his journal of the present state of Halicarnassus and of Cnidus, and published in the notes to the seventh chapter; also for the plan which accompanies his description of the ruins of Cnidus. This last communication will peculiarly claim regard, in being the first authentic notice which has yet appeared concerning the remains of a city once so renowned, but whose vestiges have been unregarded by any former traveller.

The only plants mentioned in the notes, are those which have never been described by any preceding writer. Not less than sixty new-discovered species will be found added to the science of Botany, in this and the subsequent section of Part the Second, with many others of almost equal rarity, in a general list, which is reserved for the appendix to the last of these sections. In the account given of these plants, and in their arrangement, the obligation due to A. B. LAMBERT, Esq. was before acknowledg ed; but an individual, now unhappily no more, contributed, although unknown to the author at the time, so essentially to the completion of this part of the work, that it were injustice to his talents, as well as to the encouragement so liberally bestowed upon his genius by his benevolent patron, not to cherish, even in this frail record, the lamented memory of GEORGE JACKSON.

The appendix to this volume contains some curious documents respecting Eastern literature; for whose illustration the author has been indebted to two very learned oriental scholars. Mr. HAMMER, secretary of the Ger man embassy at Constantinople, & furnished an interpretation of the list of Tales contained in a manuscript copy of The Arabian Nights, which the author obtained in Egypt, and to which allusion is made in the second chapter ".

The Rev. GEORGE CECIL RENOUARD, M. A. fellow of Sidney College, Cambridge, now Chaplain to the Bri

that so much of Mr. Morritt's Journals still remains unpublished; particularly, as they contain observations respecting a very considerable part of Asia Minor, of which our information is remarkably deficient.

g Mr. Hammer accompanied the author in Egypt, and resided a short time in Grand Cairo. He obtained in that city, of the celebrated consul Rosetti, an Arabic manuscript concerning Hieroglyphics, which was afterwards published in England by Dr. Wilkins.

h This beautiful manuscript, contained in four quarto portfolios, was damaged by the wreck of the Princessa, merchantman, off Beachy Head. It has been sent to Constantinople to be transcribed, but little hopes are entertained of its entire restoration.

1

tish factory at Smyrna, contributed the translation of a catalogue of manuscripts on daily sale in the cities of the East; which was prooured by the author through the friendly offices of a dervish in Constantinople. This catalogue may be considered as presenting a better view of Asiatic, than would be afforded of European, literature, by combining two or three of the common catalogues, published by the principal booksellers of London and Paris; because less variety characterises the different catalogues of the East, than will be found to distinguish those of different booksellers in Europe; the same books being constantly on sale in Constantinople, Smyrna, Damascus, Aleppo, and Grand Cairo ; whereas very considerable difference may be observed among the collections advertised for sale in London, Paris, and Vienna.

Throughout this work, the author, to the utmost of his ability, has derived his information from original sources. Upon this account he has extended the references, in almost every instance, so as to notice the edition cited; particularly where more than one edition has been used: as in the example of the Palæstina Illustrata of Hadrian Reland: for a short time he consulted the folio copy of that valuable publication, as it was printed at Venice in 1746, in the Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum of Ugolini: not haying the preceding edition, published in two small quarto volumes at Utrecht, in 1714. This last being afterwards obtained, was occasionally cited, as more convenient for reference. Also in deriving authorities from Josephus, an allusion to two different editions may perhaps be noticed; vis. to one printed at Cologne in 1691, which was consulted in preparing the manuscript for the press, and to another printed in Holland, used subsequently, during a revisal of the work. These are observations in which the generality of readers are little interested; but an attention even to such minuteness is requisite, in a writer who has ventured to question certain of the deductions made by former authors. Indeed, few persons are aware, either of all the duties a writer of Travels must fulfil, or of half the difficulties he has to encounter.

On the value of Turkish money, and the measure of distance in Turkey.

By the sale catalogue of oriental manuscripts, given in

No II. of the appendix, future travellers may be enabled not only to collect the literary productions of the east, but also to avoid imposition, by knowing before hand the several prices of all popular writings in eastern theology, jurisprudence, history, biography, poetry, romances, &c. &c. observing at the same time, that the price of each manuscript depends more upon the merits of the scribe, than of the author. Thus, for example, a fair copy of the poems of Hafiz may be purchased for 110 parahs; but if the writing be from the calamus of a celebrated calligraphist, the price may be 300, or 3000 parahs, according to the fame of the scribe, or the beauty of the illuminations. Turkish and Arabic manuscripts are rarely illuminated; those of Persia are very frequently thus embellished. A single copy of a manuscript containing extracts from the Koran, has, however, been estimated at the rate of a Venetian sequin for each letter, on account of the extraordinary beauty of the penmanship and emblazonry: such a work was in the collection of the late Sultan Selim the third.

