"troublesome and vexatious from their "noise, it is true, but happily of short du"ration."

8. GUELFEs and Ghibelines.

The branch of the Guelfes, in Germany, became extinct in Guelfe III., who died in 1055 without children.-His fatherGuelfe II., who died in 1047, had given his daughter Cunegonda in marriage to Azo II. Marquis of Est, then master of Inner Lombardy, since of the Genoese states as far as the Adriatic. This Azo II., who also died in 1055, had three sons. The eldest was called Guelfe, after his grandfather; he was an Italian, with a German name. At the death of his uncle, Guelfe III., he inherited, in right of his mother, the states of Bavaria : it is from him that the house of Brunswick, springs. The second son of Azo II. was Bertholde; who married Sophia of Carinthia, and by her became heir to the duchies of Carinthia and Zaringia. Their son was the famous Rinaldo, the hero of Tasso, who lived to the age of a hundred years.-The third son of Azo II. was the Marquis of Este, who

was the stem of the House of Este of Modena. The parties of the Guelfes and the Ghibelines took their rise in the commencement of the thirteenth century; the first sided with the Popes, and the second with the Emperors. A different cause has been assigned for the origin of this quarrel, but this is the most probable. While the quarrel lasted, the Ursini were at the head of the Guelfes, and the Colonna at the head of the Ghibelines. Dante, who has said so much of the Guelfes and Ghibelines, was born in 1265, and died in 1321.

9. JULIUS CÆSAR.

Julius Cæsar was born in the 654th year of Rome, and a hundred years before Jesus Christ. He was killed in the year 710 of Rome, at the age of fifty-six, forty-four years before Christ. His harangue in the Senate was made towards the end of the consulate of Cicero, sixty-three years before Christ he was then thirty-seven years old; and had performed nothing remarkable, except a little expedition against the pirates who infested the coast of Asia, near the

island of Rhodes. He was then twenty-five. It has been doubted whether he was concerned in the conspiracy of Cataline, as he was entrusted with the guarding of one of the conspirators.

10. NEW MAXIMS.

-Men love good-nature, because they have need of it.

They hate the virtues which are opposed to their vices.

They admire talents to which they can never attain.

11. NATURAL LIBERTY DOES NOT EXIST. Long before the question, Whether Man was born free, was agitated in France, Soame Jenyns, an English author, had decided it humorous manner :~ "It is false,"

in a very

says he, "that all men are born free. The "first infraction of this liberty is their birth "itself; to which they are subjected with" out their consent, or that of their repre"sentatives. It is easy to prove that man, "by his nature, is never a free and inde"pendent being, from the first to the last

"moment of his residence upon this terres"trial globe. During the first nine months "of his existence, he is confined in a dark "and narrow ̈prison, and deprived of

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light and air; till being, at last, with "difficulty drawn forth from his dungeon "by the cares of an officious deliverer, his "hands and feet are bound, and he is com"pelled for a time to take bread, water, "and milk. He is no sooner freed from "these bands, than he makes such bad use "of his liberty, that it is judged necessary "to subject him to more rigorous disci"pline; first under a mistress, and then "under a school-master, both tyrants in "their respective departments. By them "he is kept without the authority of the "law, condemned without a jury, and "flogged without pity. In this state of "slavery he goes on for several years: at "the expiration of which he is obliged, “whether he likes it or not, to acknowledge "himself the subject of a civil government, "and to submit to its authority; in spite of "all the ingenious efforts he may make to " contest its rights, and though he runs

"the risk of being justly hanged if he "dares to disobey its laws."

12. DEFINITION OF CHANCE.

Chance is the chain of effects, the causes of which we do not perceive.

13.

EXTRAORDINARY SPort.

When the King of Naples was in Germany, about the year 1792, it was said in the German papers, that in the different times he had been shooting in Austria, Bohemia, and Moravia, he had killed five bears, 1820 wild boars, 1968 stags, 13 wolves, 354 foxes,15,350 pheasants, 1121 rabbits, 16,354 hares, 1625 she-goats, 1625 roebucks, and 12,435 partridges.

14. DEFINITIONS OF LOVE BY NINON AND LEIBNITZ.

Ninon de l'Enclos has defined love to be a sensation rather than a sentiment; a transient illusion which pleasure produces, society destroys, and which does not suppose any merit either in the one who receives or the one who gives: she calls it the