with Darius, was unwilling to be delayed by the conquest of Cappadocia, and had contented himself with some instances of submission.* After that prince's death, Cappadocia, in the partition made of the provinces of his empire by his generals, fell to Eumenes. Perdiccas, to put him in possession of it, conducted him thither at the head of a powerful army. Ariarathes on his side prepared for a vigorous defence. He had thirty thousand foot and a numerous cavalry. They came to a battle. Ariarathes was defeated and taken prisoner. Perdiccas caused him, with his principal officers, to be crucified, and put Eumenes into possession of his dominions. Ariarathes III. after the death of his father, escaped into Armenia. As soon as he was apprized of the death of Perdiccas and Eumenes, and the employment the other wars gave Antigonus and Seleucus, he entered Cappadocia with troops lent him by Ardoates, king of Armenia. He defeated Amyntas, general of the Macedonians, drove him out of the country, and reascended the throne of his ancestors.f Ariamnes his eldest son succeeded him. He entered into an alliance with Antiochus Theos, king of Syria, and married his eldest son to Stratonice, the daughter of the same Antiochus. He had so great an affection for this son, that he made him his colleague in the kingdom. Ariarathes IV. having reigned alone after the death of his father, left his dominions, when he died, to his son of the same name with himself, who was at that time very young. Ariarathes V. He married Antiochis, daughter of Antiochus the Great, an artful princess, who, finding herself barren, had recourse to imposture. She deceived her husband, making him believe that she had borne him two sons, one of whom was called Ariarathes, and the other Holofernes. Her barrenness ceasing some time after, she had two daughters, and then one son, who was named Mithridates. She confessed the fraud to her husband, and sent one of the supposed children to be brought up at Rome, with a small train, and the other into Ionia. The true son took the name of Ariarathes, and was educated after the manner of the Greeks.|| Ariarathes V. furnished his father-in-law, Antiochus king of Syria, with troops, in the war which he undertook against the Romans. Antiochus having been defeated, Ariarathes sent ambassadors to Rome to ask the senate's pardon, for having been obliged to declare against the Romans in favour of his father-in-law. This was granted him, but not till after he had been condemned to pay, by way of expiation for his fault, two hundred talents. The senate afterwards abated him half that sum, at the request of Eumenes, king of Pergamus, who had lately married his daughter.¶ Ariarathes afterwards entered into an alliance with his son-in-law, Eumenes, against Pharnaces, king of Pontus. The Romans, who had rendered themselves abiters of the kings of the east, sent ambassadors to transact a treaty between those three princes: but Pharnaces rejected their mediation. Two years after he was obliged to treat with Eumenes and Ariarathes, upon very rigorous conditions. The latter had a son of his own name, who loved him in the most tender manner, which occasioned his being surnamed Philopator, and for whom he had no less affection. He desired to give him proofs of it, in resigning the kingdom to him, and placing him upon the throne during his life. The son, who had all possible affection and respect for a father that so well deserved both, could not resolve to accept an offer so advantageous in the vulgar opinion of men, but a mortal wound to so good a heart as his; and represented to his father, that he was not one of those who could consent to reign during *A. M. 3668. Ant. J. C. 936. Plut. in Eumen. p. 548. Diod. . xviii. p. 599 the life of him to whom he owed his being. Such examples of moderation, generosity, disinterestedness, and sincere affection for a father, are the more extraordinary, and were the more admired, as during the times the history of which we are now relating, inordinate ambition respected nothing, and boldly violated the most sacred ties of nature and religion. Ariarathes VI. surnamed Philopator, reigned after his father's death, and was an excellent prince. As soon as he ascended the throne, he sent an embassy to Rome, to renew the alliance which his father had contracted with the Romans, in obtaining which he found no difficulty. He applied himself very assiduously to the study of philosophy; from whence Cappadocia, which, till then, had been unknown to the Greeks, became the residence of many learned men.