was cus a month, instead of only three or And then with regard to the propositions and practices of the Tractarians, instead of beginning well, and only running off the right road as the machine acquired a too rapid motion, we maintain that they set out on a wrong road from the beginning; that which in their writings was new is not true, and what was true is not new; and that in reviving an internecine war about Fathers, tradition, altars, vestments, candles, and we know not what, they have not made those who have embraced their notions better Anglican Churchmen, while they have caused great peril of the Gospel of Christ for the salvation of the souls of men being overlayed by the dross and tinsel of Papal superstition. But on these points we cannot write more strongly than Mr. Garbett himself in effect does, even when sweetening his censures by mixing them up with all that he can devise of a softening and apologetic character; as for example: blishment of whose theory the Articles of the Church of England cannot coexist, and whose unseen and unavowed operations in practice will paralyze her spiritual power, and destroy the Church of Christ, by substituting human forms for her Prophet, Priest, and King." To the same effect Mr. Garbett adds: the "All these allowances (in favour of Tractarianism) must be made; but they will not alter the present case; system under discussion has not in view the mere inculcation of Christian holiness, but to shift the whole question to a new base, and to reverse the relative position of faith and works, as cause and effect; to put faith on the same and no more; and to transfer the justifooting as any other grace or duty, fying power, solely, to works or inward holiness. And it is partly from the necessities produced by this assumed from other causes, that springs the inrelation of faith and works, and partly compatibility between this system and the Church of England, on the relation of Scripture and tradition." "The system is Romanism; not partially, but essentially; not yet Romanism, indeed, as historical recollections have expressed it, or as the conclusions of reason have demonstrated it to be; not Romanism in all its palpable and revolting incongruities to the heart and understanding. But-Romanism, as it has, in all ages, represented itself to the young and to the devout-Romanism, as it is, when purified by elevated feelings, and minds originally trained in Scripture truth-Romanism, as it combines with itself all that is grand and beautiful in art, specious in reason, and seductive in sentimentRomanism, which may be safe, in those scripturally trained minds, who have presented it to themselves, and to the world in this beautiful shape-but Romanism, still perverting the truth of the Gospel while it decorates it-Romanism, which though it looks paternally and benignly in the amiable spirits of its present advocates, involves principles ever fatal to human liberty and progression-Romanism, with the estaCHRIST. OBSERV. No. 66. "The inevitable result of such a principle is precisely that which the system itself loudly proclaims for our adoption: we must not speak of the ordinances of God, but the ordinances of the Church; we are not to look up to Christ, but to the Church; the Church, beginning, middle, and end of man's by the Divinity resident in her, is the salvation upon earth. And each man's minister is to him the representative, and the sole depositary, of this infallible truth; for such a claim is useless, unless the commission confers it upon all whom it consecrates. the Church, but it is in truth the You may call it Priest." "Let this theory of Church authority be joined on to the dogmas of tradition, and justification by inherent holiness; and not only have we Romanism, in its doctrinal spirit, but the very form of it developed, and outwardly expressed; nothing is wanting to the perfection of the hierarchy, but that central and visible supremacy-that recognized one-which crowns and consolidates the Romish scheme. And even this will follow by clear deduction from if it did not follow logically, yet its the principles already admitted; and, establishment would be secured by the force of theological and historical prepossession. In all these points, tradition, justification, and the ministry, it was always a delusion to speak of a via media; thoughtful men were right, when, even in the cautious forms in 3 B which they were originally propounded, they discerned, from afar, that ultimate Romanism, the introduction of which into the bosom of the Church of England seemed to most men an idle dream-an impossibility." Such are Mr. Garbett's conclusions; and they are the weightier, because the writer has given the Tractarian system too much of vantage ground in the discussion. If we may seem to have been vacil lating-perhaps inconsistent - in our approvals and disapprovals of his book, it is because we have been careful to distinguish between what appeared to us excellent, and some things which we thought doubtful. The result, however, is a large balance of gratitude to Mr. Garbett, for his able, learned, and valuable publication. LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. Memoir of the Life and Correspondence of John Lord Teignmouth. By his Son, LORD Teignmouth. SPEEDILY after the death of our revered friend the late Lord Teignmouth, we drew up, and inserted in our volume for 1834, a