aid of Syracuse, 405; and to put himself into his hands, 406; Dion restores him the command in chief by sea, 408; Heraclides renews his intrigues against Dion, ibid.; Dion is obliged to suffer him to be killed, 409.
Her-a-cli'des, Philip's minister, his character, iv. 18; Philip sacrifices him, to gain the affection of the Macedonians, ibid.
Her-a-cli'des of Byzantium is deputed by Antio- chus to Scipio Africanus, iv. 66, 67. Her-a-cli'des, treasurer of the province of Babylon, is banished by Demetrius Soter, iv. 231; he is appointed by Ptolemy, Attalus, and Ariarathes, to prepare Alexander Bala for personating the son of Antiochus Epiphanes, in order to his reigning instead of Demetrius, 233; he carries him to Rome, where he succeeds in causing him to be acknowledged king of Syria, ibid. Her'cu-les, son of Jupiter aud Alcmena, subjected to Eurysthenes by the fraud of Juno, i. 412. Her'cu-les, son of Alexander and Barsina, iii. 228; is put to death by Polysperchon, 274. Her-ip-pi'das, Spartan: his too rigid exactness obliges Spithridates to abandon the party of the Lacedæmonians, ii. 281.
Her-mi'as, Carian, is declared prime minister of Antiochus the great, iii. 400; his character, ibid.; he removes Ephigenes, the most able of Antio chus's generals, 402; Antiochus causes him to be assassinated, 404. Her-moc'ra-tes, Syracusan, encourages his citizens to defend themselves against the Athenians, ii. 193; he is elected general, ibid.,
Her-mo-la'us, officer in the train of Alexander, con- spires against that prince, iii. 176; he is discov- ered and punished, ibid
Her'od, Idumæan, is made governor of Galilee, iv. 280; he escapes from Jerusalem, to avoid falling|| into the hands of the Parthians, ibid.; he goes to Rome, and is declared king of Judea by the se- nate, ibid.; he forms the siege of Jerusalem, 281; he goes to Samaria, and espouses Mariamne, ibid.; he makes himself master of Jerusalem, and ascends the throne of Judea, ibid. He-rod'i-cus, one of the principal persons of Thes- saly; unhappy fate of that prince and his family, iv. 105.
He-rod'o-tus, Greek historian: his birth, ii. 46; applauses which he received at the Olympic games on reading his history there, i. 59. He-rod'o-tus, friend of Demetrius son of Philip, is seized on that prince's account, iv. 117; he is put to the torture, and dies on the rack, ibid. He'roes: times most famous for the history of the heroes, i. 52; description of most of the heroes so much boasted of in history, 53; qualities that form the true hero, iii. 219. He'si-od, Greek poet, i. 443. Hez-e-ki'ah, king of Judah, is cured miraculously, i. 285; he shows the ambassadors of the king of Babylon his riches and his palace, ibid.; God menaces him by his prophet, ibid.; accomplish- ment of those threats, 287.
Hi'dar-nes, Persian of great quality, Statira's fa- ther, ii. 238.
Hi-emp'sal, son of Micipsa, king of Numidia, i. 264; Jugurtha causes him to be murdered, 265. Hi'e-rax, of Antioch, becomes prime minister to Physcon, iv. 242; that prince puts him to death, 243.
Hi'e-ro I. brother of Gelon, reigns after him in Sy- racuse, ii. 134; his character, ibid.; suspicions which he forms against his brother, 135; he at- tracts learned men about him ibid.; his good- ness to the children of Anaxilaus, 137; his death, ibid.
Hi'e-ro II. his birth, iv. 309 he is chosen captain- general of the Syracusans, ibid.; and soon after elected king, 310; he quits the party of the Car-
thaginians, and espouses that of the RomaS, 311; he aids the first against the mercenais, 312; his pacific reign, ibid.; he favours agnca ture particularly, ibid., &c.; distinguished prosti which he gives of his attachment to the Roths in the second Punic war, 314, 319; he empiri the ability of Archimedes, who makes abundance of machines of war for him for the defence of place, 316; galley which Archimedes builds fr him, 317; he dies at a great age, much lamented by his people, 319.
Hi-er'o-cles, father of Hiero, causes his son to be exposed, and then to be brought back to his house, where he educates him with great care, iv. 309.
