503. O, eloquent, etc. With this passage Ralegh closed his History of the World. 1134a 589 ff. the Stewart, etc., a forecast of the civil war which dethroned and executed the Stuart Charles I and resulted in the Commonwealth.

591. Whitehall, a royal palace in London. 1135b 677. Medusa, the Gorgon. See note to Paradise Lost, II, 611.

691. Lundy Island, situated at the entrance to the Bristol Channel.

1136a 723. Ionian movement. Ionia was a small district of Asia Minor bordering on the Ægean, settled, it was supposed, by native Greeks, whose descendants in time came to dominate Greek commerce and art.

737. Astrophel, Sir Philip Sidney. 741. œnomel, a mixture of wine and honey, used as a drink by the ancient Greeks.

1137b

RUPERT BROOKE

Rupert Brooke was born at Rugby, where his father was an assistant master. At school he was a successful athlete and won a prize for a poem. He attended Cambridge University, where he was known as one of the leading young intellectuals, though he was regarded as somewhat of a "socialist and a "crank." After leaving Cambridge, he studied in Germany. On his return to England he settled near Cambridge and gave himself up to voluminous reading and outdoor exercise. In 1913 he passed through the United States and Canada on his way to the South Seas. When the World War broke out, he obtained a commission, but while on the way to the Dardanelles, he died of blood poisoning on board a hospital ship in the harbor of Scyros. He was strikingly handsome and possessed great personal charm. As a poet he showed unusual versatility. After the beginning of the war the fanciful social theories of his earlier years gave way to unreserved patriotism, and his later writings reflect the fearless, heroic spirit of England's youth in the presence of the national calamity. His verse occupies a high place in recent English poetry.

THE GREAT LOVER

15. inenarrable, indescribable; literally, untellable.

EDMUND GOSSE

THE WHOLE DUTY OF WOMAN 1139a 16 f. Juliana Berners, Juliana Barnes or Berners, prioress of Sopewell, near St. Albans, late in the fifteenth century.

31. J. K. S., James Kenneth Stephen, 18591892, an English barrister and small poet. The quotation occurs in his A Thought.

46 f. The Whole Duty of Man, once attributed to Richard Sterne, now ascribed to the Royalist divine Richard Allestree, 1619-1681, and revised by Allestree's literary executor, John Fell.

1139b 27. play-book, a book of plays or dramatic pieces.

33 f._most cynical comedy, etc., The Town Fop by Mrs. Aphra Behn, 1640–1689. 35. Corinnas, etc., i.e., characters in contemporary light fiction. Corinna was a Greek poetess who triumphed over Pindar in certain public contests.

41. The Provoked Wife, a play by Sir John Vanbrugh, 1664–1726.

1140a 21. Junius, the pen-name under which appeared a succession of brilliant political letters contributed to the London Advertiser, 1769-1772. It appears that "Junius " was Sir Francis Philip, 17401818.

32. Mr. Craik, Sir Henry Craik, 1846

a Scottish educator and author, editor of English Prose Selections, 1892-1896. 34. Bishop Cumberland, Richard Cumberland, 1732-1811, Bishop of Peterborough. 34 f. William Sherlock, 1641?-1707, dean of St. Paul's.

1140b 10 f. Mrs. Lynn Linton, 1822-1898, an English novelist and miscellaneous

writer.

49. Marjorie Fleming, Margaret Fleming, 1803-1811, a remarkably gifted child, the friend of Sir Walter Scott. 1141a 28. ombre. See note to Pope's Rape of the Lock, 1. 56.

28. quadrille, a game of cards played by four persons, the eights, nines, and tens being omitted from the pack.

GEORGE BERNARD SHAW George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin of English Protestant stock. He attended school in his native city, but his formal education ceased at the age of fifteen, when he began to earn his own living. In 1876 he removed with his family to London. He spent several years as a clerk in the offices of a land agent and of the Edison Telephone Company. He early undertook to write novels, but found little sale for his literary work. He adopted socialistic views, which he defended both as a pamphleteer and as a street orator. About 1885 he began journalism, and has since published many essays of literary or social criticism. Beginning with Widowers' Houses, written partly in 1885, he has composed more than two dozen plays, mainly satirical, the nature of which is

to some extent indicated by the title Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant, given to a collection of his dramas published in two volumes in 1898. In their published form his plays are often supplied with extensive stage directions and character sketches designed to help the reader visualize the action, and with elaborate prefaces explaining the author's literary and social theories. His Common Sense and the War, published soon after the outbreak of the European conflict, caused widespread comment.

