bataillon du genie, a fait faire ? l'ancien Fort du Raschid, nomme aujourd' hui Fort Julien, situe sur la rive gauche du Nil, a trois mille toises du Boghaz de la branche de Rosette, il a ete trouve, dans des fouilles, une pierre d'un tres beau granit noir, d'un grain tres fin, tres dure au marteau. Les dimensions sont de 36 pouces de hauteur, de 28 pouces de largeur, et de 9 a 10 pouces d'epaisseur. Une seule face, bien polie offre trois inscriptions distinctes et separees en trois bandes paralleles. La premiere et superieure est ecrite en caracteres hieroglyphiques : on y trouve quatorze Lignes de caracteres, mais dont une partie est perdue par une cassure de la pierre La seconde et intermediare est en caracteres que l'on croit etre Syriaque: on y compte trente deux lignes. La troisieme et la derniere est ecrite en Grec; on y compte cinquante quatre lignes de caracteres tres fins, tres bien sculptes, et qui comme ceux des deux autres inscriptions superieures, sont tres bien conserves.

"Le General Menou a fait faire traduire en partie l'inscription Greque. Elle porte en substance que Ptolemy Philopater fit rouvrir tous les canaux de l'Egypte, et que ce prince employa a ces immenses travaux un nombre tres considerable d'ouvriers, des sommes immenses et huit annees de sou regne. Cette pierre offre un grand interet pour l'etude des caracteres hieroglyphiques; peut etre meme en donnera-t-elle enfin la clef.

"La Citoyen BOUCHARD, officier du corps de genie, qui sous les ordres du Citoyen D'hautpoul, conduisoit les travaux du Fort du Raschid, a bien voulu se charger de faire transporter cette pierre au Kaire. Elie est maintenant a Boulag." Courier de l'Egypte, No. 37. p. 3. Au Kaire, de l'Imprimerie Nationale.

(287) There are other reasons for believing it the sign of an epocha, or date; and among these may be particularly stated the manner of its occasional introduction in the apices of Egyptian obelisks, beginning their inscriptions according to the style of the translated legend upon the Rosetta Stone. With such evidence, we have, perhaps, something beyond mere conjecture for its illustration. We there find the promulgation and commemoration of a degree, inscribed in hieroglyphic characters, opening with a date: "On the 4th day of the month Xandicus, and the 18th of the Egyptian Mecheir" There seems to be as little reason for doubting that the characters upon Egyptian obelisks were used to register transactions, according to annals preserved by the priests of the country, as that the Pillar of Forres in Scotland, similarly inscribed, and other more ancient Gaelic monuments, were erected to record public Yet the learned Kircher, upon the authority of Plutarch, explains this symbol in a more abstract manner; and to his illustration, the natural history of the insect offers very remarkable support. He considers it as a type of the Anima Mundi, or Giver of Light. Inasmuch as every sign used in the writings of the priests had a mystical as well as a literal signification, this may be true concerning its sacred and original import. The figure of Aries, used to denote the month of March, had also, among the Ancients, its mythological signification. The image of the scarabeus was worn as an amulet both by Egyptians and by Greeks; and so was the head of the Ram. "Scarabaei figura circulo insignita.... nihil aliud indicat, quam Solem supra-mundanum." Kircher. Edip. tom. iii. p. 320. Rom. 1654. "Anima Mundi, sive Spiritus Universi, ex Scarabeo constat." Ibid. p. 147.

events.

(288) This curious remnant of an ancient superstition is also në

without its illustration in Kircher: “Accedit quod idem Scarabæus significatione ad mores translata idem, teste Horo, lib. i cap. 10. quod patrem et masculam virtutem notet." Edip. Egypt. tom. iii. cap. 4. p. 179. The subject admits of further illustration, by reference to Plutarch. According to him, soldiers wore the image of the beetle upon their signets; and this perhaps may account not only for the number of them found, but also for the coarseness of the workmanship. "Of a like nature,” says he, "is the beetle, which we see engraven upon the signets of the soldiers; for there are no females of this species, but all males, who propagate their kind by casting their seed into those round balls of dung, which they form on purpose; providing thereby, not only a proper nidus for the reception of their young, but nourishment likewise for them as soon as they are born." Plutarch, de Iside et Osir. cap. 10

(290) The salt lakes in the neighbourhood of Salines contribute much to the insalubrity of the bay, and of the surrounding territory. For an account of them, see Drummond's Travels, p. 141. Travellers should be particularly cautioned to avoid all places where salt is made in the Levant; these are generally called Lagunes.

