Persians and Greeks. Pisuthnes, governor of Syria, revolts against Darius. The Egyptians do the same, and choose Amyrtæus for their king, who reigns six years. Alcibiades, to avoid the envy his great actions had drawn upon him at Sparta, throws him self into the arms of Tissaphernes, one of the king of Persia's satraps. The Lacedesnians, by the help of Tissaphernes, conclude a treaty of alliance with the king of Persia. Alcibiades is re-called to Athens. His return occasions the abolition of the Four Hu dred, who had been invested with supreme authority. Darius gives Cyrus, his youngest son, the government in chief of all the provinces of Asia Minor. Lysander is placed at the head of the Lacedæmonians. He defeats the Athenians near Ephesus. In consequence of that defeat, Alcibiades is deposed, and ten generals are nominated to succeed him. Callicratidas is invested with the command of the army in the room of Lysander, from whom the Lacedæmonians had taken it. He is killed in a sea-fight near the Arginusæ. Lysander is restored to the command of the Lacedæmonian army. He gains a famous victory over the Athenians at Egospotamus. Conon, who commanded the Athenian forces, retires after his defeat to Evagoras, king of Cyprus. Lysander makes himself master of Athens, changes the form of the government, and establishes thirty archons, commonly called the thirty tyrants. End of the Peleponnesian war. Death of Darius Nothus. xerxes Mnemon. Arsaces his son succeeds him, and takes the name of Arta Cyrus the younger intends to assassinate his brother Artaxerxes. His design being dis- Thrasybulus expels the tyrants of Athens, and re-establishes its liberty. Defeat and death of Cyrus the younger at Cunaxa, followed by the retreat of the Ten Death of Socrates. Lacedæmon declares war against Tissaphernes and Pharnabasus. Beginning of Amyntas, king of Macedonia, father of Philip. Agesilaus is elected king of Sparta. The year following he goes to Attica, to the aid of the Greeks settled there. Lysander quarrels with Agesilaus, and undertakes to change the order of the succession to the throne. The army of Tissaphernes is defeated near Sardis by Agesilaus. Thebes, Argos, and Corinth, enter into a league against Lacedæmon, at the solicitation of the Persians. Athens enters into the same league soon after. Agesilaus is recalled by the Ephori to the assistance of his country. The fleet of the Lacedæmonians is defeated near Cnidos by Pharnabasus, and Conon the Athenian, who commanded that of the Persians and Greeks. Agesilaus defeats the Thebans almost at the same time, in the plains of Coronea. Conon rebuilds the walls of Athens. Peace, disgraceful to the Greeks, concluded with the Persians by Antalcidas the Lacede monian. Artaxerxes attacks Evagoras, king of Cyprus, with all his forces, and gains a signal victory over him. It is followed by the siege of Salamin, which is terminated by a treaty of peace. Birth of Aristotle, founder of the Peripatetics. The Lacedæmonians declare war against the city of Olynthus. Birth of Philip, king of Macedon. Phæbidas, on his way to the siege of Olynthus, at the head of part of the army of the Lacedæmonians, makes himself master of the citadel of Thebes. Birth of Demosthenes. Pelopidas, at the head of the other exiles, kills the tyrant of Thebes, and retakes the citadel. Artaxerxes Mnemon undertakes to reduce Egypt, which had thrown off his yoke for some years. He employs above two years in making preparation for that war. Death of Amyntas, king of Macedonia. Alexander, his eldest son, succeeds him. He reigns only two years. Perdiccas ascends the throne next, and reigns 14 years. Death of Evagoras, king of Cyprus. Nicocles, his son, succeeds him. Battle of Leuctra, in which the Thebans, under Epaminondas and Pelopidas, defeat the Lacedmæonians. Expedition of Pelopidas against Alexander, tyrant of Phere. He goes to Macedonia, te terminate the differences between Perdiccas and Ptolemy, son of Amyntas, concering the crown. He carries Philip with him to Thebes as a hostage. He is killed in a battle which he fights with the tyrant of Pheræ. Battle of Mantinea. Epaminondas is killed in it, after having secured the victory to the Thebans. The Lacedæmonians send Agesilaus to aid Tachos, king of Egypt, against Artaxerxes He dethrones Tachos, and gives the crown to Nectanebus. He dies on his return from that expedition. Death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Ochus his son succeeds him. Philip ascends the throne of Macedonia. He makes a captious peace with the Athenians A. M.A.C 3644 Persians and Greeks. 