the word Chetim, in the Prophet Isaiah, by that of Cyprus; and that the Chetims are the Cyprians, whence a city of the island still bore, in his time, the name of CITIUM. Theodoret, [In Heremi, c. 2.] shows that it is called Chetim in the Prophet Jeremiah, and Zonoras, [2. c. 2. v. 9. Annal.] affirms that Chetima is the island which the Greeks call Kúpos, whereof Chetim, great grandson of Noah, had been the original possessor." Les Isles de l'Archipel. par Dapper. Amst. 1702. p. 21.

(338) The Reverend and learned Dr. Henly, writing to the Author upon the circumstance here noticed, makes the following remarks.— "You mention," says he, "the sword presented to Alexander by the King of Citium. It is to be observed, that the prophecy of Balaam closes with the following prediction:- Ships shall come from the coast of CHITTIM, [i. e. Citium,] and shall afflict Assur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall perish for ever? This prediction I propose hereafter more fully to illustrate; but at present shall only observe, that the naval armament, by which Alexander was alone enabled to overcome Tyre and the whole power of the Persian empire by sea, was chiefly furnished to him from Cyprus, or Chittim. [See 1 Maccab, i. 1.] And it happened, after that Alexander, the son of Philip the Macedonian, who came out of the land of Chetteim, had smitten Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, that he reigned in his stead, the first over Greece.' From not adverting to this historical fact, geographers have made a strange mistake, in supposing that Macedonia had been called Chittim; for Arrian, who has given a distinct account of Alexander's maritime equipment, expressly mentions, that the reinforcement from Cyprus, consisted of one hundred and twenty ships, whilst from Macedonia he had but a single vessel. See ABRIAN. de Expeditione Alexandri, lib. ii. c. 20.

(339) Mariti's Travels, vol. I. p. 61.

(340) I have never seen any medals corresponding with this description; but they are alluded to by different authors, and recently by the Editor of the Oxford edition of Strabo, in his Notes to that work; "For mam templi et symboli Veneris in nummis videre est." [Vid. p. 973. in Not.] The image of the Goddess had not the human form. "Simulacrum Dea non effigie humana." [Tacitus.] ПTapios i mir 'Aopod ir τὰς τιμὰς ἔχει, τὸ δε αγαλμα οὐκ ἂν εἰκίσεις ἄλλῳ τῷ ἡ πυραμίδι λευκῇ· ἡ δὲ ὕλη vital. [Max. Tyrius, Diss. 38.] The form of an Indian idol at Jaggernaut is said to be a cone, answering to the ancient account of the Paphian Goddess. This confirms what I before advanced, concerning the nature of the Cyprian Venus. The pateras used by priestesses in the rites of Ceres, had this pyramidal node, or cone, in the centre. A priestess is represented holding one of these, upon a bas-relief in the Vestibule of Cambridge University Library. See "Greek Marbles," No XV. p. 97.

(341) The bust was sent to the British Consul, and is therefore probably now in England. Mariti says the medals were given to him, vol. I. p. 60.

(342) Sec "Greek Marbles," No. XXXVIII. p. 55.

(345) Signifying the "new gom"

(344) This name was given to the rock-crystal of Baffa, so long ago as the time in which Egmont and Heyman visited Cyprus. "Near Baffe. are mines of rock-crystal; and a French merchant there showed me'a

most beautiful stone, which might pass for a diamond; and such stones being found in the mines here, are commonly called Baffe diamonds." Trav. of Egm. and Heym, vol. I. p. 289.

(345) Among the lapidaries of London, it bears the name of "Mininova," and is little esteemed by them.

(546) See Drummond's Travels, p. 157. Mariti mentions a village called Amianthus, as still existing in Cyprus in his time; and adds, that it "was a considerable town in the time of the Romans. The neighbouring country," says he, "produced the stone Asbestos, used for making a kind of incombustible cloth, in which the bodies of Emperors were burned." (Mariti's Trav. vol. I. p. 177.) This village is mentioned by Dapper, [Isles de L'Archipel. p. 52.] as marking the spot where the stone Amianthus was found in abundance, and manufactured, by being mixed with flax, spun, and then wove, for the incombustible cloth of the Ancients. The process is given by Dioscorides. [Lib. v. c. 46.] Dapper says the village took its name from the mineral; and that it was once a place of great renown, on account of the cloth and thread there manu. factured of Amianthus.