Hi-e-ro-glyph'ics: signification of the word, i. 99. Hi-e-ron'y-mus, Hiero's grandson, reigns after bin at Syracuse, and by his vices causes him to be much regretted, iv. 319, 320; he makes an al- liance with Hannibal, 320; he is killed in a con- spiracy, 321.
Hi-e-ro phan'tes, name given to the person who presided at the ceremony of the feast of Eleusis, i. 34. Hi-mil'con, Carthaginian general, comes to Siriy to drive the Romans out of it, iv. 329; he perishes there, 331.
Hip'pa-cra, city of Africa, refused at first to join the mercenaries, i. 199; and joins them after- wards, 200.
Hip'par-chus, son of Pisistratus, governs at Athens after his father's death, i. 439; his taste for lite- rature, ibid.; he is killed in the conspiracy of Har- modius and Aristogiton, ibid.
Hip-pa-ri'nus, brother of Dionysius, drives Callip- pus out of Syracuse, and reigns there two years, ii. 411.
Hip'pi-as, son of Pisistratus, retains the sovereignty after the death of his father, i. 439; be finds means to frustrate the conspiracy formed by Har- modius and Aristogiton, ibid.; he is compelled to quit Attica, and goes to settle in Phrygia, 440,; he takes refuge in Asia with Artaphernes, 442; i 30; he engages the Persians in the war against the Greeks, and serves them as a guide, ; he is killed at Marathon, fighting against his coun- Hip-poc'ra-tes, famous physician: his great ability, try, 40. 1.391; his disinterestedness, ii. 194. Hip-poc'ra-tes, native of Carthage, is sent by Hlan- nibal to Hieronymus, and resides at his court, iv. 320; he becomes one of the principal magistrates of Syracuse, 324; he marches to the aid of Leon- tium, 325; and is obliged to fly, ibid.; be, and Epicydes, possess themselves of all authority at Syracuse, 326; he makes war in the field against Marcellus, 329; the plague destroys him and his Hip'po-nax, satiric poet, known by his verses troops, 331. His'to-ry: idea which it gives us of the origin and against Bupalus and Athenis, i. 445. progress of kingdoms, i. 13; advantages to be derived from the study of history, iii. 80, 449. Hol-o fer'nes, general of the king of Assyria, marches against the Israelites, and besieges Beth- ulia, i. 287; Judith cuts off his head, ibid. Hol-o fer'nes, the pretended brother of Ariarathes, usurps the throne of Cappadocia, iv. 202, 303; he is driven out by Attalus, and retires to An- tioch, ibid.; he enters into a conspiracy against Demetrius his benefactor, who imprisons him, 303.
Ho'mer, famous poet, i. 442; to what perfection be carried the species of poetry to which he applied himself, 443.
Ho-se'a, king of Samaria, revolts against the king of Assyria, i. 284; he is laden with chains by Salmanasar, and put in prison for the rest of his life, ibid.
Hy-a-cin'thus, feast celebrated in honour of him at Lacedæmon, ii. 73.
Hyb'la, a city of Sicily, ii. 181.
Hy-dar'nes commands the Persians called the Im- mortals, in the army of Xerxes, ii. 56. Hy-dra'o-tes, a river in India, iii. 187. Hy-me'ra, city of Sicily: its foundation, ii. 181; its destruction, i. 170.
Hy-mer'e-us, brother of Demetrius Phalereus, is delivered up to Antipater, who puts him to death, iii. 236.
Hy-per'bo-lus, Athenian: his character, ii. 179; he endeavours to irritate the people against Nicias and Alcibiades, ibid.; he is banished by the os- tracism, ibid.
Hyp-si-cra'ti-a, one of the wives of Mithridates: her masculine courage, iv. 374. Hyr-ca'ni-ans, people in the neighbourhood of Ba- bylonia, subjected by Cyrus, i. 320. Hyr-ca'nus, son of Joseph, is sent by his father to the court of Alexandria, to compliment the king upon the birth of his son Philometer, iv. 87; he distinguishes himself at the court by his address and magnificence, 88.
Hyr-ca'nus, (John,) son of Simon, is declared high- priest and prince of the Jews after his father's death, iv. 247; he is besieged by Antiochus Side- tes in Jerusalem, ibid.; and surrenders by capitu- lation, ibid.; he renders himself absolute and in- dependent, 249; he renews the treaty with the Romans, 251; he augments his power in Judea, 255; he takes Samaria, and demolishes it, 256; he becomes an enemy to the Pharisees, 257; he dies, ibid.
