Pruffians, and the conduct of the other powers. To Fleury, whofe favourite fcheme of partition the king's feparate peace had deftroyed, he made apologies which at once difplayed the refined politician, and an intimate knowledge of the human heart. The cardinal could not in his answer conceal his regret, or his diftruft of the king's profeflions. The allies carried on the war; and when marshal Maillebois was fent into Bohemia, the court of Vienna parried the blow, amused the cardinal by negociations, and procured pofitive orders to be sent to the marfhal not to risk a battle. The king says, that he knows this with certainty. In other refpects, what Frederick could not effect by arms, he attempted by negociation; and the year paffed away in thefe plans, which fometimes failed of fuccefs, and at others fucceeded but he did not neglect the best part of a king's duty, repairing by the arts of peace, the ravages of war, and adding to the profperity, probably the happiness of bis people.

We have been led by our partiality to this work, into details too extenfive for our limits. We must now beg leave to stop; and, as it would be unfair to arraign the tranflator's general conduct by the fpecimen of one volume, we fhall defer our remarks on it for the prefent. We hope to refume the work in our next, and to step on a little more rapidly in future.

[To be continued.]

With

A Survey of the Modern State of the Church of Rome. additional Obfervations on the Doctrine of the Pope's Supro macy. By William Hales, D. D. 8vo. 5s. ferved. Faulder.

TH

HIS is a very animated and candid appeal to the unbiassed judgment and to the reafon of every confiderate reader, by an able advocate of the Proteftant religion. We are, however, forry to obferve that Dr. Hales, while he endeavoured to paint the tenets of the Popish church in their trueft, though at the fame time in the most difgufting colours, has forgotten the ends which he proposed to himself, and by being too prolix on what might have been treated with more conciseness and fidelity, he has almoft induced us to fay, in the words of a canon which he quotes, Qui alios, cum poteft, ab errore non revocat, feipfum errare demonftrat. The prefent age is too enlightened to perufe with pleasure the labours of controverfialists: the ponderous volumes, which were read with advidity in remoter periods, when nations drew the fword against infidels, are now fuffered to moulder away in libraries, and the polemical writer has the mortification to find his readers as few as he knows the field of his arguments is barren and unproductive.

E 4

The

The writer of this Survey attacks with proper indignation Dr. Butler, Mr. O'Leary, &c. whofe writings in favour of the Popish religion feem to have deluded many of the Irish who are devoid of judgment to determine and of refolution to purfue. The catechifm of the former of thefe gentlemen Dr. Hales confiders, and we think very properly, not only as fubverfive of the pure doctrine of the gofpel, but of every moral duty; and the rapid fale which this little compofition has had feems to kindle a proper refentment in the bofom of our author, who, as a minifter of the Proteftant church, and as a fubject of his majefty, is conscious that Popery in Ireland ferves to separate many useful members from promoting the interefts of the fifter kingdom. The many and too often tedious inftances which Dr. Hales has produced to expofe the tyranny of God's vicegerent on earth, as the pope ftyles himself, will ferve to prove that they furely could never breathe the spirit of true religion who countenanced the cruelties of the inquifition, and fhed more blood than the maffacres of Mithridates, or the flaughter which accompanied a Saracen army. The cruelties of a Ximenes, the thoufands that were coolly configned to the flames in France, and the 50,000 who were hanged by the order of Charles the Fifth, are fufficient inftances of this.In the 180th page of the Survey the curious reader will be informed of what, perhaps, few could believe; yet let him not be too much astonished to hear that public offices are established in the Spanish dominions, where the indulgences granted by the pope are obtained with mercantile commodities, and produce his Catholic majefty a revenue of more than 80,000 pounds fterling per annum. Upon the whole, we cannot but with fuccefs to Dr. Hales in his controverfy; ufurpation is ever difgufting, and more fo when power is abufed to mislead the ignorant, to fpread the flame of rebellion, and to confufe and misinterpret the plain self-evident truths of the gospel,

FOREIGN

ARTICLES.

Kongl Vertenskaps Academiens Nya Hadlingar. Tom. VIII. New Tranfactions of the Royal Swedish Academy, Tom. VIII.