It is often supposed, that the art of manufacturing an incombustible cloth by means of Amianthus is not possessed by the Moderns; but the inhabitants of a certain district in Siberia are in the practice of preparing thread by mixing flax with this substance, and then spiuning it. After weaving with this thread, the cloth is exposed to the action of fire, which consumes the flax, and leaves an incombustible web. This, according to Dioscorides, [as above cited,] was the method used by the Ancients. The principal manufacture of Amianthine cloth existed in this island, the mineral being found here in abundance and perfection. The art of making it was also formerly known in India. If we might rely upon the mineralogy of the ancients, real diamonds were once found in Cyprus; but Pliny's observations concerning them, [Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvii. c. 4.] although he describes the Cyprian diamond as "efficacissimus in medicina," prove they were nothing more than the sort of Quartz before mentioned. The Aetites, or Eagle Stone, which they superstitiously esteemed on account of the aid it was supposed to render to women in labour, is still valued by the ignorant inhabitants for this, its imaginary virtue. Pliny considered the Jasper of Cyprus as ranking next in perfection to that of Scythia; and Chrystal, he says, was turned up by the plough. The other minerals of the island, were emerald, [a name they gave to any greenish transparent stone,] Agate, Opal, Sapphire, Lazalite, [which they called Lapis Cyaneus,] Mica, or Muscovy Glass, Allum, Nitre, Sulphur, Gypsum, and great abundance of Salt. The latter was chiefly collected from the environs of Citium, where the salt marshes now are.

(347)

-ubi templum illi, centumque Sabæo, Thure calent aræ, sertisque recentibus halant." (348) Mariti writes the name of this place Atene. See vol. L. p. 87. (349) Mat. xxiv. 41.

(350) The bee-hives of Egypt, and of Palæstine, are of the same kind. "Those of Egypt," says Hasselquist, "are made of coal-dust and clay, which being well blended together, they form of the mixture a hollow cylinder, of a span diameter, and as long as they please, from six to twelve feet: this is dried in the sun, and becomes so hard, that it may be handled at will. I saw some thousands of these hives at a village be

tween Damiata and Mansora." Hasselquist's Voy. and Trav. p. 236. Lond. 1766.

(351) The Dutch Ambassadors from the East India Company to China, in the middle of the seventeenth century, observed the same custom of exhibiting state horses in the court of the Emperor's palace at Pekin. See Nierhoff's Account of the Embassy, as published by Ogilby, p. 126. Lond. 1669.

(352) Persons of enlightened understanding, whatsoever be their rank, know very well that real greatness is best displayed by affability. and condescension. I remember hearing an Italian physician at Naples, a man of the world, who had studied human nature well, and travelled much, give this advice to a young practitioner, who was beginning his career: If thou be called," said he, "to attend a man of real high birth, with an accomplished mind, throw thyself into the best chair in his room, and make thyself at home with him; but if the summons be to a new-made dignitary, to one of newly-acquired wealth, or to a tradesman who has retired from business, stand till he bids thee sit, and then take the humblest seat that offers."

(353) A term used by the Turks to express either a Dog or an Infidel.

(354) This method of summoning slaves to the presence of their master is common all over the Turkish empire.

(355) Various substances are in use under the name of touchstone, and of course it has various appellations. Mineralogists have called it Lapis Lydius, Corneus trapezius, primitive basalt, basanite, trap, schistus, &c. The substance most employed by Oriental goldsmiths, is a dark and very compact basalt.

(356) To supply these stones, they frequently disfigure or conceal the finest antique gems; either by cutting them into a more diminutive form, or by hiding the work of the ancient lapidary in the setting, and turning the obverse side outwards for the writing.

(357) "The most beautiful edifice here is, without doubt, the Church of St. Sophia, where the kings of Cyprus were formerly crowned. It is built in the Gothic style, and has three large naves. It contains the tombs of the Lusignans, and of several ancient Cypriots, and noble Venetians. The choir and the altars were destroyed when the city was taken. This church then became the principal mosque: and Mustapha, the Turkish general, went to it for the first time, to offer thanks to the Almighty, on the fourteenth of September, 1570." Mariti's Travels, vol. I. p. 98. It is said by Dapper [Descript. des Isles de L'Archipel. p. 32. Amst. 1733.] to contain an ancient tomb of very beautiful jasper, of one entire piece, eight feet and a half long, four feet and a quarter wide, and five feet high. Dapper, perhaps, alludes to that beautiful kind of marble called Rosse Antico by the Italians.

(358) The learned antiquary will perceive the classical accuracy observed by the Ancients in such representations. The subjects displayed upon their pictured vases, sculptured marbles, medals, and gems, were not the result of any, idle fancy or momentary caprice. Copious as the sources were whence all their varied imagery was derived, its exhibition was nevertheless circumscribed by canons. Mercury is pourtrayed reclining upon a stele; thereby typifying his office of conducting departed

souls.

(359) "Per columbam vero aerem intelligit Horapollo, lib. i. rationem ibidem dat quod adeo sinceræ et puræ naturæ sit, ut a nullo contagioso aere, quemadmodum cætera animalia, infici possit."

Edip. Ægypt. tom. iii. p. 291.

"Alba Palestino Sancta Columba Syro."

Tibullus, Lib. i. El. 8. vers. 18.

Kircher

(360) Of the List of plants found during this visit to Cyprus, we shall only mention here three new-discovered species.