360 The history of the Cappadocians begins at this time, the chronology of whose kings I shall War of the allies with the Athenians. It continued three Revolt of Artabasus against Ochus king of Persia. years. Demosthenes appears in public for the first time, and encourages the Athenians, who were alarmed by the preparations for war making by the king of Persia. Beginning of the sacred war. Philip makes himself master of the city of Methone. Artemisia, widow of Mausolus, to whom she had succeeded, takes Rhodes. Philip attempts to seize Thermopyle in vain. 3646 358 3648 356 3649 355 3650 354 Death of Mausolus, king of Caria. Successful expedition of Ochus against Phoenicia, Cyprus, and afterwards Egypt. Nectanebus, the last king of Egypt of the Egyptian race, is obliged to fly into Ethiopia, from whence he never returns. Death of Plato. Philip makes himself master of Olynthus. Philip seizes Thermopyle, and part of Phocis. He causes himself to be admitted into the number of the Amphictyons. Oration of Demosthenes concerning the Chersonesus, in favour of Diopithus. The Athenians send aid under Phocion to the cities of Perinthus.and Byzantium, besieged by Philip. That prince is obliged to raise the siege. Philip is declared generalissimo of the Greeks in the council of the Amphictyons. He makes himself master of Elatea. Battle of Cheronea, where in Philip defeats the Athenians and the Thebans, who had entered into a league against him. Ochus, king of Persia is poisoned by Bagoas his favourite. Arses his son succeeds him, and reigns only three years. Philip causes himself to be declared general of the Greeks, against the Persians. The same year he repudiates his wife Olympias. His son Alexander attends her into Epirus,. from whence he goes to Illyria. Philip's death. Alexander his son, then twenty years of age, succeeds him. Arses, king of Persia, is assassinated by Bagoas. Darius Codomanus succeeds him. Thebes taken and destroyed by Alexander. He causes himself to be declared generalissimo of the Greeks against the Persians in a diet assembled at Corinth. Alexander sets out for Persia. Battle of the Granicus, followed with the conquest of almost all Asia Minor. Alexander is seized at Tarsus with a dangerous illness, from having bathed in the river Cydnus. He is cured in a few days. Battle of Issus. Alexander makes himself master of Tyre, after a siege of seven months. Appelles, one of the most famous painters of antiquity. Aristides and Protogenes were his cotemporaries. Alexander goes to Jerusalem. He makes himself master of Gaza, and soon after of all Egypt. He went after this conquest to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and at his return built the city of Alexandria. Battle of Arbela. It is followed by the taking of Arbela, Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis. Darius is seized and laden with chains by Bessus, and soon after assassinated. His death puts an end to the Persian empire, which had subsisted two hundred and six years from its foundation under Cyrus the Great. The Lacedæmonians revolt against the Macedonians. Antipater defeats them in a battle, wherein Agis their king is killed. Thalestris, queen of the Amazons, comes to see Alexander at Zadracarta. Philotas, and Parmenio his father, suspected of having conspired with others against Alexander, are put to death. Bessus is brought to Alexander, and soon after put to death. Alexander, after having subdued the Sogdians and Bactrians, builds a city upon the laxartes, to which he gives his name. Embassy of the Scythians to Alexander, followed by a victory gained by him over that people. Lysippus of Sicyon, a famous sculptor, flourished about this time. Alexander makes himself master of the rocky eminence of Oxus. Clitus is killed by Alexander at a feast in Maracanda. The death of Calisthenes happens soon after. Alexander marries Roxana, the daughter of Oxyartes. Alexander's entrance into India. He gains a great victory over Porus in passing the On the remonstrances of his army, Alexander determines to march back. Demosthenes is banished for having received presents, and suffers himself to be corrupted by Harpalus. Death of Hephæstion at Ecbatana.. Menander, the inventor of the new comedy, lived about this time. Persians and Greeks. Alexander, on his return to Babylon, dies there, at the age of thirty-two years and eignt The generals divide the provinces among themselves. From this division commences the! Antipater is besieged in Lamia by the Athenians, and is forced to surrender by capitulation. Death of Demosthenes. Alexander's magnificent funeral. Perdiccas puts Eumenes in possession of Cappadocia. League of Ptolemy, Craterus, Antipater, and Antigonus, against Perdiccas and Eumenes. Unfortunate end of Perdiccas in Egypt. Antipater succeeds him in the regency of the empire. Eumenes defeated by Antigonus; shuts himself up in the castle of Nora, where he austains a siege of a year. Ptolemy makes himself master of Jerusalem. Death of Antipater. Polysperchon succeeds him. Phocion's condemnation and death at Athens. Cassander, the son of Antipater, seizes Athens, and settles Demetrius Phalereus there to govern the republic. Olympias the mother of Alexander, causes Aridæus and Eurydice his wife to be put to death, as she herself is soon after, by order of Cassander. Eumenes is delivered up to Antigonus by