Hyr-ca'nus, son of Alexander Jannæus, is made high-priest of the Jews, iv. 266, 274; after the death of Alexandra, he takes possession of the throne, 276; he is obliged to submit to Aristobu- lus his younger brother, ibid.; he has recourse to Pompey, who replaces him upon the throne, ibid., &c.; he is again dethroned by Pacorus, son of Orodes, and delivered up to Antigonus, who causes his ears to be cut off, 280; the Par- thians carry him into the east, ibid.; he returns! to Jerusalem, where Herod puts him to death, ibid. Hys-tas'pes, father of Darius, governor of Persia, i. 367.
Hys-tas'pes, second son of Xerxes, is made gover- nor of Bactriana, ii. 82; his remoteness from court makes way for his brother Artaxerxes to ascend the throne, ibid.; Artaxerxes undertakes to reduce him, 98; and entirely ruins his party, Hys-ti-æ'us, tyrant of Miletus, prevails upon the generals of Ionia, not to abandon Darius, then employed in a war with the Scythians, ii. 25; Darius grants him a territory in Thrace, where he builds a city, 26; that prince recalls him to court, ibid.; Hystiæus secretly supports the re- volts of the Ionians, 29; he forms a conspiracy against the government, 32; he is discovered, ibid.; he is taken by the Persians, delivered up to Artaphernes, and put to death, 33; character of Hystiæus, ibid.
I-am'bic, verse proper for tragedy, i. 67. I-be'ri-ans, people of Asia, subjected by Pompey, iv. 376.
I'bis, animal adored by the Egyptians, i. 115, 117. Ic'e-tas of Syracuse, tyrant of the Leontines, causes
the wife and mother-in-law of Dion to be put to death, ii. 411; the Syracusans call in his aid against Dionysius, and elect him their general, 413; he conceives the design of making himself master of Syracuse, 414; and seizes great part
of the city, 415; Timoleon marches against him, 416, &c.; and obliges him to live as a private person in the city of the Leontines, 419; Icetas revolts against Timoleon, who punishes him and his son with death, 420.
Ich-neu'mon, animal adored in Egypt, i. 117. I-du'ma-ans, people of Palestine: Hyrcanus obliges them to embrace Judaism, iv. 272. Im'il-con, son of Hanno, is sent lieutenant to Han- nibal on his going to command in Sicily, i. 171; he takes Agrigentum, 172; he puts an end to the war by a treaty with Dionysius, ibid.; and returns to Carthage, 173; he returns to Sicily at the head of an army, i. 174, ii. 379; the plague spreads in his army, i. 174, ii. 382; he is defeated by Diony- sius, leaves his troops to the mercy of the enemy, and retires to Carthage, where he kills himself, i. 175, ii. 383.
Im-mortals, guards of the Persian kings, so called, i. 382.
In'a-chus, king of Argos, i. 412. In'a-rus, prince of the Libyans. is chosen king by the Egyptians, and supports their revolt against the Persians, ii. 106; he treats with Megabyzus, general of the Persians, and surrenders himself, 107; he is delivered to the mother of Artaxerxes, and put to death, ibid.
In'cest, common among the Persians, i. 363, 364,399 In-da-thyr'sus, king of the Scythians, attacked by Darius, ii. 24; answer of that prince to Darius, who sent to demand fire and water from him, ibid.
In'di-a, region of Asia, divided in two parts, i. 27; iii. 177; manners of its inhabitants, ibid., &c.; rarities of that country, ibid., &c. ; history of the commerce with that country from Solomon's time to the present, i. 109; very singular dispute between two Indian women after the death of their common husband, iii. 262; expedition of Semiramis into India, i. 279; conquest of India by Darius, ii. 27; then by Alexander, iii. 187, &c. In-form'ers: how punished in Persia, i. 374; defi- nition of them by Plutarch, ii. 402.-See Calum- niators or False Accusers.
In-grat'i-tude punished most severely among the Persians, i. 308.
In-ta-pher'nes, Persian lord: his insolence and punishment, ii. 11.
In'ter-est of money among the Romans, iv. 357,361. I'o-las, second son of Antipater, and cupbearer to Alexander, is suspected of having poisoned that prince, iii. 210.
I'on, son of Xuthus, who gave his name to Ionia, i. 414, 415.
I'on, favourite of Perseus, delivers up that prince's children to Octavius, iv. 186.
