then resigned on account of his age. He sat at the board with five presidents. He delivered funeral discourses upon three, Leverett, Wadsworth and Holyoke. Another discourse he also printed when Mr. Flint died, who had been more than 60 years a fellow and tutor of the college.*

ANDROSS EDMUND sir, governor of New-York, New-England and Virginia, came to New-York, anno, 1674, with a commission as governor, having only the title of major Andross, being sent by the duke of York, after he had obtained a grant of the land from the king of England. His administration began with lenient measures, the effect rather of his policy than clemency, or he soon discovered a temper, cruel to individuals and unfriendly to the state. One instance of this was, his quarrelling with Carteret who then exercised jurisdiction over New Jersey. By an exertion of power he threw him into prison for which it is said he was deprived of the government; but did not lose the favor of the duke, to whom he was a compleat sycophant, making himself subservient to all his arbitrary designs and superstitious devices.

He was appointed governor of New England in 1686, and arrived in Boston on the 29th day of December. The first commission which was granted by James after he came to the throne was to Dudley, as president of a council of twenty eight; of this council Randolph was secretary. But this was of a

* Dr. Holmes has given a list of Dr. Appleton's publications. The wisdom of God in the redemption of man, 1728, 12mo. Discourses on Romans viii. 14, 12mo, 1743. Eight funeral sermons. Six ordination sermons. Two fast sermons. Two thanksgiving sermons. A sermon at the artillery election, 1735; general election, 1742; convention of ministers, 1743; on the difference between legal and evangelical righteousness, 1749; at the Boston lecture, 1763; against prophane swearing, 1765. He also preached the Dudleian lecture sermon, 1758, upon the validity of Presbyterian ordination.

short duration; and more extensive powers were given to Sir Edmund, as he was then styled and every vestige of the old charter was obliterated. His prejudices were strong against the people of Massachusetts, and the puritanism of New England, these prejudices he discovered when governor of New York and they were confimed by Randolph, who is handed down to us as one of the most despicable wretches that ever held an office in our government.

In the year 1688, this governor of Massachusetts, and of all New England, received another commission, by which New York was added to his jurisdiction. This was said to be done in order to unite the colonies and make them more formidable to the French; but the true reason of it was to abridge their liberties and to annihilate every idea of their own importance, and in a particular manner to deprive them of those privileges which were founded upon former claims, the freedom of the press was restrained, and no book could be printed without the license* of Mr. secretary Randolph. This was an early instance of his ill will to the people and was followed by a restraint upon marriages. He exacted bonds from all who entered into the matrimonial state, to be forfeited if there should be afterwards found any lawful impediment. The congregational teachers were considered as laymen, and the fathers of New England considered marriage as a mere civil contract; the magistrates also might legally perform the ceremonies. This was not con sonant to the ideas of the church of England or of Rome, an address was therefore sent to the bishop of London, begging that no marriage should be deemed lawful unless the ceremony was performed

It has been observed, that a complaint of this kind was rather inconsistent, as it implied that the press was perfectly free before. This was not the case, it had been under restraint during former administrations; the only change was in the licenser-Randolph prevented every publication which did not suit his own humour and prejudice.

The

by a minister of the church of England.* Congregational societies were to be taxed for the maintenance of the Episcopal clergy. The people were threatened with having their meeting-houses taken from them, or that their mode of worship should not be tolerated. This we have from Hutchinson, who was indeed attached to the forms of the New England churches. though, like Dudley, he often sacrificed his religious prejudices at the shrine of worldly honour.

The people swelled with rage at having their civil and religious liberties trampled upon by an arbitrary governor. The loss of their freeholds was now added to their distresses; and they might well consider whether their lives were to be long secure. They were roused to exertion, and sent Dr. Increase Mather, who was then president of Harvard College, as their agent to England. He was ordered to represent things as they actually were, and to make this rational request-that the right which they had to their freeholds might be confirmed; and that no laws be made, or monies raised, without an assembly.