(291) "Some authors," says the Abbe Mariti, vol. i. p. 6. "tell us that the air of this island is bad and unhealthful. This prejudice prevents many strangers from remaining in it long enough to make the experiment themselves. But people who have lived here a year, have been convinced of the wholesomeness of the air of this island, and of the error of the Ancient writers." With similar effrontery Tournefort maintained, "Quoiqu'en aient dit les Anciens, la Mer Noir n'a rien de noir."

(292) About twenty-one pints. The value of the piastre varies continually. It was worth about twenty-pence when we were in Turkey. (293) De La Roque was in Cyprus in May, 1688. At that time, a relation of his, Monsr. Feau, the French Consul at Larneca, shewed to him sundry antiquities recently discovered in sepulchres near the town. He particularly mentions, lachrymatories and lamps. Voy. de Syrie et du Mont. Liban, par De La Roque, tom. i. p. 2. Par. 1722.

(294) "The Latin Diana (Vossius de Idolat. lib. ii. c. 25) is the contract of Diva Jana, or Dea Jana." See also the erudite dissertation of Gale (Court of the Gentiles, p 119. Oxon. 1669.) They styled the moon Urania, Juno, Jana, Diana, Venus, &c; and as the Sun was called Jupiter, from ja Tarp, and Janus from the same ¡', so also the Moon was called first Jana, and thence Juno, from jah, the proper name of God." So Vossius de Idolat. lib. ii. c. 26. "Juno is referred to the Moon, and comes from jah, the proper name of God, as Jacchus from ja Chus. Amongst the ancient Romans, Jana and Juno were the same."

(295) According to the learned Gale, our word Easter, considered.. of such doubtful etymology, is derived from the Saxon Goddess ÆSTAR, or Astarte, to whom they sacrificed in the month of April. See Gale's Court of the Gentiles, b. ii. c. 2.

(296) "Greek Marbles,” p. 74.

(297) CUJUS NUMEN UNICUM, MULTIFORMI SPECIE, RITU VARIO, NOMINE MULTIJUGO, TOTUS VENERATUR ORBIS

(298) vid. Kircher. Edip. Ægypt. tom. iii. pp. 98, 184, 221, 323, 501. Rom. 1654.

G

(299) "Per Leonem, Momphta, humidæ naturæ præses." Kirch. De Diis Averruncis Synt 17.

(300) See the engravings in Kircher. Edip. Ægypt. tom. ii. p. 502. Also tom. ii. pars 2. p. 259.

66

(301) Pingitur leonino vultu, quod Sole in Leonem ingrediente incrementa Nilotica seu inundationes contingant." Kircher, Œdip. Ægypt. tom. iii p. 329.

(502) A beautiful colossal statue of this description is now in the British Museum. It was among the antiquities surrendered by the French, at the capitulation of Alexandria.

(305) Plut. de lsid. et Osir. Kirch. Obel. Sallust Syntag. 4. cap. 4. (504) Also as Luna, according to Plutarch (De Is. et Osir. c. 43.), Isis bears the same description with regard to her double sex. σε They call the Moon,” says he, “ Mother of the World, and think it has double ser. Διὸ καὶ Μητέρα την Σελήμην του Κόστα καλοῦσι, καὶ φύσιν ἔχειν ἀρσενόθηλυν οἴονται.

(305) See the Author's "Greek Marbles,” p. 10. No. XII. (306) It is now in the Author's possession.

(307) Exod. xxviii. 9, 10, 11.

(308) Hist. Nat. lib. xxxiii. c. 1.

(309) See a former note in this Chapter, for the history of the ansient superstition concerning the Scurabaus.

(310) Justin. lib. xii.

(311) Ibid. lib. xv. c. 4.

(312) This celebrated cameo has been long known to all travellers wha have visited Greece. It belonged to a peasant, who esteemed it beyond all price, from its imaginary virtue in healing diseases. Many persons in vain endeavoured to purchase it. The Earl of Elgin, ambassador at the Porte, at last found the means of inducing its owner to part with it.

(313) The famous Mosaic picture of the Vase and Pigeons, found in the Villa of Mecanas, and lately in the Capitol at Rome, exhibits a subject frequently introduced upon the ancient gems of Italy.

(314) The writing both of the commentary and of the text, in that Manuscript, was deemed, by the learned Professor, as ancient as that of Plato from the same place, now with the copy of Gregory in the Bodleian Library.