I-o'ni-a, province of Asia Minor, i. 409; from whence it takes its name, 415; revolt of the Ionians against Darius, ii. 29; they burn the city of Sardis, 31; their party is entirely ruined, 32; they throw off the Persian yoke after the battle of Salamin, and unite with the Greeks from thenceforth, 81.
I-phic'ra-tes, Athenian, is sent to aid Corcyra, ii. 432; he is placed at the head of the Grecian troops in the expedition of Artaxerxes against Egypt, 458; he retires to Athens, where Pharna- bazus causes him to be accused of making the expedition miscarry, ibid.; the Athenians em- ploy him in the war with the allies, iii. 8; he is accused by Chares, 10; and cited to take his trial, ibid.; means which he employs for his de- fence, ibid.; he re-establishes Perdiccas upon the throne of Macedonia, 31; praise of Iphicrates, 8; military discipline which he establishes among the troops, 9.
Ip'sus, city of Phrygia, famous for the victory of Ptolemy, Cassander, Seleucus, and Lysimachus, over Antigonus and Demetrius, iii. 296
Is'a-das, young Spartan: his great courage, ii. 450. I-sag'o-ras, Athenian, forms a faction in Athens after the expulsion of the tyrants, i. 441. Is'cho-las, Spartan, guards an important pass dur- ing the irruption of the Thebans into Laconia, and distinguishes himself in a peculiar manner, ii. 438.
Isle, part of the city of Syracuse: description of it, ii. 190.
Is-me'ni-us, Theban, is made prisoner with Pelopi- das, by Alexander of Pheræ, ii. 445; he is deliv- ered by Epaminondas, 447; Ismenius, polemarch of Thebes, is seized by Leontides, and carried prisoner to the citadel, 424; he is condemned and executed, 425.
I-soc'ra-tes, Greek orator: services which he en- deavoured to render the Athenians by his wri- tings, iii. 11, 47; his death, 66.
I-soc'ra-tes, Greek grammarian, is sent prisoner to Rome, for having endeavoured to justify the as- sassination of Octavius, iv. 232.
Is'sus, city of Cilicia, famous for Alexander's vic- tory over Darius, iii. 100.
Isth'mi-an, solemn games of Greece, i. 47. I-tal'i-ans massacred in Asia Minor, by order of Mithridates, iv. 344.
I'tho-bal, king of Tyre, when besieged by Nebu- chodonosor, i. 289.
I-tho'ma, a city of Messenia, famous for the battle fought there between the Messenians and Lace- dæmonians, i. 88; the inhabitants of that city subjected by the Lacedæmonians, ibid. I-tu're a, part of Colosyria, iv. 272; the Ituræans are obliged by Aristobulus to embrace Judaism,
Je-ho'az, king of Judea, led captive into Egypt, where he dies, i. 142.
Je-hoi'a-kim is placed by Nechao upon the throne of Judea in the room of his brother Jeloaz, i. 142; he is conquered by Nebuchodonosor, 288; he revolts against that prince, 289; his death, ibid. Je-ru'sa-lem, city of Palestine, i. 28; taking of that city by Nechao, 142; it is besieged by Sennache- rib, and delivered miraculously, 285, 286; it is besieged and taken by Nebuchodonosor, 282, 289; its fortifications demolished by that prince, ibid.; rebuilt by order of Artaxerxes, ii. 109; Alexan- der's entrance into Jerusalem, iii. 123; it is be- sieged and taken by Ptolemy, 246, 247; it is taken and plundered by Antiochus Epiphanes, iv. 125, 130, 131; its temple is profaned, 126, 132; it is taken by Antiochus Sidetes, who causes its for- tifications to be demolished, iv. 247; Pompey
takes Jerusalem by storm. 278; Cæsar perts its walls to be rebuilt, which Pompey had causet to be demolished, 280; Herod takes Jerusales, 281.
Je'sus Christ, his kingdom foretold by Daniel, 352; contrast between the kingdoms of the world and the kingdom of Christ, 353, 354.