1. A non-descript, tall, branchy, strong-thorned, species of Ononis. This we have called ONONIS MACRACANTHA. Ononis caule suffru tescente ramisque spinosis, fo.is superioribus solitariis obovatis glandulosis apice dentatis; floribus solitariis pedunculatis.—Caulis ramosissimus, flexuosus deorsum hirsutus. Rami valde spinosi, acuti, crassi, rigidi, supra glabri Spine foliate, validæ, floriferæ, subbine. Folia petiolata lineas tres longa, inferiora non vidi. Peduncudi breves, Calyces glanduliferi corolla breviores, basin versus pilosi II. A non-descript species of Euphorbia. This we have called Eu. PHORBIA MALACHOPHYLLA. Euphorbia dichotoma, foliis ovatis, acute denticulatis, hirsutis mollibus; pedunculis_solitariis unifloris, petalis laciniatis-Planta annua magnitudine E. scordifolia, tota hirsuta. Folia exacte ovata, lineas octo ad duodecim longa, mucrone innocuo terminata, basin versus integerrima. Petioli foliis ter breviores. Flores e dichotomiis pedunculati parvi.

III. A non-lescript species of Centaurea, or Star Thistle. This we have called CENTAUREA MONACANTHA. Centaurea divaricata, calycis foliolis integris spina simplicissima terminatis glabris; foliis superioribus spinoso denticulatis, lanceolato oblongis; inferioribusdentato-pinnatifidis, scabris-Planta humilis ramosissima; rami di varicati, dichotomi Capitula sessilia. Calycis foliolis arcte imbricatis glabris margine scariosis. Spinæ patula, validissimæ.

(361) Of this opinion is that learned antiquary, R. P. Knight, Esq author of some of the most erudite dissertations in our language. (363) Socrates Scolasticus, lib. v. c. 17.

(364) See "Greek Marbles," p. 78.

(365) Ibid. A most satisfactory proof, not only of the Phonecian origin of this medal, but of its relationship to Citium, is afforded by the Citiean Inscriptions published by Pococke, ( Description of the East, vol. II. p. 213) wherein more than one instance occurs of the introduction of the identical symbol, seen upon its obverse side.

(366) Neither of these excellent officers, Captain Russel and Captain Culverhouse, are now living. Capt Russel died of the fever he caught in Cyprus; and Capt Culverhouse fell a victim to his endeavours to save a beloved wife, who was upset with him in a boat off the Cape of Good Hope. He narrowly escaped a similar fate, in early life, being by accident on shore when the Royal George sunk at Spithead, to which ship he then belonged as a midshipman.

(367) For the sake of greater precision, the author has detailed the observations as taken from the ship's log-book. The navigation of this part of the Mediterranean being little known, these may, perhaps, not be without utility.

(568) A part of Mount Libanus.

(369) De Tott says, that he immured alive a number of persons of the Greek communion, when he rebuilt the walls, of Berytus, now called Berooty, to defend it from the invasion of the Russians. The heads of those unfortunate victims were then to be seen. Memoirs, Vol. II p. 316. ed. Lond. 1785.

(370) Many wretched objects, similarly disfigured, might be observed daily in the streets of Acre.

(371) The author received this information from Djezzar himself; together with the faet of his having been once Governor of Cairo. He has generally been known only from his situation as Pacha of Seide and Acre. Volney described his Pachalic, in 1784, as the emporium of Damascus and all the interior parts of Syria. (See Trav. in Egypt and Syria, vol. II. p. 181. Lond. 1787.) The Gates of his frontier towns had regular guards. (Ibid. p. 183.) His cavalry amounted to nine hundred Bosnian and Arnaut horsemen. By sea, he had a frigate, two galliots, and a xebec. His revenue amounted to four hundred thousand pounds. Ibid. p. 182. His expenses were principally confined to his gardens, his baths, and his women. In his old age he grew very avari

cious.

(372) He possessed eighteen white women in 1784; and the luxury allowed them, according to Volney, was most enormous. Ibid. p. 269. This may be doubted: extravagance of any kind, except in cruelty, being inconsistent with Djezzar's character.

(373) A sect of Arabs inhabiting the environs of Mount Libanus; so called from their founder, surnamed El Durzi, who came from Persia into Egypt in the year, 1020. [See Egmont and Heyman's Trav. vol. I. p. 293.) Niebuhr and Volney have given a full account of their history. It has been ignorantly supposed that they are the offspring of a colony of French Crusaders; but their name occurs in the Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, written anterior to the Crusades; their language, moreover, is purely Arabic. Pococke fell into the error of their Christian origin: "If any account," says he, "can be given of the original of the Druses, it is, that they are the remains of the Christian armies in the Holy War." Descript. of the East, p. 94. Lond. 1745.

(374) Djezzar built the Mosque, the Bazar, and a most elegant pubtic fountain, in Acre. In all these works he was himself both the engineer and the architect. "He formed the plans," says Volney, "drew the designs, and superintended the execution." Travels in Egypt and Syria, vol. II. p. 226.

(375) A short crutch, frequently inlaid with mother of pearl, of which I cannot recollect the Oriental name, serves men of rank in the East to support their bodies while sitting erect. Djezzar always had one of these; and the possession of it enabled the bearer to exercise the au thority of the Pacha himself.

(376) Djezzar's prisoners were confined in a dungeon beneath the apartment wherein he lived; so that all persons ascending or descending the staircase leading to his chambers, passed the grated window of their jail.

(377) The Rev. J. Palmer, Arabic Professor in the University of

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