* Demetrius, king of Syria, had a sister, whom Ariarathes refused to espouse, lest that alliance should give offence to the Romans. That refusal extremely prejudiced Demetrius against the king of Cappadocia. He soon found an occasion to be revenged, by supplying Holofernes with troops, who, pretending himself the brother of Ariarathes, expelled him from the throne, and after that violence reigned tyrannically. He put many to death, confiscated the estates of the greatest lords, and even plundered a temple of Jupiter, which had been reverenced by the people from time immemorial, and had never suffered such a violation before. Apprehending a revolution, which his cruelty gave him reason to expect, he deposited four hundred talents with the inhabitants of Priene, a city of Ionia. Ariarathes had taken refuge at Rome, to implore aid of the Romans. The usurper sent his deputies thither also. The senate, according to the usual motives of their policy, decreed that the kingdom should be divided between the two brothers. Ariarathes found a more immediate and more effectual protector, in the person of Attalus king of Pergamus, who signalized the beginning of his reign, by re-establishing this unfortunate prince upon the throne of his ancestors. Ariarathes, to revenge himself on the usurper, was for obliging the inhabitants of Priene to deliver into his hands the four hundred talents which Holofernes had left with them. They opposed that demand, with pleading the inviolable faith of deposites, which would not admit their giving up that sum to any one whatever, during the life of the person who had confided it to their keeping. Ariarathes had no regard to so just a representation, and laid waste their lands without mercy; notwithstanding which, so considerable a loss did not induce them to violate the fidelity they thought themselves obliged to observe in regard to him who had confided that deposite with them.‡ Holofernes had retired to Antioch, where he joined in a conspiracy with the inhabitants of that city against Demetrius his benefactor, whose place he had conceived hopes of supplying. The conspiracy was discovered, and Holofernes imprisoned. Demetrius would have put him to death directly, if he had not judged it more adviseable to reserve him, in order to make use of him afterwards in the pretensions he had upon Cappadocia, and the design he had formed of dethroning and destroying Ariarathes; but he was prevented by the plot contrived against him by the three kings of Egypt, Pergamus, and Cappadocia, who set Alexander Bala upon the throne in his stead.§ Ariarathes aided the Romans against Aristonicus, who had possessed himself of the kingdom of Pergamus, and perished in the war. He left six children whom he had by Laodice. The Romans, in gratitude for the father's services, added Lycaonia and Cilicia to their dominions. Laodice, who was regent during the minority of those six princes, apprehending the loss of her authority when they should be of age to reign, poisoned five of them the same year their father died. She would have treated the sixth * A. M. 3842. Ant. J. C. 162. Diod. in Eclog. 1. xxxi. p. 365. A. M. 3845. Ant. J. C. 159. † Diod. in Excerpt. p. 334 et 336. Justin. 1. xxxv. c. 1. A. M. 3875. Ant. J. C. 139. Justin. I. xxxvii. c. 1 in the same manner, if the vigilance of relations had not removed him from the fury of that unnatural mother. The people set him upon the throne, after having destroyed that cruel murderess of her children. Ariarathes VII. He married another Laodice, sister of Mithridates Eupator, and had two sons by her, Ariarathes VIII. and Ariarathes IX. His brother-in-law caused him to be murdered by Gordius, one of his subjects Laodice afterwards married Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, who immediately took possession of Cappadocia. Mithridates sent an army thither, drove out the garrisons of Nicomedes, and restored the kingdom to his nephew, the son of the same Ariarathes who he had caused to be assassinated.* Ariarathes VIII. had scarcely ascended the throne, when Mithridates solicited him to recall Gordius from banishment, with design to rid himself of the son by the same assassin who had killed the father. That young prince shuddered at the proposal, and raised an army to oppose the violence of his uncle. Mithridates, being unwilling to decide his measures by the hazard of a battle, chose rather to draw Ariarathes to a conference, in which he assassinated him with a dagger concealed for that purpose, in the view of the two armies. He set his own son, only eight years old, in his place, caused him to be called Ariarathes, and gave him Gordius for his governor.f The Cappadocians, not being able to bear the vexations of the lieutenants of Mithridates, rose in arms, called in Ariarathes, the late king's brother, from Asia, and placed him upon the throne. Ariarathes IX. Soon after his return, Mithridates attacked, overthrew and expelled him the kingdom. That young prince's grief brought a dis temper on him, of which he died soon after. Mithridates had re-established his son upon the throne. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, apprehending that Mithridates, being in possession of Cappadocia, might fall upon his dominions, set up an infant of eight years old, to whom he also gave the name of Ariarathes, and sent deputies to the Romans, to demand the kingdom of his father in his name. Queen Laodice, his wife, went expressly to Rome to support the imposture, and to testify that she had three sons by Ariarathes VII. of whom this, which she produced, was the last. Mithridates, on his side, ventured to have assurances made by Gordius, that this son, whom he had placed upon the throne, was the son of that Ariarathes who had been killed in the war against Aristonicus. What times were these! what a series is here of frauds and impostures! The Roman people saw through them; and, not to support them on either side, decreed that Mithridates should renounce Cappadocia, which for the future should enjoy its liberty, and govern itself as it thought proper. But the Cappadocians sent to Rome to declare that liberty was insupportable to them, and to demand a king. We may justly be astonished at the taste of a people, who would prefer slavery to liberty! but there are capricious and corrupt nations, to which the monarchial is better adapted than the republican government; and there are few people, who are wise enough to make a moderate use of perfect and entire liberty. The Cappadocians elected, or rather received from the Romans, Ariobarzanes for their king, whose family was extinct at the third generation. Ariobarzanes I. This new prince did not enjoy his dignity in peace. Mithraas and Bagoas, generals of Tigranes, drove him out of Cappadocia, and reinstated Ariarathes, son of Mithridates. The Romans caused Ariobarzanes to be reinstated. He was expelled some time after by an army sent by Mithridates into Cappadocia in favour of his son. Sylla, having obtained great advantages over Mithridates, compelled him to abandon Cappadocia. Some time after, at the instigation of that prince, Tigranes invaded that kingdom, and carried off three hundred thousand men, to whom he gave lands in Ar A. M. 3913. Ant J. C. 91. Justin. 1. xxxviii. e. 1. † Justin. 1. xxxviii. c. 2 ̧ menia.* Ariobarzanes, who had escaped to Rome before the invasion, was not restored till Pompey had put an end to the war with Mithridates.† Ariobarzanes II. Pompey had considerably enlarged the dominions of Ariobarzanes, when he replaced him upon the throne of Cappadocia. His son succeeded to all that great inheritance, but did not keep it long; he was killed some time before Cicero went to command in Cilicia. The prince who reigned at that time was Ariobarzanes III. grandson of Ariobarzanes I. Ariobarzanes III. Cicero, on quitting Rome, had received orders to favour and protect Ariobarzanes with all possible care, as a prince whose welfare was dear to the senate and people; a glorious testimonial, which had never before been granted to any king. Cicero punctually executed the order of the senate. When he arrived in Cilicia, Ariobarzanes was menaced with being killed, as his father had been. A conspiracy was on foot against him, in favour of his brother Ariarathes. The latter declared to Cicero, that he had no part in that plot; that indeed he had been earnestly solicited to accept the kingdom, but that he had always been infinitely averse to such thoughts during the life of his brother, who had no issue. Cicero employed the authority of his office, and all the credit his high reputation gave him, to dispel the storm with which the king was threatened. His endeavours were successful; he saved the king's life and crown by his constancy, and a generous disinterestedness, which rendered him inaccessible to all the attempts that were made to corrupt his integrity, and to make him change sides. The greatest danger came from the high-priest of Comana. There were two principal cities of that name, the one in Cappadocia, and the other in the kingdom of Pontus. They were consecrated to Bellona, and observed almost the same ceremonies in the worship of that goddess. The one was formed upon the model of the, other; that of Pontus upon that of Cappadocia. It is of the latter we speak in this place. The temple of that goddess was endowed with great estates, and served by a vast number of persons, under the authority of a pontiff, a man of great credit, and so considerable, that only the king was his superior; he was generally of the blood-royal. His dignity was for life. Strabo says, that in his time there were above six thousand persons consecrated to the service of this temple. From hence the high-priest was so powerful; and in the time of which we speak, might have occasioned a very dangerous war, and involved Ariobarzanes in great difficulties, had he thought proper to defend himself by force of arms, as it was believed he would; for he had troops, both horse and kfoot, ready to take the field, with great funds to pay and subsist them.