(515) It is impossible to give an idea of the difficulty thus surmounted, without exhibiting the Manuscript itself. Above two thirds of every letter in the beginning of the Note had been cut off; these the Professor restored, from their reliques, and from the context; and the abbreviated style of the whole is such as would baffle all but Porsonian acumen.

(316) Ζεύξις ἐκεῖνος ἄριστος συγγραφέων γενόμενος, τὰ μὲν δημώδη και κοινὰ οὐκ ἔγραφεν, ἢ ὅσα πάνυ ὀλίγα· ἀεὶ δὲ καινοτομεῖν ἐπειρᾶτο, καί τι ξένον καὶ ἀλλόκοτον ἐπινοήσας, ἐπ' ἐκεῖνο τὴν τῆς τέχνης ἀκρίβειαν ἐπεδείκνυτο· θήλειαν οὖν ἱπποκένταυρον Ζεύξις ἐποίησεν ἀνατρέφεσαν προσέτι παιδία ἱπποκενταύρω διδύμω κομιδή νηπίω· τῆς εἰκόνος ταύτης ἀντίγραφον ̓Αθήνησι γέγονε πρὸς αὐτὴν ἐκείνην ἀκριβεῖ τῆι σταθμῆι· τὸ γὰρ ἀρχέτυπον ὁ Σύλλας ὁ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων σκύλων εἰς Ἰταλίαν ἀπέστειλεν· εἶτα περὶ Μαλέαν κατα

δύσει τῆς ὀλκάδος πάντα καὶ τὴν γραφὴν ἀπολέσθαι λέγεται. μόλις δὲ γράφουσι Καλλίμαχος καὶ Καλαίσης (sic; fortasse Καλάκης) τὴν εἰκόνα τῆς (excidit fortasse vox ἀρχαίας) εἰκόνος οὕτως. Επι χλόης εὐθαλοῦς ἡ Κένταυρος αὐτὴ πεποίηται όλης μὲν τῆς ἵππων χαμαί κειμένη, καὶ ἀποτέτανται εἰς τοὐπίσω οι πόδις· τὸ δὲ γυναικεῖον ὅσον αὐτῆς ἠρέμα ἐπεγήγερται καὶ ἐπ ̓ ἀγκῶνος ἐστιν· οἱ δὲ πόδες οἱ ἔμπροσθεν οὐκέτι καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀποτάδην οῖον ἐπίπλευρον κείμενης· ἀλλ ̓ ὁ μὲν ὀκλάζοντι ἔοικε καμπύλος ὑπεσταλμένης τῆς ὁπλῖι· ὁ δὲ πάλιν ἐπανίσταται και τοὐδαφοὺς ἀντιλαμβάνεται, οἷοι εἰσὶν οἱ ἵπτοι πειρώμενοι ἀναπηδαῖν· τον νε γνοῖν δὲ τὸ μὲν ἔχει ταῖς ἀγκάλαις καὶ τρέφει ἀνθρωπικῶς, ἐπεχε τα τὸν γυναικείον μαστόν· τὸ δὲ ἕτερον ἐκ τῆς ἵππου θηλάζει εἰς τὸν πωλικὸν τρόπον ἄνω δὲ τῆς εἰκόνος, οἷου ὡς ἀπό τινος σκοπὴν Ἱπποκένταυρος, ἀνὴρ ἐκείνης δηλαδὴ τῆς τὰ βρέφη τιθηνουμένης ἐπικυπτει γελῶν· οὐχ ὅλος φαινόμενος, ἀλλ ̓ εἰς μέσον. λέοντος σκύμνον ἔχων ἐν τῆι δεξιᾶς ὡς δεδίξαιτο τὰ βρέφη. Τὸ δὲ θαυμαστὸν τοῦ Ζεύξιδος ὅτι τὸ ποικ λον τῆς τέχνης ἐν μιᾶς ὑποθέσει ἐπεδείξατο, ἵππον σοβαρὸν, ἄγριον, πομιδῆ λάσιον τῆι χαίτης στέρνον τε καὶ ὤμους, όμμα θηριώδες καὶ ἄγριον· τὴν δὲ ἵππον οἶαι τῶν Θετταλῶν ἀνεπίβατοι, ἀδμῆς τες ἔτι, καθύπερθεν ἡμίτομον γυναικός· ὅσα δὲ τῶν νώτων ἕξω, σατυρώδη καὶ μίξις τις και άρμογὴ τῶν σωμάτων.