If we are to judge by his writings, Mr. Shaw believes that many things in the world need reforming, but he goes about the reformation in his own way. He is a socialist, but he believes that socialism will accomplish its ends best by using Fabian (waiting) tactics. Both in his essays and in his dramas he attacks conventionality and sham or what he regards as conventionality and sham but he does so by the indirect method of reducing to absurdity the institution condemned. His criticisms are often valuable not so much because they are just as because they stimulate thought. He has helped to raise the prose drama again to the level of literature, and he has succeeded in popularizing his plays in printed form with a public accustomed to the explicitness of the novel.

umphed. He wrote some art criticism for The Bookman, published a volume of verse (The Wild Gallant), and about 1900 began, with signed articles for various Liberal papers, the regular career of a journalist. His decided personality, pugnacious disposition, and dogmatic assertiveness soon made him a reputation which he has maintained unabated until the present time. His works have been frequently republished, and he has constantly added new productions on all sorts of subjects and of various types. His medleylike range and versatility and his remarkable ingenuity and dexterity have made him one of the most prominent of modern writers. His style is marked by pungency and incisiveness, freely interspersed with paradox, often provoking in its militancy, but relieved by a racy humor that rarely weakens or fails. He resides at Beaconsfield.

A DEFENCE OF NONSENSE 1144b 18. Edward Lear, 1812-1888, an English artist and humorous poet. For the Dong,' the Quangle-Wangle,' the Jumblies,' and the like, see his poetry. 25. Rabelais. See note to p. 243a, 1. 2. 25. Sterne, Lawrence Sterne, 1713-1768, an English humorous novelist.

37 f. the present Archbishop, etc., Frederick Temple, D.D., 1821–1902.

47. Trial of Faithful.' See Pilgrim's Prog

ress.

1145a 5. Lewis Carroll, the Reverend Charles

Lutwidge Dodgson, 1832-1898, an English mathematician, who wrote stories for children under the pen name of Lewis Carroll.

10 f. Philistine, a person lacking in liberal culture and enlightenment.

40 f. His body,' etc., prefatory poem to Nonsense Songs.

1145b 1 f. Far and few,' etc., a refrain in The Jumblies.

16 f. For his aunt,' etc., misquoted from The Pobble Who Has No Toes. 1146a 38 ff. Hast Thou,' ' xxxviii, 26.

etc. Cf. Job

49. Leviathan, a fabulous sea monster of Scripture, sometimes identified with the behemoth. Cf. Job xli.

HERBERT GEORGE WELLS Herbert George Wells, the son of a professional cricket player, was born at Bromley in Kent. He was educated in a private school of his native town, in the grammar school of Midhurst, and in the Royal College of Science. After his graduation at the University of London in 1888 he engaged in private teaching. In 1893 he became dramatic critic of the

Pall Mall Gazette and began contributing articles to other magazines. His first success came with his stories and romances, beginning with The Time Machine in 1895. In these he employed the newest scientific knowledge and set forth his views on politics and sociology. He also wrote some expository treatises further elucidating his sociological doctrines. Meanwhile he had begun his career as novelist, which he pursued with eminent success through the World War. In recent years the great fame of his novels has been eclipsed by his mammoth Outline of History, 1919-1920, in which he disparaged the conventional historic method and as a modern scientific theorizer attempted to give the story of the race devoid of the usual national prejudices and distinctions. In his writings he is not without marked originality. In his thought processes he is speculative rather than scientific. In all his expressions of opinion he is vigorous and decided. A strong personal element and a pervasive optimistic tone make whatever he writes good reading.

1149a

erature. His earliest novel appeared in 1898. From the first recognition of his ability as revealed in The Island Pharisees in 1904 and The Man of Property in 1906, the intelligent public has welcomed with ever increasing interest the series of literary works that have come from his pen. Besides novels, he has written essays, short stories, and plays, the latter marked by realistic treatment and strong emotional appeal. If we judge by Mr. Galsworthy's novels alone, with their emphasis on sex relationships and the futility of human endeavor in the face of convention and scandal, we may conclude that his philosophy is one of pessimistic realism. If, however, we consider his whole literary output, including his essays, he appears not only as a surpassingly subtle literary artist but as a kindly and even hopeful spectator of human society.

CASTLES IN SPAIN

26 f. Seville Cathedral. Except St. Peter's in Rome and the Mezquita in Cordova, the great cathedral of Santa Maria de la Sede in Seville, Spain, is the largest church structure in the world - 414 feet long, 271 feet wide, and 100 feet high at the nave. It was begun in 1402 and completed in 1519.

52. Assuan, a town in upper Egypt on the Nile.

11496 2. Forth Bridge, the great cantilever bridge over the Firth of Forth above Edinburgh.

19 f. Christopher Wren, etc. See note to p. 1051b, l. 20.

1151b 19. St. Francis d'Assisi, 1182?-1226, the Italian founder of the Franciscan order of friars, famous for his Christlike life and teachings.

1153a 47. quid pro quo, an adequate return; literally, "something for something." 1154b 3. Retro Satana.' Get thee behind me, Satan. Cf. Mark viii, 23 (Vulgate). 1155a 25 f. Dreamer Don, etc. See note

to p. 245b, l. 274.