Jews, massacre of the Jews, by order of Sennache rib, i. 286; aversion of the Jews for the Saman- tans, ibid.; captivity of the Jews at Babylon, and its duration, 288; Cyrus' edict for their return to Jerusalem, i. 350; the rebuilding of their city opposed by the Samaritans, 351; ii. 14; Darios confirms Cyrus' edict in their favour, 14; his edict against the Jews revoked at the solicitation of Esther, i. 375; the Jews are confirmed in their privileges by Xerxes, ii. 46; and afterwards by Artaxerxes, 108; Ochus carries a great number of Jews captive into Egypt, iii. 17; the Jews re- fuse to submit to Alexander, 122; they obtain great privileges from that prince, 127; they re- fuse to work at the building of the temple of Belus, 208; they settle at Alexandria in great numbers, 272; all those who were slaves in Egypt are set at liberty, 325; the Jews submiT TO Antiochus the Great, iv. 20; cruelties which they suffer from Antiochus Epiphanes, 125, 130, &c.; they gain great victories under Judas Mac- cabæus, first over the generals of that prince, then over those of Antiochus Eupator, and over himself in person, 136, 138, 140, 226; they make peace with Antiochus, ibid.; they gain new vic- tories over the generals of Demetrius Soter, 23; they are declared friends and allies of the Ro- mans. ibid.; they build a temple in Egypt, 234; they revenge themselves on the inhabitants of Antioch for the evils they had suffered from them, 238, 239; they renew the treaties with the Ro mans, 242; they are subjected by Antiochus Si detes, 247; history of the Jews under Aristobalus, 271; Alexander Janna us, 272; Alexandra, 4; Aristobulus II., 276; Hyrcanus, 279; Antigonus, 280; the sovereignty over the Jews transferred to a stranger, 281.
Jon'a-than, a Jew and Sadducee, brings over Hyr- canus to his sect from that of the Pharisees, iv.
Jon'a-than, brother of Judas Maccabæus, succeeds him in the government of Judea, iv. 232; he ac- cepts of the high-priesthood from Alexander Ba- la, and aids that prince against Demetrius Soter, 237; he undertakes to drive the Greeks out of the citadel which they had in Jerusalem, ibid., &c.; Demetrius Nicator orders him to attend him upon that affair, ibid.; Jonathan aids that prince against the people of Antioch, ibid.; dis- gusted by the ingratitude of Demetrius, he de clares for Antiochus Theos, 238; he suffers him- self to be deceived by Tryphon, who puts him to death, 239
Jo'seph, son of Jacob, i. 130. Jo'seph, Onias' nephew, is sent into Egypt, to make his uncle's excuse to Ptolemy, iü. 363: his credit with Ptolemy, ibid.; that prince gives him the farm of the revenues of Colosyria and Paics- tine without security, ibid.
Jo'si-ah,king of Judah, marches against Nechas, is defeated, and dies of a wound received in bat- tle, i. 141, 142.
Ju'ba I. king of Mauritania, is conquered by Ca- sar, and kills himself, i. 269.
Ju'ba II. son of the former, is led in Casar's tri- umph while an infant, i. 269; Augustus restores him the dominions of his father, ibid.; works of learning ascribed to this prince, ibid. Ju'das, called Maccabæus, third son of Mattathins is chosen general by his father against Antiochus Epiphanes, iv. 135; he gains several great vic- tories over that prince, 137, &c.; he retakes the
LA temple, and dedicates it anew to the service of God, 139; he gains new advantages over the generals of Antiochus Eupator, and over that prince in person, iv. 225, &c.; repeated victories of Judas Maccabæus over the generals of Deme- trius Soter, 236, 237; he dies in battle, fighting gloriously, 232.
Ju-de'a, region of Syria, called also Palestine, i. 28.
Ju'dith, Jewess; her courage and boldness, i. 287. Ju-gur'tha, Massinissa's grandson, is adopted by Micipsa, and associated with the other children of that prince, i. 265; he seizes the kingdom of Numidia, and puts one of the two princes, his brothers by adoption, to death, ibid.; he attacks the second with open force, 266; besieges him in Cirtha, ibid.; the Romans declare war against him, 267; Jugurtha frustrates their efforts seve- ral times by bribes, ibid.; the Romans send Me- tellus first, and then Marius against him, who both gain many advantages over him, 267, 268; Jugurtha has recourse to Bocchus, his father-in- law, who gives him up to the Romans, 268; he is led in triumph, 269; and afterwards thrown into a deep dungeon, where he perishes misera- bly, ibid.
Juli-us is sent deputy by the Romans into Achaia, to appease the troubles there, iv. 211. Ju'ni-us, consul, is defeated at sea by the Cartha- ginians, i. 195.
Ju-ven'ti-us Thalna (P.) Roman prætor, marches against Andriscus, iv. 210; he is killed in a bat- tle, ibid.
