32. We know nothing beyond our simple ideas.

33-35. Idea of God.

36. No ideas in our complex one of spirits, but those got from
sensation or reflection.

37. Recapitulation.

SECT.

CHAPTER XXIV.

OF COLLECTIVE IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES.

1. One idea.

2. Made by the power of composing in the mind.

3. All artificial things are collective ideas.

2. Relations, without correlative terms, not easily perceived.

3. Some seemingly absolute terms contain relations.

4. Relation different from the things related.

5. Change of relation may be without any change in the

subject.

6. Relation only betwixt two things.

7. All things capable of relation.

8. The ideas of relation clearer often, than of the subjects

related.

9. Relations all terminate in simple ideas.

10. Terms leading the mind beyond the subjects denominated,

are relative.

11. Conclusion.

SECT.

CHAPTER XXVI.

OF CAUSE AND EFFECT, AND OTHER RELATIONS.

1. Whence their ideas got.

2. Creation, generation, making alteration.

3, 4. Relations of time.

SECT.

5. Relations of place and extension.

6. Absolute terms often stand for relations.

CHAPTER XXVII.

OF IDENTITY AND DIVERSITY.

1. Wherein identity consists.

2. Identity of substances.

Identity of modes.

3. Principium individuationis.

4. Identity of vegetables.

5. Identity of animals.

6. Identity of man.

7. Identity suited to the idea.

8. Same man.

9. Personal identity.

10. Consciousness makes personal identity.

11. Personal identity in change of substances.

12-15. Whether in the change of thinking substances.

16. Consciousness makes the same person.

17. Self depends on consciousness.

18-20. Objects of reward and punishment.

21, 22. Difference between identity of man and person.

23-25. Consciousness alone makes self.

26, 27. Person a forensic term.

28. The difficulty from ill use of names.

29. Continued existence makes identity.

8. Divine law, the measure of sin and duty.

9. Civil law, the measure of crimes and innocence.

10, 11. Philosophical law, the measure of virtue and vice.

12. Its enforcements, commendation, and discredit.

13. These three laws the rules of moral good and evil.

14, 15. Morality is the relation of actions to these rules.

16. The denominations of actions often mislead us.

17. Relations innumerable.

18. All relations terminate in simple ideas.

19. We have ordinarily as clear (or clearer) notions of the

relation, as of its foundation.

20. The notion of the relation is the same, whether the rule,
any action is compared to, be true or false.

CHAPTER XXIX.

OF CLEAR AND DISTINCT, OBSCURE AND CONFUSED IDEAS.

SECT.

1. Ideas, some clear and distinct, others obscure and confused.

2. Clear and obscure, explained by sight.

3. Causes of obscurity.

4. Distinct and confused, what.

5. Objection.

6. Confusion of ideas, is in reference to their names.

7. Defaults which make confusion.

made up of too few simple ones.

First, complex ideas

8. Secondly, or its simple ones jumbled disorderly together.

9. Thirdly, or are mutable or undetermined.

10. Confusion without reference to names, hardly conceivable.

11. Confusion concerns always two ideas.

12. Causes of confusion.

13. Complex ideas may be distinct in one part, and confused

in another.

14. This, if not heeded, causes confusion in our arguings.

15. Instance in eternity.

16.

SECT.

Divisibility of matter.

CHAPTER XXX.

OF REAL AND FANTASTICAL IDEAS.

1. Real ideas are conformable to their archetypes.

2. Simple ideas all real.

3. Complex ideas are voluntary combinations.

4. Mixed modes, made of consistent ideas, are real.

5. Ideas of substances are real, when they agree with the

existence of things.

SECT.

CHAPTER XXXI.

OF ADEQUATE AND INADEQUATE IDEAS.

1. Adequate ideas are such as perfectly represent their arche-

types.

2. Simple ideas all adequate.

3. Modes are all adequate.

4, 5. Modes, in reference to settled names, may be inadequate.

6, 7. Ideas of substances, as referred to real essences, not

adequate.

8-11. Ideas of substances, as collections of their qualities, are all

inadequate.

12. Simple ideas ExTUTα, and adequate.

13. Ideas of substances are ExTUTά, and inadequate.

14. Ideas of modes and relations are archetypes, and cannot
but be adequate.

SECT.

CHAPTER XXXII.

OF TRUE AND FALSE IDEAS.

1. Truth and falsehood properly belongs to propositions.
2. Metaphysical truth contains a tacit proposition.

3. No idea, as an appearance in the mind, true or false.

4. Ideas referred to any thing, may be true or false.

5. Other men's ideas, real existence, and supposed real essences,

are what men usually refer their ideas to.

6-8. The cause of such references.

9. Simple ideas may be false in reference to others of the

same name, but are least liable to be so.

10. Ideas of mixed modes most liable to be false in this sense.

11. Or at least to be thought false.

12. And why.

13. As referred to real existences, none of our ideas can be

false, but those of substances.

14, 16. First, simple ideas in this sense not false, and why.

15. Though one man's idea of blue should be different from

another's.

17. Secondly, modes not false.

18. Thirdly, ideas of substances, when false.

19. Truth or falsehood always supposes affirmation or negation.

20. Ideas in themselves neither true nor false.

21. But are false, first, when judged agreeable to another

man's idea without being so.

22. Secondly, when judged to agree to real existence, when

they do not.

23. Thirdly, when judged adequate without being so.

24. Fourthly, when judged to represent the real essence.

25. Ideas, when false.

26. More properly to be called right or wrong.

27. Conclusion.

SECT.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

OF THE ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS.

1. Something unreasonable in most men.

2. Not wholly from self-love.

3. Nor from education.

4. A degree of madness.

5. From a wrong connexion of ideas.

6. This connexion how made.

7, 8. Some antipathies an effect of it.
9. A great cause of errors.

10-12. Instances.

13. Why time cures some disorders in the mind, which reason

cannot.

14-16. Farther instances of the effects of the association of ideas.

17. Its influence on intellectual habits.

18. Observable in different sects.

19. Conclusion.

SECT.

BOOK III.

OF WORDS.

CHAPTER I.

OF WORDS OR LANGUAGE IN GENERAL.

1. Man fitted to form articulate sounds.

2. To make them signs of ideas.

3, 4. To make general signs.

5. Words ultimately derived from such as signify sensible ideas.

6. Distribution.

SECT.

CHAPTER II.

OF THE SIGNIFICATION OF WORDS.

1. Words are sensible signs necessary for communication.

2, 3. Words are the sensible signs of his ideas who uses them.

4. Words often secretly referred, first, to the ideas in other

men's minds.

5. Secondly, to the reality of things.
6. Words by use readily excite ideas.
7. Words often used without signification.
8. Their signification perfectly arbitrary.

1. The greatest part of words general.

2. For every particular thing to have a name, is impossible.

3, 4. And useless.

5. What things have proper names.

6-8. How general words are made.

9. General natures are nothing but abstract ideas.

10. Why the genus is ordinarily made use of in definitions.
11. General and universal are creatures of the understanding.
12. Abstract ideas are the essences of the genera and species.
13. They are the workmanship of the understanding, but have
their foundation in the similitude of things.

14. Each distinct abstract idea is a distinct essence.

15. Real and nominal essence.

16. Constant connexion between the name and nominal essence.

17. Supposition, that species are distinguished by their real

essences, useless.