Antiquissimo in Commentario Gregor. Nazianzen Cod MS. (317) The merit of this translation is entirely due to the Rev. Charles James Bloomfield, M. A. of Trinity College; the learned Editor of the Prometheus of Eschylus, printed at the University Press in 1810; whose illustrious acquirements peculiarly qualify him to supply a version suited to the style of interpretation adopted by Professor Porson.

(318) See Pococke's Travels, vol. II. p. 213.

(319) It is a curious circumstance, that Leonhart Rauwolf, in his Item mary into the Eastern Countries, (as published by Ray in 1693. Part 2. ch. 13.) calls the Druses of Mount Libanus by the name of TRusci. This people now use the Arabic language; but very mistaken notions prevail concerning their origin.

(320) After enumerating fifteen cities belonging to Cyprus, Pliny adds, "fuere et ibi Cinyria, Malium, Idalium.” (Plin. lib. v. c 31. L. Bat. 1635.) Idalium signifies, literally, the "place of the goddess; whence Idalia Venus. In Hebrew it was called Idala, and under this appellation it is mentioned in the Scriptures, (Jos. xix. 15.) as the name of a town belonging to the tribe of Zabulon. See Gale's "Court of the Gentiles," also Bochart Can. lib.i. cap. 3.

(321) Strabon. Geog. lib. xiv. p. 970. ed.

Oxon.

(322) Travels, &c. in a series of Letters, by Alexander Drummond, Lond. 1754.

(323) See the notes to the Oxford edition of Strabo, p. 972. (324) It should be observed, however, that Druminond, although he seems to agree with Pococke in the situation of Citium, criticises very severely the freedom used by that author, in presuming to trace the walls

of the city from imaginary remains; and also for his erroneous map of the coast. See Drummond's travels, Lett. xii p. 248.

(325) Drummond's Travels, Lett. xiii. p. 251.

(326) Larneca is the name in most common acceptation among foreign nations; but the inhabitants call it Larnec, and the Abbe Mariti writes it Larnic. The Bay of Salines is also sometimes called Larneca Bay.

(327) Travels through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine, by the Abbe Mariti. Eng. edition, London, 1791.

(328) M9 Description of Cyprus, by Ascagne-savornien, in the library of Dominico Manni.

(329) This is also the position assigned to it by Pococke. There is reason to believe it occupied a greater extent of territory, and reached from the port as far as Larneca.

(330) Mariti's Travels, vol I. p. 53.

(331) There were many kings of Phoenicia who had this name; so called from Baal, signifying Lord Hence all the Phoenician Baalim had their denomination. See Gale's " Court of the Gentiles," b. i. c. 8. p. 47. (332) See also Gale, p 48; Cic. lib iv. de Finibus; Laertes and Suidas on the Life of Zeno; Grotius; and Vossius de Philos. Sectis, lib. ii. c. 1.

(383) Euseb. Chronicon. in Num. 1089.

(334) Bochart. Præf. ad.Canaan.

(335) Hom. Iliad A. Boch. Can. lib. i. c. 3.

(336) There were four cities in Cyprus famous for the worship of Venus:

"Est Amathus, est celsa mihi Paphos, atque Cythera,

Idaliæque domus

39

(387) This word, having a plural termination, is said to imply the descendants of Ceth, the son of Javan. Josephus places their establishment in the Isle of Cyprus; and the Seventy Interpreters render the word by KHTIOI, that is to say, the Ketii, or Cetü. The valuable compilation of Dapper, (Description des Isles de l' Archipel.) written originally in the Flemish language, of which a French translation was published in folio, at Amsterdam in 1702, concentrates much valuable information upon the subject of Cyprus. The Author believes he shall contribute to the reader's gratification, by inserting from that work, which is now rare, the observations concerning the name of the island. "This island, which all the Greek and Latin authors have called Kúpes, or Cyprus, and which is designated under that name in the New Testament, had been known under that of Chetima, or of Chetim, among the Hebrews; as Josephus relates in the first book, chap. 7. of his Jewish Antiquities; deriving it from Chetimos, or Chetim, son of Javan, son of Japhet, son of Noah, who, in the division of territories, had the first possession of this isle. Thence it followed, that all islands, and maritime places, were called Chetim by the Hebrews He supports this opinion, by showing that CITIUM is a name corrupted from that of one of the cities of the island, which is derived from the appellation Chetim, born by the whole island; 'for,' says he, it was called CITIUM by those who wished to render, by a Grecism, the naine of Chetimos, of Chittem, or of Chetim, which seems couched under that of CITIUM. St. Jerom relates [Comment. irz Esai. in Traduct, Hebr. in Genes] that some authors have translated