King'doms: origin and progress of kingdoms from their first institution, i. 24.
Lab'da-lon, fort situated in the neighbourhood of Syracuse, ii. 191.
Lab-o-ro-so-ar'chod ascends the throne of Assyria, and is killed soon after, i. 291; bad inclinations and cruelty of that prince, ibid.
Lab'y-nit. See Balthazar, or Belshazzar. Lab'y-rinth of Egypt; description of it, i. 101. La-ce-de'mon, or Sparta, a city of Peloponnesus, capital of Lacedæmonia. Lacedæmonians or Spartans, i. 408. Kings of Lacedæmonia, í. 413. the Heraclide seize Lacedæmon, where two brothers, Eurysthenes and Procles, reign jointly, ibid; the crown remains in those two families, ibid.; the Lacedæmonians take Elos, and reduce the inhabitants of that city to the condition of slaves, under the name of Helots, 81; Lycurgus, legislator of Sparta, 82; war between the Lace- dæmonians and Argives, ibid.; first war between the Lacedæmonians and Messenians, 83; defeat of the Lacedæmonians near Ithoma, 84; they take and destroy Ithoma, and grant peace to the Messenians, 86; second war of the Lacedæmon- ians and Messenians, ibid.; the Lacedæmon- ians are defeated, ibid.; they demand a general of the Athenians, who give them Tyrtæus, by pro- fession a poet, 87; by his verses he inspires them with courage, and occasions their gaining a great victory, ibid.; the Lacedæmonians subject the Messenians, and reduce them to the condition of Helots, 88; the Lacedæmonians deliver Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratides, 440; they undertake to reinstate Hippias, son of Pisistratus, but ineffectually, 441, ii. 34; Darius sends to Sparta to demand its submission, 37; the Spar- tans put his heralds to death, ibid; a ridiculous superstition prevents the Lacedæmoniaus from VOL. IV.
having a share in the battle of Marathon, 38; the honour of commanding the Greeks is decreed to them, 59; three hundred Spartans dispute the pass of Thermopyla with Xerxes, 61; battle of Salamin, in which the Lacedæmonians have a great share, 66, &c.; honours which they render Themistocles after that battle, 70; the Lacedæ- monians, in conjunction with the Athenians, cut the army of the Persians in pieces at the battle of Platææ, 72, &c. ; they defeat the Persian fleet at the same time near Mycale, 80; they are for preventing the Athenians from rebuilding the walls of their city, 83; the haughtiness of Pau- sanias occasions their losing the command, 86; they send deputies to Athens to accuse Themis- tocles as an accomplice in the conspiracy of Pau- sanias, 89. Earthquake at Sparta, 114; sedition of the Helots, ibid.; seeds of division between Sparta and Athens, 115; peace is re-established between the two states, 116; jealousy and dif- ferences between the Lacedæmonians and Athen- ians, 122; treaty of peace for thirty years, 124; new causes of complaint and dissention, ibid. ; open rupture between Sparta and Athens, 128; Peloponnesian war, 144, &c.; allies of the La- cedæmonians in that war, ibid.; they ravage Attica, 146; Lacedæmon has recourse to the Persians, 152; its deputies are seized by the Athenians, carried to Athens, and put to death, ibid.; Platææ besieged and taken by the Lace- dæmonians, 154; they abandon Attica, to retake Pylos from the Athenians, 163; they are defeated at sea, ibid.; they are shut up in the island of Sphacteria, ibid.; they surrender at discretion, 165; expedition of the Lacedæmonians into Thrace, 170; they take Amphipolis, 171; truce of a year between Sparta and Athens, 172; vic- tory of the Lacedæmonians over the Athenians near Amphipolis, 173; peace between the two states for fifty years, 174; the war renewed be- tween Sparta and Athens, 178; the Lacedæmo- nians give Alcibiades refuge, 189, by his advice they send Gylippus to the aid of Syracuse, and fortify Decelia in Attica, 193, 196; the Lacedæ- monians conclude a treaty with Persia, 215; their fleet is beaten by the Athenians near Cyzi cum, 219; they appoint Lysander admiral, 222; they beat the Athenian fleet near Ephesus, 223; Callicratidas succeeds Lysander, 224, defeat of the Lacedæmonians near the Arginusa, 226, &c.; they gain a famous victory over the Athenians near Egospotamos, 232; they take Athens, 234; and change the form of its government, ibid. : decree of Sparta concerning the use of the money which Lysander caused to be carried thither, 235; base conduct of the Lacedæmonians in res- pect to Syracuse, 374; infamous means which they use for ridding themselves of Alcibiades, 240; inhumanity of the Lacedæmonians to the Athen- ians who fled to avoid the violence of the thirty tyrants, 242, &c.; the Lacedæmonians furnish Cyrus the younger with troops against his brother Artaxerxes, 248; they