CHAP. IV. Doric pillars, whose capitals and shafts, of the finest white

Inscriptions.

marble, were lying in the utmost disorder. Among them we also noticed some entire shafts of granite. The temples of Jupiter being always of the Doric order, we might suppose these Ruins to mark the site of a fane consecrated to Idean Jove: but Doric was evidently the prevailing order among the antient edifices of the Troas, as it is found everywhere in the district, and all the temples in that part of Phrygia could not have been consecrated to the same Deity. The Ruins by the Callifat Water have not been hiherto remarked by any traveller; although Akerblad obtained, and published in a very inaccurate manner, an Inscription I also copied there. It is as old as the Archonship of Euclid (89). Having already twice before published it, both in the account of the Greek Marbles preserved in the Vestibule of the Public Library at Cambridge (90), and also in the Appendix to the Dissertation on the Soros of Alexander(91), the introduction of the original legend hers would be deemed an unnecessary repetition. It was inscribed upon the lower part of a plain marble pillar; this we removed to the Dardanelles, and afterwards sent to England. The interpretation sets forth, that "THOSE PARTAKING OF THE SACRIFICE, AND OF THE GAMES, AND OF THE WHOLE FESTIVAL, HONOURED PYTHA, DAUGHTER OF SCAMANDROTIMUS, NATIVE OF ILIUM, WHO PERFORMED THE OFFICE OF CANEPHOROS IN AN EXEMPLARY AND DISTINGUISHED MANNER FOR HER PIETY TOWARDS THE GOD

DESS." In the conjecture already offered, that the stream, on the banks of which those edifices were raised, and these vows offered, was the Simoïs of the Antients, some regard was necessarily intended, both to the Ruins here situated, and the Inscription to which reference is now made. A certain degree of collateral, although no positive evidence, may possibly result from the bare mention of places and ceremonies, connected by their situation, and consecrated by their nature, to the history of the territory where Simois flowed.

Near the same place, upon a block of Parian marble, I found another Inscription, but not equally perfect. The following letters were all I could collect from the most care ful examination of the stone:

ΑΣΤΩΘΥΓΙΣΙ

ΣΜΗΤΩΝΑ ΕΛΥΣΑΙ

ΠΑΤΗΡ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗ ΝΤΟΥΠΑ

ΘΗΚΗΝΕΣΕΠΙΚΡΙΜΤΟ

ΚΑΙΚΙΛΙΟΥΣΟΥΠΟ

ΤΑΜΠΟΥΚΑ

АПОЛЕ

CHAP. IV.

Callifat.

We afterwards proceeded to the Greek village of Calli- Village of fat, situated near the spot where the Callifat Osmack joins the Mender. In the streets and court-yards of this place were lying several capitals of Corinthian pillars; and upon a broken marble tablet, placed in a wall, I noticed part of an Inscription in metre; the rest of the characters having perished:

ΙΔΥΣΙΝ ΑΝΔΡΑ ΣΙΝΙΚ
ΠΡΟΚΛΟΝΥΜΟ

ΡΟΣΤΟΣΟΥ

While I was copying this, some peasants of the place Medals. came to me with Greek medals, They were all of copper, in high preservation, and all medals of Ilium, struck in the time of the Roman Emperors(92). On one side was represented the figure of Hector combating, with his shield and spear, and the words ΕΚΤΩΡΙΑΙΕΩΝ; and upon the other, the head either of Antoninus, Faustina, Severus, or some later Roman emperor or empress. As there were so many of these Iliean medals, I asked where they were found; and was answered, in modern Greek, at Palaio Callifat, Old Callifat, a short distance from the present village, in the plain towards the east (93). I begged to be conducted thither; and took one of the peasants with me, as a guide. We came to an elevated spot of ground, surrounded on all Remains of sides by a level plain watered by the Callifat Osmack, and which there is every reason to believe the Simoisian. Here we found, not only the traces, but also the remains of an antient citadel. Turks were then employed raising enormous blocks of marble, from foundations surrounding the place; possibly the identical works constructed by Lysimachus; who fenced New Ilium with a wall. The appearance of the structure exhibited that colossal and massive style of architecture which bespeaks the masonry of the early ages of Grecian history. All the territory within these foundations was covered by broken pottery, whose

New Ilium.