memoir of that excellent and much-esteemed nobleman; which, with a few additions, was prefixed to his life of Sir William Jones, in the edition circulated by the Christian Knowledge Committee of Literature. We are glad at length to have a full account of his Lordship's life and correspondence, from the pen of his much-esteemed son, the worthy successor to his title. The first volume exhibits his earlier days, and his career in India; the second, the latter portion of his life, from the commencement of the present century to his lamented decease. Both parts are replete with interesting matter. We know so well the impatience of most persons at being held by the button to listen to a reviewer's prefacings, when they might be more agreeably employed in proceeding to the culled portions of a biographical narrative, that we will at once proceed to our intended extracts. For our opinions and remarks upon Lord Teignmouth's life and character, we refer to the memoir in our Volume for 1834; but for those who do not find it convenient to turn back to 2 Vols. 8vo. 1843. that paper, we add the following facts and dates, which may suffice to string together our purposed extracts. John Shore, the representative of the ancient family of that name, of Derby, was born in London in the year 1751. His father died when he was a child; and he and his brother were educated under the eye of their mother, till they went to Harrow School. His brother became a clergyman; and John proceeded to India as a Writer. He passed through a gradation of important offices, and in 1785 returned to England. Here he married Miss Cornish, of Teignmouth; but, shortly after his marriage, he was urged by the Directors of the East India Company, to go back as a member of the Supreme Council at Calcutta; and at length consented, both for public reasons and in order to provide for his family, though at the severe sacrifice of being separated from Mrs. Shore, whose health did not allow of her accompanying him. In 1789, having completed the chief official business upon which he was intent, for the permanent settlement of the Indian revenues, he again returned home; but in 1792 he was forced back to India by Mr. Pitt and his colleagues, as Governor-General, and with the cordial approbation of the East India Company. His Lady was unable to go out with him; but she followed him some time after. In 1798 they returned to England. The chief public facts of his Lordship's life from that period are too well known to require specific mention; especially his accepting the office of President of the Bible Society, his labours in connexion with that institution, and the share which he took in extending the Gospel to India, introducing the episcopate, and founding a National Church Establishment; as well as generally his exertions in promoting objects of piety, humanity, and charity. Keeping this brief summary of facts in view, we hope to be able so to weave our extracts together, as to present, though not the unbroken tissue of his life, yet such portions as may fairly exhibit its character and value. We purposely pass over most of the financial and political details respecting India: first, because we could not pretend to make them either interesting or intelligible in the space of a few pages; and secondly, because such questions involve matters of discussion, which are not within our present range of remark. We wish to exhibit the character, principles, and zealous labours of Lord Teignmouth, without venturing upon the intricate relationships of Anglican oriental policy. "John, the elder son, was born in London, on the 8th October, 1751, at a lodging in St. James's-street, temporarily occupied by his parents: their ordinary residence being Melton Place, near Romford in Essex, where he passed his infancy. His earliest recollection was, being sent daily to a neighbouring school, mounted on one of the carriagehorses, in front of the coachman. In his seventh year he was removed to a seminary at Tottenham. In the next he lost his father." "The widow was left in comfortable circumstances, and in possession of an income enabling her to bestow on her sons the advantage of a liberal education. Her estimable character combined, in a remarkable degree, warmth of affection with soundness of judgment, under the regulating influence of religious principle. Of her religious opinions, her son would observe, that they were of the school which predominated in her day; dwelling principally on the morality of the Gospel, and little on the fundamenmanners have been described as elegant tal doctrine of the Atonement. Her and polished. Of her self-command under trying circumstances, her son would mention the following proof:bestriding the roof of a high barn, unShe had discovered him, whilst a child, conscious of the danger of his situation. Fearing the effect on his mind of any indication of alarm on her part, she concealed her feelings, by conversing playtions, a servant procured a ladder, and fully with him; whilst, by her direcsecured him. Her emotions, which she had controlled whilst doubtful of his safety, now overcame her, and she fell into a swoon. 