chastise the insolence of the inhabitants of Elis, 272; they undertake with Agesilaus at the head of them, to reinstate the ancient liberty of the Greeks of Asia, 275; expeditions of the Lacedæmonians in Asia, 278; Sparta appoints Agesilaus generalissimo by sea, and land, 282; league against the Lacedæmon- ians, 283; they gain a great victory near Nemæa, 284; their fleet is defeated by Conon near Cni- dos, 285; battle gained by the Lacedæmonians at Coronea, 286; they conclude a shameful peace for the Greeks with the Persians, 289; they de- clare war with the Olynthians, 424; they seize the citadel of Thebes by fraud and violence, ibid; they receive the Olynthians into the number of their allies, 425; prosperity of Sparta, ibid.; the Lacedæmonians are reduced to quit the citadel of
La-od'i-ce, wife of Antiochus Theos, is repudiatel by that prince, iii. 352; Antiochus takes ber again, 356; she causes him to be poisoned, K; and Seleucus Callinicus to be declared king a his stead, ibid.; she causes Berenice and her sea to be put to death, ibid.; Ptolemy puts her death, ibid.
La-od'i-ce, daughter of Mithridates, king of Pur- tus, marries Antiochus the Great, iii. 400. La-od'i-ce, sister of Demetrius Soter, and widow of Perseus, king of Macedonia, is put to death by Ammonius, favourite of Alexander Bala, iv. 235 La-od'i-ce, widow of Ariarathes VI., acts as re- gent during the minority of six princes, her chil dren, iv. 303; she poisons five of them, and pre- pares to do the same by the sixth, ibid.; she is put to death by the people, 304, La-od'i-ce, sister of Mithridates Eupator, marries first Ariarathes VII., king of Cappadocia, and af- terwards Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, iv. 304; part which he makes her act at Rome, before the senate, 304, 341.
La-om'e-don, one of Alexander's captains: pro vinces which fell to him after that prince's death, iii. 229; he is dispossessed of them by Nicanor, who takes him prisoner, 246.
Thebes, 430; they form an ineffectual enterprise, against the Piræus, 431; they are defeated near Tægyra, 433; they declare war against the The- bans ibid.; they are defeated and put to flight at Leuctra, 436, &c.; the Thebans ravage their country, and advance to the gates of Sparta, 438; the Lacedæmonians implore aid of the Athen- nians, 441; Sparta besieged by Epaminondas, || 450; battle of Mantinea, in which the Lacedæ- monians are defeated, 451; the Lacedæmonians send aid to Tachos, who had revolted against the Persians, 459; enterprise of the Lacedæmon- ians against Megalopolis, iii. 12; they revolt against the Macedonians, 152; they are defeated by Antipater, 153; Alexander pardons them, 159; Sparta besieged by Pyrrhus, 341; courage of the Spartan women during that siege, 342; history of the Lacedæmonians in the reign of Agis, 374; and in that of Cleomenes, 383; Spar- ta falls into the hands of Antigonus Doson, 397;" sedition in Sparta appeased by Philip, 412; Sparta joins the Etolians against that prince, 416; se- veral actions between the Lacedæmonians and Philip, 423; Sparta joins with the Etolians in the treaty with the Romans, 434; Machanidas becomes tyrant of Sparta, ibid.; the Lacedæmon- ians defeated by Philopomen near Mantinea, 447; Nabis succeeds Machanidas, 450; his cruel treatment of the Lacedæmonians, 450, 451, iv. 40; Quintius Flamininus besieges Sparta, 42; enterprise of the Ætolians against Sparta, 52; that city enters into the Achæan league, 53; the Spartans cruelly treated by their exiles, 82; the Romans separate Sparta from the Achæan league, 211; war between the Lacedæmonians and the Achæans, 212; character and govern-La-thy'rus. See Ptolemy Lathyrus. ment of Sparta, i. 417, 424, ii 332; laws institu-Laws: origin and institution of laws, i. 110; laws ted by Lycurgus, formed upon those of Crete, i. 417, ii. 336; senate, i. 418; love of poverty, ii. 334; gold and silver money banished Sparta, i. 419; public meals, ibid.; education of children, 420, 421; barbarous cruelty in respect to them, 427; obedience to which they were accustomed, 427, ii. 383; respect which they were obliged to have for age, i. 427; patience and fortitude of the Lacedæmonian youth, 421; profession and ex- ercise of the Lacedæmonian youth, 420; exces- sive leisure in which they lived, 429; cruelty of the Lacedæmonians in respect to the Helots, ibid.; modesty and decency, entirely neglected at Sparta, ibid.; common character of the La- cedæmonians and Athenians, ii. 365; causes of the decline of Sparta, 336; different kinds of troops of which the Lacedæmonian armies were composed, 358; manner in which the Lacedæ- monians prepared for battle, ii. 61; navy of the Lacedæmonians, i. 426.