WE

8vo. Halmæ.

E muft labour to overtake the Tranfactions of this Society, and fhall not therefore detain our readers by any introduction or any apology.

The first trimestre contains fome remarks by M. Morveau, on the nature of steel, and its component parts. The experiments, which he made on this fubject, were published in the

Dijou

Dijon Tranfactions for the year 1785, and the refult was fhortly given, in our LXVth Vol. p. 552. In this paper, he draws fome corollaries, from his trials, which illuftrate the nature of steel. The fum of thefe we fhall now fubjoin. Steel he thinks is only iron approaching more near to that metal in a malleable flate, in proportion as its martial earth is more free from heterogeneous particles, and if not perfectly. yet more equally metallic than crude iron. It is however, diftinguifhed from iron, because a confiderable proportion of plumbago enters into its compofition. In its mephitic fulphur, it approaches nearer to crude than to malleable iron; the grev crude iron contains, in his opinion, more fulphur than feel; but feel is ftill farther distant from the white crude iron, which contains earthy particles, not metallic, but heterogeneous, and which may be feparated, by repeated fufion in clofe veffels, without addition. Crude iron may, he supposes, be reduced to the nature of fteel by purifying the iron, and feparating the mole bdena in it, while the tranfition of iron into fteel is greatly promoted by the plumbago; and the heat required is at firft only neceffary to preferve the fluidity, that the union may be more perfect; but afterwards he feems to think, that fome of the fire is combined with the fteel. The general properties of theel depend on a determined quantity of its own material, and the different fpecies from its different proportion. He obferves with Bergman, that in this investigation, it is proper to begin with malleable iron, fince this is the pureft ftate of the metal and not with feel, as many chemists have done.

M. Petr. Jaoccjelm fubjoins many attempts of the Swedes on this fubject; but much remains to be done.

M. Olaus ab Acrel relates a curious cafe of incarcerated hernia, where his fuccefs was complete, though, for a long time, the excrements came from the wound.

M. A. Chapman. in the fourth article, points out a method of finding the centre of gravity of a fhip, fwimming in the water. And Meff. Falk and Lidtgren give the refult of their obfervations on an eclipfe of the moon, the third of January 1786. In the feventh article we find M. Lindtquift's obfervations on the tranfit of Mercury over the Sun, May 4th. 1786.

M. Olaus Swartz next defcribes twelve fpecies of urtica, which he has difcovered, and four of the most curious plants are engraved. They are found in Hifpaniola, Domingo, Jamaica, &c. In the ninth article there is a curious defcription of a woody lake, by M. Haggren, whofe curious remarks have, on more than one occafion, embellished our Journal. This lake is covered with the roots of trees; and he fufpects with great reason, that it was formerly a wood over which the waters have flowed, or which, as is more probable, may have funk in confequence of fome fubterraneous convulfion. The last aricle in this part is by M. Morian, who humbly condefcends to

defcribe

defcribe the method of making the blue paper with which fugar loaves are covered,

In the fecond trimestre M. Moller publishes the chemical analysis of the refiduum of fithes and whales, which is feparated when the oil is boiled in water. The contents of this fubitance, as it is obtained from different bodies, muft neceffari'y be different. Our author, however, found that it contains a volatile alkali and an animal oil; that the caput mortuum confifts of charcoal and a calcareous earth. It may be employed as fuel, or to procure fal ammoniac.

M. Peter Adr. Gadd examines how far infects, worms, and zoophytes contribute to the generation of ftones. Their effects in this way are owing, he thinks, to their mucilage, for they are frequently mucilaginous, and to the phlogifton feparated from them during their putrefaction, which cont ibutes to the concretion of the earths. This folution is a little fanciful: it would have come nearer to the purpofe if he had faid, which he might have done with truth, that infects contain earth, and that on the decompofition of the principles of their bodies it becomes evident

M. Landerbeck, in the third article, confiders fome kinds of carves which may be produced from each other by the affittance of tangents.