¶ But Cicero, by his prudence, prevailed upon him to retire out of the kingdom, and to leave Ariobarzanes in the peaceable possession of it. During the civil war between Cæsar and Pompey, Ariobarzanes marched with some troops to the latter, who were present at the battle of Pharsalia. This, no doubt, was the reason that Cæsar laid Ariobarzanes under contribution. It is certain he exacted very considerable sums of money from him ;** for that prince represented to him, that it would be impossible for him to pay them if Pharnaces continued to plunder Cappadocia. Cæsar was then in Egypt; from whence he set out to reduce Pharnaces to reason. He passed through Cappadocia, and made such regulations there, as imply that Ariobarzanes and his brother were in no very good understanding, and entirely * A. M. 3915. Ant. J. C. 89. Appian. in Mith. p. 176, &c. Justin. 1. xxxviii. c. 3. Plut. in Sylla. Cum magnum bellum in Cappadocia concitaretur, si sacerdos armis se (quod facturus putabatur) defenderet, adolescens et equitatu et peditatu et pecunia paratus, et toto, iis qui novari aliquid volebant, perfeci ut e regno ille discederet; rexque sine tumultu ac sine armis, omni auctoritate aula communita, regnum cum dignitate obtineret.-Cic. Epist. 4. lib. xv. ad Famil. VOL. IV. ** Cæsar de Bell. Civ. 1. iii. Hist. de Bell. Alex. subjected the latter to the authority of the former. After Cæsar had conquered Pharnaces, he gave part of Cilicia and Armenia to Ariobarzanes.* This good treatment gave the murderers of Cæsar reason to believe, that the king of Cappadocia would not favour their party. He did not openly declare against them; but he refused to enter into their alliance. This conduct gave them a just diffidence of him; so that Cassius thought it incumbent upon him not to spare him. He attacked him; and having taken him prisoner, put him to death.† Ariarathes X. By the death of Ariobarzanes, the kingdom of Cappadocia remained to his brother Ariarathes. The possession of it was disputed with him by Sisinna, the eldest son of Glaphyra, wife of Archelaus, high-priest of Bellona, at Comana in Cappadocia. This Archelaus was a grandson of Archelaus, a Cappadocian by birth, and general of an army in Greece for Mithridates against Sylla. He abandons the party of Mithridates in the second war, as we shall relate in the twenty-second book, and joined the Romans. He left one son, named also Archelaus, who married Berenice, queen of Egypt, and was killed six months after in a battle. He obtained a very honourable dignity of Pompey, which was the high-priesthood of Comana in Cappadocia. His son Archelaus possessed it after him. He married Glaphyra, a lady of remarkable beauty, and had two sons by her, Sisinna and Archelaus. The first disputed the kingdom of Cappadocia with Ariarathes, who possessed it. Mark Antony was the judge of this difference, and determined it in favour of Sisinna.§ What became of him is not known; history only tells us, that Ariarathes reascended the throne. Five or six years after, Mark Antony expelled him, and set Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra, upon the throne. Archelaus. That prince became very powerful. He expressed his gratitude to Mark Antony, by joining him with good troops at the battle of Actium. He was so fortunate, notwithstanding that conduct, as to escape the resentment of Augustus. He was suffered to keep possession of Cappadocia, and was almost the only one treated with so much favour.¶ He assisted Tiberius to re-establish Tigranes in Armenia, and obtained of Augustus, Armenia Minor, and a great part of Cilicia. Tiberius rendered him great services with Augustus, especially when his subjects brought accusations against him before that prince. He pleaded his cause himself, and was the occasion of his gaining it. Archelaus fixed his residence in the island of Eleusis, near the coast of Cilicia, and having married Pythodoris, the widow of Polemon, king of Pontus, he considerably augmented his power; for as the sons of Polemon were infants at that time, he had undoubtedly the administration of their kingdom jointly with their mother.** His reign was very long and happy; but his latter years were unfortunate, in consequence of the revenge of Tiberius.tt That prince, who saw with pain that Caius and Lucius, the sons of Agrippa, grandsons of Augustus, and his sons by adoption, were raised by degrees above him, to avoid giving umbrage to the two young Cæsars, and to spare himself the mortification of being witness to their aggrandizement, demanded and obtained permission to return to Rhodes, under pretext that he had occasion to withdraw from business, and the hurry of Rome, for the re-establishment of his health. His retreat was considered as a real banishment; and people began to neglect him as a person in disgrace, and did not believe it safe to appear his friends. During his stay P. 183. *Diod. 1. xlii. †A. M. 3962. Ant. J. C. 42. Diod. 1. xlvii. Diod. 1. xlix p. 411. **A. M. 3984. Ant. J. C. 20. Joseph. Antiq. 1. xv. c. 5. Diod. l. liv. p. 526. Sueton. in Tib. e. visDiod. 1. Ivii. p. 614. Strab. 1. xiv. p. 671 et 1. xii. p. 556. tt A. M. 3988. Ant. J. C. 16. Diod. in Excerpt. p. 662. Sueton. in Tib. c. x. Vell. Paterc. 1. ii. c. 99. Ne fulgor suus orientium juvenum obstaret initiis, dissimulata causa consilii sui, commeatum ab socero atquo eodem vitrico acquiescendi a continuatione laborum petiit.—Paterc. I. ii. c. 99. |