locke, to their assistance. A model government, consisting of no less than a hundred and twenty different articles, was framed by this learned man, which they agreed to establish, and to the careful observance of which to bind themselves and their heirs forever."... "But there is danger of error, where speculative men of one country attempt to sketch out a plan of government for another, in a

different climate and situation: so that although John Locke's great abilities and merit must be freely acknowledged, still his fine-spun system proved in effect useless and impracticable." ... "Several attempts were afterwards made to amend these fundamental constitutions; but the inhabitants, satisfied that they were not applicable to their circumstances, would not themselves, or through their representatives in assembly, assent to them, as a body of laws." ... "Whatever regulations the people found practical and useful, they adopted at the request of their governors; but still observed them on account of their own propriety and necessity, rather than as a system of laws imposed on them by British legislators."

Previous however to this experimental test, a residence in the Colony appeared very inviting, from Mr. John Locke's novel government of palatines, landgraves, and caciques. Locke's plan of government (says an old writer) for this Colony was, universal toleration in all religious matters: the only restriction in this respect being, that every person claiming the protection of that settlement should at the age of seventeen register himself in some particular communion. One of these early laws of Carolina reads. thus: "No person above seventeen years of age shall have any benefit or protection of the law, or be capable of any place of honor or profit, who is not a member of some church or profession, having his name recorded in some one, and but one, religious record at a time." ... "No person whatsoever shall speak any thing in their religious assembly irreverently or seditiously of the government, or governors, or state matters."

"No agreement or assembly of men upon pretence of religion shall be accounted a church or profession, without these rules:

"1. That there is a God.

"2. That God is to be publicly worshipped.

"3. That it is lawful and the duty of every man, being thereunto called by those that govern, to bear witness to the truth; and that every church or profession shall in their terms of communion set down the external way whereby they witness a truth, as in the presence of God, whether it be by laying on of hands or kissing the Bible," &c.

To civil liberty however our philosopher, John Locke, was not so favorable. "The code of Carolina gave to the proprietors, who founded the Colony, and to their heirs, not only all the rights of a monarch, but all the powers of legislation. The Court, which was composed of this sovereign body, and called the Palatine Court, was invested with the right of nominating to all employments and dignities, and even of conferring nobility, but with new and unprecedented titles." "They were, for instance, to create in each county two caciques, each of whom was to be possessed of 24,000 acres of land; and a landgrave, who was to have 80,000." (There is a variety of differences in the accounts of historians of the number of acres these caciques and landgraves were to possess. Some of them, for instance Thompson's "Alcedo," make the number of acres 480,000 to the landgraves.)

The persons on whom these honors should be bestowed were to compose the Upper House, and their possessions were made inalienable. They had only