The prices of all the manuscripts enumerated in the sale catalogue, are stated according to the usual mode of demand in Turkish Parahs. It is necessary therefore to mention the value of the coin which bears this appellation. The author once intended to have prefixed a table of Turkish measure, weight, and money, corresponding with that given in the former part of this work. The instability of the coinage, and the various estimates a traveller will meet with in different parts of an empire so heterogeneous and extensive as that of Turkey, have prevented the introduction of any table of this description. It may suffice therefore to say, generally, of the PIASTRE, and Parah or PARA, wherein almost all calculations of payment are made, that fifteen Piastres may be considered as equivalent to our Pound Sterling, being the par of exchange; and that forty Parahs equal one Piastre.

As to the measure of distance in Turkey, computed by time, (although the reader will find this stated, perhaps more than once, in the following pages, he will not deem the repetition superfluous, when it saves him the trouble of looking elsewhere,) it is estimated according to the number of hours employed by a caravan of camels, preceded by an ass, in moving from one station to another;-one hour being eqivalent to three geographical miles.

CLARKE'S TRAVELS.

CHAPTER I.

CONSTANTINOPLE.

Similarity of the antient and modern City-Imperial Armoury-Vase of the Byzantine Emperors-Description of the four principal Sultanas-Interior of the SeraglioSultan's Kiosk CHAREM, or Apartments of the Women —Chamber of Audience Assembly room—Baths-Chamber of Repose-Saloon of the CHAREM-Garden of Hyacinths-Upper Walks of the Seraglio.

TH

Similarity of the antient

and modern City.

HERE are many interesting sources of reflection, in the CHAP. 1. present appearance of Constantinople, unnoticed by any Author. To these my attention was early directed, and will be principally confined. The reader would not be much gratified by an elaborate detail, or even an abridgment, of the volumes which have been written upon this remarkable eity, sufficient alone to constitute a library. Historically considered, the period, in which the Eastern metropolis of the Roman Empire ceased to exist as a seat of letters and refinement, seems, from the fulness and freshness of intelligence, to be almost within our recollection. The discovery of printing, taking place at the same precise period, brought with it such a tide of information, that, in the very instant when Literature appeared upon the eve of expiring, Science and Philosophy beamed a brighter and more steady light. Thus, in the fourth century which has elapsed since its eapture by the Turks, we are carried back to the circumstanees of their conquest, as though we had been actual witness

B

CHAP. I.

es of the victory. The eloquence and testimony of Isidore forcibly direet our attention to the scene of action: description is transmitted in all its original energy; and, in the perusal of the narrative, we feel as spectators of the catastrophe(1).

But, although Time has had such inconsiderable influence in weakening impressions of this kind, it is believed the case would be far otherwise, viewing the spot memorable for those transactions. The literary traveller, visiting Constantinople, expects to behold but faint vestiges of the Imperial city, and believes that he shall find little to remind him of "the everlasting foundations" of the master of the Roman world. The opinion, however, may be as erroneous as that upon which it was founded. After the imagination has been dazzled with pompous and glaring descriptions of palaces and baths, porticoes and temples, groves, circuses, and gardens, the plain matter of fact may prove that in the obscure and dirty lanes of Constantinople (2); its small and unglazed shops; the style of architecture observed in the dwellings; the long covered walks, now serving as bazars (3); the loose flowing habits with long sleeves,worn by the natives (4); even in the practice of concealing the features of the women (5); and, above all, in the remarkable ceremonies and observances of the public baths; we behold those customs and appearances which characterized the cities of the Greeks. Such at least, as far as inanimate objects are concerned, is the pieture presented by the interesting ruins of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabiæ (6). With regard to the costume of its inhabitants, we have only to view the dresses worn by Greeks themselves, as they are frequently represented upon the gems and coins of the country, as well as those used in much earlier ages (7). There is every reason to believe that the Turks themselves, at the conquest of Constantinople, adopted many of the customs, and embraced the refinements, of a people they had subdued. Their former habits had been those of Nomade tribes; their dwellings were principally tents; and the camp, rather than the city, distinguished their abode. Hence it followed, that with the houses, the furniture and even the garb of the Greeks would necessarily be associated; neither do the divans of Turkish apartments differ from those luxurious couches, on which the Greeks and Romans were