Lach'a-res, Theban, commands a detachment of the army of Ochus, in that prince's expedition against Egypt, iii. 18; he forms the siege of Pelu- sium, and takes it, ibid.
La-co'ni-a, province of Peloponnesus, i. 408. La'de, a small island over against Miletus, ii. 32. La'is, a famous courtezan, ii. 189.
La'ius, king of Thebes, his misfortunes, i. 413. Lake of Maris, i. 102.
Lam'a-chus is appointed general with Nicias and Alcibiades, in the expedition of the Athenians against Sicily, ii. 182; his poverty makes him contemptible to the troops, 189; he is killed at the siege of Syracuse, 195.
La'mi-a, courtezan to Demetrius; her enormous expenses, iii. 294; pleasantry of a comic poet in respect to her, 295.
La'mi-a, city of Thessaly, famous for the victory of the Athenians over Antipater, iii. 233. Lands: distribution of them instituted by Lycurgus at Sparta, i. 418; reflection upon that partition,
La-ran'da, city of Pisidia, revolts against Perdic- cas, iii. 241; tragical end of that city, ibid. La-ris'sa, city of Thessaly, i. 408. Las'the-nes, chief magistrate of Olynthus, puts that city into the hands of Philip, iii. 46. Las'the-nes, of Crete, supplies Demetrius Nicator with troops for ascending the throne of Syria,iv. 235; his bad conduct makes that prince commit many faults, 236.
of the Egyptians, 112; laws of Crete, ii. 236; laws of Sparta, i. 417; laws of Athens, 432. Leap'ing: an exercise among the Greeks, i. 51. Le'gion, Roman: soldiers of which it was compos ed, i. 222.
Le'gis-la'tors, famous ones of Antiquity; Draco, i. 430, &c. 431; Solon, ibid.; Lycurgus, 417; Cha- rondas, ii. 141; Zaleucus, 142.
Le'lex, first king of Lacedæmonia, i. 413. Len-tis'cus, son of Ptolemy, is taken prisoner by Demetrius, and sent back to his father by that prince, iii. 281.
Len-tu'lus is sent to Thebes by the Romans, to watch over Bootia, during the war with Perseus, iv. 157.
Len-tu'lus, consul, is ordered to reinstate Ptolemy Auletes upon the throne, iv. 384; he is prevent- ed from executing that commission by a pretend- ed oracle of the Sibyls, 385.
Le'on, Corinthian, defends the citadel of Syracuse against Icetas and the Carthaginians, ii. 417, Le'on, Athenian, is sent deputy with Timagoras to the court of Persia, and accuses his colleague at his return, ii. 442, 443.
Le-o-na'tus, one of Alexander's captains: pro- vinces that fell to him after that prince's death, iii. 229; he marches to the aid of Antipater be- sieged in Lamia, 233; he is killed in battle, ibid. Le-on'i-das, governor of Alexander, iii. 78. Le-on'i-das I., king of Sparta, defends the pass of Thermopyla with unparalleled bravery, against the innumerable army of Xerxes, ii. 60; he is killed there, 61; the Lacedæmonians erect him s magnificent monument, 62,
Le-on'i das II., reigns at Sparta jointly with Agis iii. 374; he opposes the design of that prince, 377; he is divested of the sovereignty, 378; he escapes to Tegæa, ibid. ; he is recalled and replaced upon the throne, 380; he lays snares for Agis, K; and puts him to death, 382; he obliges the wie of that prince to marry his son Cleomenes, ; death of Leonidas, 384; his character, 374.
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