While their civil affairs were thus conducted, sir Edmund was called upon to display his military talents. To stop the incursions of the Indians, who had burnt several of the eastern settlements, he marched a thousand men into their country in the depth of winter; by which he shewed more prowess than judgment. The governor was much blamed; for he might have been informed by the hunters, that the aboriginals always retired into the woods

• In one of Randolph's letters he writes, "I press for able and "sober ministers, and we will contribute largely to their mainte "nance; but one thing will mainly help, when no marriages shall "hereafter be allowed lawful but such as are made by the minis"ters of the church of England."

In another letter to gov. Hinckley, quoted by Hutchinson, he says, "perhaps it will be as reasonable to move, that your colony "should be rated to pay our minister of the church of England, "who now preaches in Boston, and you hear him not, as to "make the Quakers pay in your colony.

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to spend the winter, where the most alert scouting parties would hardly find them. He returned to Boston with a part of his army, having put the remainder into winter quarters in two forts which he built, viz. one at Sheepscot and the other at Pejepscot falls. These were the only fruits of his campaign.

The revolution which placed William and Mary upon the throne proved most fortunate for New England. The friends of this court were the friends of the colony; and were also disposed to reverse the proceedings under the late king, especially where an attack had been made upon the freedom of the subject. As soon as it was rumoured, that the prince of Orange had prevailed in England, the inhabitants of Boston assembled; sounding the trumpet from the north, every part of the town was in commotion. To prevent any extravagance among the insurgents, the old magistrates put themselves at their head, and endeavoured to keep things calm and regular till advices could be received from the old country. Sir Edmund retired with his friends, and several members of the council, to the fort in Boston. A summons was sent to him upon the 18th of April, 1689, signed by the former governor Bradstreet, Mr. Stoughton, and others, to whom he surrendered. The violence of the people, who had come in from the country, could scarcely be restrained. They insisted upon his being chained as a traitor. It became necessary, in order to gratify this vindictive spirit, and in fact for his own personal safety, to keep him under confinerent in the fort. When the news came, that William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen, it was received with joy by the inhabitants of New England. Soon after, sir Edmund demanded his liberty; but the representatives resolved that he, with several others, could not be admitted to bail, and they were kept in prison until by orders from the king they were sent to England. The king gave assurances that he should

be removed, and promised Mr. agent Mather that he should be made to answer for his mal-conduct. Com plaints against him were laid before the privy council; and at the same time he preferred a charge against the colony for rebellion, imprisoning the king's gov ernor, &c. The next day they were all discharged; and upon a report made to his majesty in council, the matter was dismissed by both parties.

Andross was afterwards made governor of Virginia, and arrived there in Feb. 1692. He brought over the college charter. Whether he had become more mild by age, more wise by experience, or found it to be more for his interest, there was à change in his measures, and his administration is spoken well of by the historians of the province. He gave encouragement to agriculture, manufactures, and the arts. Fulling mills were erected by act of assembly in his time, the cultivation of cotton he particularly favoured. He loved method and dispatch in all kind of business. During his administration the state house was destroyed by fire, together with many of the original patents, records, and deeds of land, &c. He was very assiduous in sorting such as were saved, and caused them to be registered in a better manner than they had been before. He offered to rebuild the state house several times; and it was thought, that much of the expense which attended the rebuilding of it would have been saved if he had continued in the government. But he was removed in 1698, and was succeeded by Francis Nicholson, esq. From that time there was an end of improvement in manufactures, towns and trade. Sir Edmund Andross died in London, Feb. 24, 1713-14.* Smith's Hist. N. York. Neil. Cook's letter. Beverly's Hist. of Virginia.

Beverly relates an anecdote of sir Edmund which deserves to be repeated, as shewing a trait in his character, though we do not vouch for its truth.-Being upon a journey, he stopped at a poor man's house in Stafford county and asked for a drink of water. An ancient woman came out to him, with a brisk lively lad of about 12 years of age. The lad was of a ruddy and fair complexion, and excited the governor's curiosity so much, that he