66 John Shore's future course was settled soon after his father's death, by his acceptance of a Writership in the East India Company's service, offered to him by an old friend of his family. On his removal to Harrow, in his fifteenth year, he was placed on the fifth form, and derived the full advantage of the instruction of the two eminent scholars under whose auspices it then flourished, Drs. school was between two boys destined Sumner and Parr. His position in the like himself to eminence, and for some time associated in pursuits as in fameNathaniel Halhed, and Richard Brinsley boyish habits corresponded with the reSheridan. His description of Sheridan's presentations familiar to every one. With Halhed, Shore renewed his intercourse both in England and in India; but, except at Richmond, where Sheridan school. For an active participation of then resided, he never saw him but at the manly games for which Harrow has been ever celebrated, Shore was qualified by a sinewy but spare frame. "The Directors of the East India Company required that their Civil Serduties, should be versed in Book-keepvants, previously to entering on their ing and Merchants' Accounts. As no seminary was especially provided for the purpose, Shore was placed, in his seventeenth year, at an academy at Hoxton, where he passed nine months in acquiring knowledge for which a obscure seminary contained at this fortnight would have sufficed. This time another individual, besides himself, destined to fill the high office of Governor-General of India-Lord Rawdon, afterwards Marquis of Hastings. "Mr. Shore embarked for India at the age of seventeen. His parting at Gravesend, final as it proved with his beloved parent, was during many years fresh in his recollection. He adverts with gratitude to her care and judgment, in supplying him with books calculated to foster the religious principles which she had early implanted. Among these, he particularly mentions Clarke's and Seed's Sermons, recommended to her by her friend Dr. Hawkesworth, author of the Adventurer,' whom she had consulted on the subject. From the latter of these works he derived his first impressions of the force of the Evidences of Christianity. "Mr. Shore's messmates on board of the vessel which conveyed him to India were a disorderly set of Writers and Cadets, about a dozen in number; who contrived, amidst other extravagancies, to fight two duels during a short delay at Portsmouth, and three or four more at places intermediate or at the end of the voyage. His captain was a rough well-meaning sailor, exhibiting an extraordinary medley of occasional profaneness and uneducated religious notions. It was his invariable practice on Sunday to let down a canvas curtain at one end of the cuddy-for he reserved to himself no cabin; and to read the Church Service-a duty which he considered a complete clearance of the sins of the preceding week: and, that they might not accumulate too fast, he was heard, when he had chanced, in the hurry of giving orders, to utter an oath, to ejaculate a prayer for forgiveness; observing, 'Let us rub off as we go.' Mr. Shore landed in Bengal in such ill health, that his shipmates despaired of his recovery; and he overheard them observing with sorrow, as he quitted the vessel, that he would never reach Calcutta. "Calcutta had not yet become what it was destined to be, a city of palaces.' Mr. Shore found it-to borrow his own description, communicated many years afterwards to his son in India-consist ing of houses, not two or three of which were furnished with Venetian blinds or glass windows; solid shutters being generally used; and rattans, like those used for the bottoms of chairs, in lieu of panes; whilst little provision was made against the heat of the climate. The town was rendered unhealthy by the effluvia from open drains; and, to conclude in his own words: I began life without connections and friends; and had scarcely a letter of recommendation or introduction. There was no church in Calcutta, although Divine Service was performed in a room in the Old Fort on Sunday mornings only; and there was only one Clergyman in Bengal. "Mr. Shore was appointed, soon after his arrival, to the Secret Political Department, and continued in it during a year. Many volumes of its records are in his hand-writing. His annual salary amounted to ninety-six current rupees, exactly twelve pounds, according to the then existing value of that money; whilst he paid nearly double the above sum for a miserable, close, and unwholesome dwelling. General poverty supplied additional temptations to irregularity and corruption; the colony being much depressed by the heavy cost of the war in the Carnatic, and the failure of the revenues; whilst the gloom of its prospects was enhanced by that memorable famine, occasioned by the loss in Bengal of the harvest of an entire year, which, it is supposed, swept away one-fifth or one sixth of its inhabitants. Of this calamity Mr. Shore was an eye-witness; and the following lines, forming part of a poem written nearly forty years afterwards, proves that the impression which his mind had received from the circumstances with which a voyage on the Ganges had familiarised him had never been obliterated: 'Still fresh in Memory's eye, the scene I view, The shrivell'd limbs, sunk eyes, and lifeless hue; Still hear the mother's shrieks and in- Cries of despair, and agonizing groans. The dogs' fell howl, as, midst the glare They riot, unmolested, on their prey! "An ordeal more trying to the health, the integrity, and the morals of a youth, than that to which the Company's servants were now exposed, could not be