CHAP. IV.' fragments were part of those antient vases now held in such high estimation. Here the peasants said they found the medals they had offered to us, and most frequently after heavy rains. Many had been discovered in consequence of the recent excavations made there by the Turks, who were removing the materials of the old foundations for the purpose of constructing works at the Dardanelles. As these medals, bearing indisputable legends to designate the people by whom they were fabricated, have also, in the circumstances of their discovery, a peculiar connection with the Ruins here, they may be considered as indicating, with tolerable certainty, the situation of the city to which they belonged. Had we observed, in our route from Tchiblack, precisely the line of direction mentioned by Strabo, and continued a due course from east to west, instead of turning towards the south in the Simoïsian Plain to visit the village of Callifat, we should have terminated the distance he has mentioned, of thirty stadia, (as separating the city from the village of the Iliensians) by the discovery of these Ruins. They may have been the same which Kauffer noticed in his map(94), by the title of Ville de Constantine; but evidently appear to be the remains of New Ilium; whether we regard the testimony afforded by their situation, as accordant with the text of Strabo; or the discovery there made of medals of the city. Once in possession of this important point, a light breaks in upon the dark labyrinth of Troas; we stand with Strabo upon the very spot whence he deduced his observations concerning other objects in the district; looking down upon the Simoïsian Plain, and viewing the junction of two rivers (one flowing towards Sigeum, and the other towards Rhæteum," precisely as described by him) in front of the Iliensian city; being guided, at the same time, to Callicolone, the village of the Ilieans, and the sepulchre of Æsyetes, Batieia, and Ilus, by the clue he has afforded. From the natural or artificial elevation of the territory on which the city stood, (an insulated object in the plain) we beheld almost every land-mark to which that author has alluded. The splendid spectacle presented towards the west by the snow-clad top of Samothrace, towering behind Imbrus, would baffle every attempt of delineation; it rose with indescribable grandeur, to a height beyond

all I had seen for a long time; and while its ætherial summit CHAP. IV. shone with inconceivable brightness in a sky without a cloud, seemed, notwithstanding its remote situation, as if its vastness would overwhelm all Troas, should an earthquake heave it from its base. Nearer to the eye appeared the mouth of the Hellespont, and Sigeum. On the south, the Tomb of Esyetes, by the road leading to Alexandria Troas (95); and less remote, the Scamander, receiving Simoïs, or Callifat Water, at the boundary of the Simoisian Plain. Towards the east, the Throsmos, with the sepule hres of Batieia and Ilus: and far beyond in the great chain of Ida, Gargarus opposed to Samothrace (96), dignified by equal if not superior altitude, and beaming the same degree of splendor from the snows by which it was invested.

1

CHAP. V.

Ford of the
Mender.

DISTRICT OF TROAS.

Ford of the Mender-Fountains of Bonarbashy-Their Temperature-Possible Allusion to them in Homer-Antiquities of Bonarbashy-Heights called the AcropolisAntient Tumuli-Probable Origin of the supposed Acropolis-Observations by the Polar Star-Journey to the Source of the Mender-Basalt Pillars-ENEIA-Remarkable Tomb-Plain of Beyramitch-TurkmanléBonarbashy of Beyramitch-Warm Springs-Beyramitch-Antiquities-Kûchúnlû Tépe-Temple and Altars of Jupiter-Evgillar-Ascent to the Summit of Gargarus-Oratories of Hermits-View from the highest Point of the Mountain-Errors in the Geography of the Country-Appearance of the Idoan Chain towards LectumDangerous Situation of the Author.

T was now time to vist Bonarbashy, a place of which

Iso much has been written and said.' It had long been

a conspicuous object in sight; and appeared at a distance towards the south-east, upon an eminence commanding a very extensive view of the Troas. Returning therefore to Callifat, we took the ordinary road to it from Koum-kalé, and soon arrived at a ford of the Mender; at this time so broad and deep, that we were glad to hail some Turks at a considerable distance upon the opposite shore, and ask if it