his own soldiers, and put to death. Antigonus takes Tyre, after a siege of fifteen months. Demetrius his son, surnamed Poliorcetes, begins to appear. Zeno institutes the sect of the Stoics at Athens. Seleucus makes himself master of Babylon and the neighbouring provinces. At this expedition of Seleucus against Babylon, begins the famous era of the Seleucides, called by the Jews the era of contracts. Ptolemy retires into Egypt, and carries a great number of the inhabitants of Phenicia and Juda thither along with him. Cassander causes Roxana and her son Alexander to be put to death. Polysperchon puts Hercules, the son of Alexander, and his mother Berenice, to death. Demetrius Poliorcetes makes himself master of Athens, and re-establishes the democratical government. The same year he makes himself master of Salamin, and the whole island of Cyprus. Demetrius Phalereus, who commanded at Athens, retires to Thebes. The Athenians throw down his statues, and condemn him to death. Antigonus, and his son Demetrius, assume the title of kings. The other princes follow their example, and do the same. Antigonus, to make the most of his son's victory in Cyprus, undertakes to deprive Ptolemy of Egypt. That expedition does not succeed. Ptolemy the astronomer fixes the beginning of the reign of Ptolemy king of Egypt, on the 7th of November of this year. Demetrius Poliorcetes forms the siege of Rhodes, which he is forced to raise a year after. The Rhodians employ the money raised by the sale of the machines which Demetrius bad used in the siege of their city, and had given them as a present, in erecting the famous Colossus, called the Colossus of Rhodes. Demetrius Poliorcetes is declared general of all the Greeks, by the states of Greece assembled at the isthmus. Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, enter into a league against Antigonus, and Demetrius his son. Battle of Ipsus, wherein Antigonus is defeated. It is followed by the division of the empire of Alexander among the four allied princes. Arcesilaus, founder of the middle academy. There is such a connexion between the events which happened in the four empires formed out of Alexander's, that it is impossible to separate them: for which reason I shall dispose them all in one column, according to the plan I have followed in treating them in the body of my history. I shall first give a table, which contains only the kings that reigned in each of those kingdoms. Egypt. Cassander. Demetrius Poliorcetes. Thrace & Bithynia Lysimachus. Lysimachus dies in battle. After his death his dominines are dismembered and cease to form a distinct kingdom. 42.5 Hi brother Meleager reigned some time after him. Sosthenes. Antigonus Gonatus. Demetrius, son of Antigonus Gonatus. Antigonus Doson. Philip. Perseus, the last king of the Macedonians. Syria. Antiochus Epiphanes. Antiochus Eupator. Berenice, the eldest daughter of Auletes, reigns some time in his stead; after which that prince is restored. Cleopatra reigns at first with her eldest brother, then with Ptolemy, her youngest brother, and at last alone. Demetrius Soter. Alexander Bala. Demetrius Nicator. Antiochus Theos, the son of Bala, seizes part of Syria. Tryphon does the same soon after. Antiochus Sidetes puts Tryphon to death, and reigns in his stead. Zebia succeeds Demetrius Nicator. Antiochus Grypus. Antiochus the Cyzicenian divides the kingdom with Grypus. Seleucus, son of Grypus. Antiochus Eusebes. Antiochus, second son of Grypus. Philip, third son of Grypus. Demetrius Eucheres, fourth son of Grypus. Antiochus Dionysius, fifth son of Grypus. The four last named kings reigned succes-sively with Eusebes. Tigranes, during fourteen Antiochus Asiaticus. Alexander's Successors. Seleucus, king of Syria, builds Antioch. Athens refuses to receive Demetrius Poliorcetes. years. Death of Cassander king of Macedon. Philip his son succeeds him. He reigns only one year, and is succeeded by Alexander his brother. About this time Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, espouses Antigone, of the house of Ptolemy, and returns into his dominions, out of which he had been driven by the Molossi. Demetrius Poliorcetes retakes Athens. Lysimachus and Ptolemy, almost at the same time, deprive him of all he possessed. Demetrius puts to death Alexander king of Macedonia, who had called him in to his aid, and seizes his dominions, where he reigns seven years. Foundation of the city of Seleucia by Seleucus. Pyrrhus and Lysimachus take Macedonia from Demetrius. The latter dies miserably the year following in prison. Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt, resigns the throne to his son Ptolemy Philadelphus. Demetrius Phalereus is shut up in a fort by order of Philadelphus, and kills himself there. Seleucus Nicator, king of Syria, declares war against Lysimachus, king of Macedonia. Lysimachus is killed in a battle in Phrygia. Seleucus enters Macedonia to take possession of the kingdom. He is assassinated there by Ceraunus. Antiochus Soter, his son, succeeds him in the kingdom of Syria. Alexander's Successors. Ceraunus, to secure the kingdom of Macedonia to himself, puts the two children of Lysimachus by Arsinoe to death, and banishes her into Samothracia. The republic of the Achæans resumes its ancient form, which it had lost under Philip and Alexander. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, called in by the Tarentines, enters Italy to make war against the Romans. He gives them battle for the first time near Heraclea, where the advantage is entirely on his side. He is again successful in a second battle fought the year following. Irruption of the Gauls into Macedonia. Ceraunus gives them battle, in which he is killed Meleager his brother succeeds him. Pyrrhus abandons Italy, and goes to Sicily, which he conquers. Sosthenes drives the Gauls out of Macedonia. He is made king there, and reigns twe years. Attempt of the Gauls upon the temple of Delphos. Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, causes the holy Scriptures to be translated into Greek. Death of Sosthenes. Antigonus Gonatus, son of Poliorcetes, who reigned afterwards during ten years in Greece, makes kimself king of Macedonia in his stead. Antiochus, king of Syria, disputes the possession of it with him. Their difference terminates by the marriage of Antigonus with Phila, the daughter of Stratonice and Seleucus. Antiochus defeats the Gauls in a bloody battle, and delivers the country from their oppressions. By this victory he acquires the name of Soter. Pyrrhus returns into Italy, and is defeated by the Romans. He goes to Macedonia, where he attacks and defeats Antigonus. Ptolemy Philadelphus, on account of the reputation of the Romans, sends an embassy to them to demand their amity. Pyrrhus undertakes the siege of Sparta, and cannot reduce it. He is killed the next year at the siege of Argos. Antigonus Gonatus makes himself master of Athens, which had entered into a league with the Lacedæmonians against him. Abantidas makes himself tyrant of Sicyon, after having put Clinias its governor to death. Death of Philetaærus, king and founder of Pergamus. Eumenes his nephew succeeds him. soon after. Berosus of Babylon, the historian, lived about this time. War between Antiochus king of Syria, and Ptolemy Philadelphus. Aratus, the son of Clinias, delivers Sicyon from tyranny, and unites it with the Achæan league. Arsaces revolts against Agathocles, governor for Antiochus in the country of the ParthiAbout the same time Theodorus governor of Bactriana revolts, and causes himself to be declared king of that province. ans. Treaty of peace between Antiochus and Ptolemy Philadelphus, which puts an end to the war. By one of the conditions of that treaty, Antiochus repudiates Laodice, and marries Berenice, Ptolemy's daughter. Agis, king of Sparta, endeavours to revive the ancient institutions of Lycurgus. Leonidas, his colleague, is deposed for refusing to consent to it. Cleombrotus, his son-in-law, reigns in his stead. Death of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt. Ptolemy Evergetes his son succeeds him. Appollonius of Rhodes, author of a poem upon the expedition of the Argonauts. Antiochus, surnamed Theos, king of Syria, is poisoned by his wife Laodice. She afterwards causes her son Seleucus Callinicus to be declared king. Berenice, and her son by Antiochus, are assassinated by Laodice. Ptolemy Evergetes, Berenice's brother, undertakes to revenge her death. He makes himself master of a great part of Syria. The cities of Smyrna and Magnesia enter into an alliance to aid the king of Syria against Ptolemy Evergetes. Aratus makes himself master of the citadel of Corinth. Leonidas is restored at Sparta, Cleombrotus sent into banishment, and Agis put to death. Seleucus, king of Syria, enters into a war with Antiochus Hierax his brother. The latter has the advantage in a battle near Ancyra in Galatia. Death of Eumenes king of Pergamus. Attalus his cousin-german succeeds him. Joseph, nephew of the high-priest Onias, is sent ambassador to Ptolemy Evergetes. Death of Demetrius, king of Macedonia. Antigonus, guardian of Philip, son of Demetrius succeeds him. Polycletus of Sicyon, a famous sculptor. Seleucus, king of Syria, is defeated and taken prisoner by Arsaces, king of the Parthians Seleucus Callinicus, king of Syria, dies among the Parthians of a fall from a horse. Seleucus Ceraunus his eldest son succeeds him. Antiochus Hierax is assassinated by thieves on leaving Egypt. Aratus defeats Aristippus, tyrant of Argos. He prevails upon Lysiades, tyrant of Megalopolis, to renounce the tyranny, and causes his city to enter into the Achæan league. The Romans send a famous embassy into Greece, to impart to the Greeks the treaty they had lately concluded with the Illyrians. The Corinthians declare by a public decree, that they shall be admitted to partake in the celebration of the Isthmian games. The Athenians also grant them the freedom of Athens. |