conceived. Mr. Shore's constitution, originally robust, was speedily affected by the climate, producing sleeplessness, which became habitual to him during his residence in India; whilst, rather than subject his mother to expense, he denied himself almost necessary com forts, and, during the first two years, even the indulgence of a horse. Nor did he resist the almost universal contagion of bad example; and lived, to borrow the language of one of his earliest friends, as other young men did; still ever retaining his characteristic in- "The Supervisors having been placed, in 1770, under the controul of two councils-one at Moorshedabad, for the province of Bengal, and the other at Patna, for that of Behar-Mr. Shore was nominated assistant to the former, in September of this year. And in consequence of the indolence of the chief of his department, and the absence of the second on a special mission, he suddenly found himself, at the age of nineteen, elevated from the humble drudgery of a Writer in a public office, to the responsible situation of a Judge, invested with the civil and fiscal jurisdiction of a large district. "Of the magnitude of the burden imposed on him, it would be easier to form an idea than of the extent of the opportunities of tyranny and malversation placed within his reach. Will you be lieve,' observes Mr. Hastings, in a lately published letter, that the boys of the service are the sovereigns of the country, under the unmeaning title of supervisors, collectors of the revenue, administrators of justice, and rulers, heavy rulers, of the people?' "The importance of the charge called forth the energy of Mr. Shore's character. The court being distant from his residence, he would, on an emergency, remain trying causes, with little relaxation, from the hour of breakfast on one day, till that of supper on the following. These sometimes involved property to an immense amount. In a single year he adjudicated six hundred; and from his decisions there were only two appeals-a proof of the precocious maturity of his judgment, and of the confidence of the suitors. "His integrity did not, however, escape imputation; and it may excite surprise that he was first brought to the notice of Mr. Hastings on a charge of corruption, instituted by native suitors, who had been disappointed by one of his decisions. Mr. Hastings immediately addressed a letter to the Chief of his department, Mr. M, beseeching him not to suffer his friendship for Mr. Shore to shield his guilt, if substantiated. Mr. Shore's accusers shrank from confrontation with him; and Mr. Hastings was perfectly satisfied of his innocence, on his offering to declare, upon oath, that he had never received other remuneration of his official labours than that arising from the customary trifling fees. "Mr. Shore's evenings, usually passed in solitude at his country-house, were devoted to the prosecution of studies cal culated both to qualify him for more important duties, and to supply his leisure with the means of profitable and delightful recreation. "So little had the utility of oriental learning been as yet appreciated by the Company's servants, that not three of them were conversant with any oriental language but Hindostanee; broken English being their only medium of communication with their native servants. "Mr. Shore perceived the advantage to be derived from the study of the oriental languages. His industry embraced at once the Hindostanee, Persian, and Arabic. Nor did he neglect the Bengalee. "A lasting friendship was formed between the pupil and his Moonshee. Grateful for some services rendered to him by Mr. Shore, this attached native transmitted to him at Calcutta a present of oriental books. The whole collection was swamped in the Ganges, and irrecoverably, excepting a single volumea splendid copy of the Shah Nameh of Phirdoosi. Its pages are yet stained by the waters of the sacred river. Not satisfied, however, with this costly proof of his regard to his benefactor, the Moonshee, who had become wealthy, afforded him yet more substantial evidence of his recollection, by earnestly requesting him, when on the point of leaving India, to accept a sum amounting to 1,600l., on the plea that the latter had saved little, and that the state of his health would prevent him again exposing himself to an Indian climate. Mr. Shore, whilst he declined the proposal, was much affected by this trait of generosity; and happily enjoyed, on returning to India, an opportunity of testifying his regard to his friend, by rendering essential assistance to his family: for the Moonshee had died during his absence, and left his children consuming his property in litigation. Mr. Shore offered his services as arbitrator of their differences, and acquitted himself of his duty to their satisfaction. "Extensive intercourse with the natives, and experimental skill acquired by personal superintendence of a small farm -a practice afterwards prohibited to the Company's servants-followed by subsequent researches, supplied Mr. Shore with that ample information respecting the habits, manners, and customary tenures of the people, and that clear insight into the complicated machinery of their revenue systems, to which his success in after-life was mainly attributable. "His new and various studies did not divert him from the cultivation of European and classical literature. "His correspondence with his mother |