he had thirty-seven years before by a Scotch lady, and whom he had brought up at a convent in Paris. He sent for her to Florence; created her Duchess of Albany; and gave her the Order of the Thistle, with which she was constantly decorated. He intended to leave her all the personal property of his family, which amounted to about two millions of French money (above 80,000 7.). He gave her the diamonds of the crown of England, which his grandfather, James II., had brought away with him in 1688; as well as the famous rubies which were formerly pledged by the Republic of Poland to the celebrated Sobieski, his father-in-law. The Duchess of Albany, however, died before her father, at about forty years of age.

86. STATE OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES IN ITALY.

The opinion which I have formed of the present state of the arts and sciences in Italy, after having applied my attention to the subject, is far superior to that which I had entertained previously to my several visits there. During my stay in the great

cities of that fine country, I endeavoured to get acquainted with the philosophers and men of letters there; and I found several who, for understanding and genius, were in no respect inferior to those who have been so much extolled in France but they require to be assisted in cultivating their talents, and in making themselves known. abroad. Some of them live under the government of Princes who want either the will or the means of encouraging the efforts of minds devoted to science; and others are deprived of the advantages which a great city, like Paris, would afford them, in maturing the germs of their ideas, contributing to their successful increase by the commerce of men of letters, and polishing them by producing them in good company. I have known several who wanted only zealous partizans to sound their praises, to have obtained as high a reputation as several of the great men of Paris. In general, it is a disadvantage to the progress of the arts and sciences in a great country, ot to have a large metropolis to serve as the point of union between genius and talents, and a

VOL. V.

powerful government to employ and to reward them.

Notwithstanding all these inconveniences, I will venture to say that, though Italy scarcely contains more than half of the population of France, it has not, during the last century, produced fewer great men than the most populous nation in Europe. I shall say nothing of the pre-eminence of the Italians in painting, sculpture, and architecture: there is nobody who does not acknowledge their superiority in those arts, and who does not even visit Italy to acquire them. As to music, nothing but ears is necessary to decide upon that. Nearly eight hundred years ago, Guy d'Arezzo invented the plan of making notes upon parallel lines to indicate the tones, and gave names to each tone: since that time, the Italians have been constantly bringing the art to perfection, and their taste is the standard of all other nations. Either from the effect of the climate, or the harmony of their language, poetry is brought to the highest degree of excellence among them: Dante, Petrarch, Ariosto, Tasso, Guarini,

Bembo, Redi, Caso, Marchetti, Chiabrera, Metastasio, and a thousand others, whom it would be endless to enumerate, have surpassed the modern poets of all nations. They have also had excellent historians. Machiavel, Guicciardini, Davila, Fra Paolo Sarpi, Gianoni, are evidence of this: and, in our days, the History of the War of Veletri, by Castruccio Buonamici, is written in Latin with all the purity of the Augustan age, and with the genius of a Tacitus. The History of the Revolutions of Italy, by Denina, is one of the best productions of the kind, of this age, notwithstanding the restraint under which the author wrote. For learning and antiquities, it is the country of the Aldi, Scaliger, Vacci, Sadoletti, Gori, Baronius, Bianchini, Ligopi, Noris, Muratori, Pacciaudi, Ficoroni, Venuti, Maffic, Zeno, Mazzocchi, &c.

In medicine they have men of genius of the first class. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, and Cesalpin, have taught the circulation of the blood; and Harvey, who studied under the former at Padua, has since demonstrated it. Salviani, Malpighi, Redi,

Baglivi, Morgagni, Fallope, have made great discoveries in this science; and the Fallopian tubes still bear the name of the latter. Botany and natural history also owe the greatest obligation to them. Cesalpin has established the system of Linnæus, who himself acknowledged this. Aldovrandi, Marsigli, Redi, Targioni, Tozzetti, Salviani, Pompeo Neri, Fontana, Father de la Torre, have published works full of ideas of infinite utility in the advancement of those sciences; as well as the Abbe Spalanzani, upon whom the eyes of all the learned part of Europe are now fixed.

In algebra, astronomy, geometry, and the mathematics, what nation has produced more great men? Cavallieri is justly regarded as the inventor of the calculation of infinitely small quantities: his master, Galileo, whose name alone is an eulogy, was the founder of true astronomy: and his friend, Torricelli, who died young, has contributed much to the perfecting of natural philosophy and geometry. Viviani also was a worthy disciple of Galileo. Eustace Man