Many have been the new fpecies or the varieties of the Pcruvian bark lately difcovered in the American iíla ds. In the Foreign Intelligence of our Supplement, we mentioned a species peculiar to Guadaloupe and Martioico. Another has been defcribed and engraved by Dr. Swartz in the volume before us, which he found on the banks of the rivers in the island of St. Domingo, in the year 1784. He calls it cincona auguftfolia foliis lanceolatis, pubefcentibus, floribus paniculatis. From his pharmaceutical trials, he has discovered that the bark of this free is more foluble, and its active powers more easily extracted, than thofe of the common bark, while it is equal to the common in its powers, particula ly when fieth. In the few inftances where it has been exhibited, the effects feemed to be very good.

M. Thunberg, in the fifth article, defibes and delineates three lizards from the eastern extremity of India The trivial names are lacerta Japonica, lateralis, and abdominalis.

M. Peter Hjelm recommends, in the room of borax, to the affayers, a mixture of fluor spar and calcareous earth, with a little clay, that it may not run through the velcls. It is not only cheaper he fays, but produces the fame effects in a fhorter time.

M. Andrew Wahlin deferibes, in the fubfequent memoir, a morbid conformation of the oefophagus. It happened to a foldier, who for many years found his deglutition troublesome, without being confcious of any caufe for it. He was brought to the hospital in January 1787, much emaciated, not able to fwallow the leaft folid food, fcarcely the fmalleft portion of liquid, which feemed to reach fone obftacle feated in the chett,

and

and was then immediately rejected, accompanied by much mucus. About the middle of February the oefophagus was fo much obfructed, that not even a drop of water would pafs, but every thing which he attempted to fwallow, returned with a mucous difcharge. He was releafed from thi- pain on the 12th of March. On diffection, the cefophagus, from where it patles through the diaphragm, was found in alnoll its whole length greatly contracted and enlarged again toword, the fauces. On paffing a probe, the obtruction appeared very great. On diffecting it, the paffage was found to be totally obitrected by a congeries of tranfverfe, pale fibres, refe bling polypou concretions. The neighbouring parts were entirely natural, fo that no explanation could be agued for the appearance, except a conftitutional conformation, incre.fcd perhaps by fpalms.

La the eighth article, M. Collinder defcribes a poor unfortun te boy of leventeen, who, on account of a great deformity in the genita's, was thought to be an hermaphrodite. M. Samuel Faniberg has communicat d meteorological obfervations made in the ill nd of St. Bartholomew, as weit as the diseases and remedies most frequently found and employed there. This part concludes with the ob ervations of Mcff. Nicander, Lindtquift, Lidtgren, and Falk, on the eclipfe of the fun, which happened the 15th of June 1787.

The third trimere begins with fome curious experiments by M. Zacharias Nordmark, made wi ha defign of trying whether the heating power of the fun exifted a fo in the coloured rays feparated by a prifm He threw the coloured rays on the bulbs of different thermometers, and found always fome expanfion of the mercury, though it was fmall. It amounted to about half of a Swedish degree, fcarcely a degree of Fahrenheit; but we do no. perceive that the different colours produced different heats. He looked at the flame of fulphur alfo through a prism, and found that it was feparated into the prifmatic colours. He fhows alfo how the light of a candle may be made to exhibit the different colours, but this was explained in a German work, fo long fince as the year 1743, by M. Chriftian Haupt.

In the fecond memoir M. Thunberg defcribes three new torto fes. The first, the teftudo Japonica, pedibus pinniformibus, uni ungulatis, tetta carinatâ, crenatâ, pollice quadriloba. The fecond, t. roftrata, pedibus palmatis, teftâ integra carinatâ, elevato friatâ, fcabra. The third, t. areolata, pedibus digitatis, tefta gibbofæ, fcutellis elevatis fubquadrangulis, ftriatis, medio depreffis fcabris.

M. Nichol. Swederus defcribes a new genus of infects, and fifty fpecies of infects, from the collections which he saw at London. The new genus fhould, he thinks, be placed near the cimex of Linnæus, and is ftyled macrocephalus. He has defcrited only twenty-five fpecies of the infects in this number, and added engravings of the macrocephalus, and fome of the fpecies, as well as of tortoiles defcribed in the former memoir.

M. Eric