both become lifeless and helpless. They must both be free; their union must be brought about as a marriage, by mutual consent, otherwise the man is not what God intended him to be. The intellect and the judgment of a man must also be at one with each other; they must work in harmony; still the judgment must be subject to the intellect in arriving at its conclusions, while free in delivering its findings. The judgment must be subdued by the compulsion of knowledge in the intellect in maturing its decisions; but when matured, it must be free and harmoniously united with the intellect in pronouncing them. England represents the national intellect, and Wales the national judgment. In the reign of Edward I., England conquered Wales; thus the national judgment has been made subject to the national intellect, and they remained in this position until the year 1534, when the same parliament that declared the king the only supreme head on earth of the church of England, also completed the union of England and Wales by giving to that principality all the benefit of English laws. The passing of the law of the six articles was accompanied by the grant of a general permission for every one to have the new translation of the Bible in his family. The subjection of the national will to the reigning sovereign was accompanied by the gift of the truth, which by enlightening the mind and maturing the judgment would prepare the nation for the proper exercise of the national will when made free by the truth. the time of the reformation, the nation was not in a state fitting for the enjoyment of freedom. God, however, broke asunder the galling yoke of papal supremacy, and permitted a national sovereignty to be erected, similar in kind and spirit; but having previously engrafted the

At

popular element of government into the constitution, He now conferred upon the people those means, by the diligent use of which, they would gradually prepare themselves for that honour and glory He destined to bestow upon the nation. What happens with every individual man in his training for duty in this life, and glory in the life to come, is exactly what has happened unto the nation in her training. The intellect and the judgment have first to be enlightened and matured ere the man can be trusted with his own self-government; so with the nation. Trial after trial follow one upon the other, until the man, or the nation of men, reach the measure or number of the stature of a perfect man in Christ

During the same reign in which England conquered Wales, Edward I. began his attempts to unite England and Scotland under one monarchy. Here also God declared the end from the beginning; for Edward having by force of arms brought Wales under subjection, "attempted, by the marriage of Margaret with his eldest son Edward, to unite the whole island into one monarchy, and thereby to give it security both against domestic convulsions and foreign invasions. (1290.) The amity which had of late prevailed between the two nations, and which even in former times had never been interrupted by any violent wars or injuries, facilitated extremely the execution of this project, so favourable to the happiness and grandeur of both kingdoms; and the states of Scotland readily gave their assent to the English proposals, and even agreed that their young sovereign should be educated in the court of Edward. Anxious, however, for the liberty and independency of their country, they took care to stipulate very equitable

conditions, ere they intrusted themselves into the hands of so great and so ambitious a monarch. It was agreed that they should enjoy all their ancient laws, liberties, and customs; that in case young Edward and Margaret should die without issue, the crown of Scotland should revert to the next heir, and should be inherited by him free and independent." (Hume, vol. ii. chap. xiii. p. 263.) The two nations were not yet in a condition to be safely united together: like the mind of a man unenlightened, and the spirit of a man in darkness, the union of which is destructive and mischievous; so the national mind of Britain was unenlightened, the national judgment was enslaved, and to have united with them the national spirit or will, would have been the development of great spiritual wickedness. God, however, then declared His purpose of uniting the nation under one monarchy; and also revealed the manner of the union, and the nature of the sovereignty. They were to be married by mutual consent, and the two kingdoms thus united under one sovereign, were to be one free and independent empire, each nation retaining its ancient laws, liberties, and customs. God's time was not come for the accomplishment of this object, and therefore Edward's design was frustrated by the sudden death of the Norwegian princess on her passage to Scotland. The Scotch nation then entered upon that course of trial, through which God leads a human spirit, when seeking to accomplish its obedience to Himself, and consequent regeneration, and endless happiness. The Scotch national character is a fitting representation of a resolute and determined will, refusing subjection to any other, proving all things, and holding fast that which is good. What Edward failed to accomplish by the pro

jected marriage, he sought to attain by conquest, thus proving that his desire for the union of the two kingdoms originated in motives of self-interest.

After various reverses and numerous contests, Edward succeeded, and made conquest of Scotland in the year 1303. "He abrogated all the Scottish laws and customs; he endeavoured to substitute the English in their place; he entirely razed or destroyed all the monuments of antiquity; such records or histories as had escaped his former search were now burnt or dispersed; and he hastened, by too precipitate steps, to abolish entirely the Scottish name, and to sink it finally in the English." (Hume, vol. ii. chap. xiii. p. 318.) Scotland wast hus reduced to a state similar to that of England, three hundred years previously, in the year 1003; and in this event there is given a faithful representation of the manner in which a superstitious and unenlightened mind enslaves the will or spirit, after subduing the judgment.

At last, that hardy amidst the universal maintain his indepen

"1305. Edward, however, still deemed his favourite conquest exposed to some danger, so long as Wallace was alive; and being prompted both by revenge and policy, he employed every art to discover his retreat, and become master of his person. warrior, who was determined, slavery of his country, still to dency, was betrayed into Edward's hands by Sir John Monteith, his friend, whom he made acquainted with the place of his concealment. The king, whose natural bravery and magnanimity should have induced him to respect like qualities in an enemy, enraged at some acts of violence committed by Wallace during the fury of the war, resolved to overawe the Scots by an example of severity; he ordered Wallace to be carried in chains to

London, (23d August,) to be tried as a rebel and a traitor, though he had never made submissions, or sworn fealty to England; and to be executed on Towerhill. This was the unworthy fate of a hero, who, through a course of many years, had, with signal conduct, intrepidity, and perseverance, defended, against a public and oppressive enemy, the liberties of his native country." (Hume, vol. ii. chap. xiii. p. 318.) While Edward is thus crushing and destroying the liberty and independence of the Scottish nation, he is also scheming for the overthrow of English liberty, and that by the subjection of himself to the most ignominious and degrading bondage. In the same year, 1305, in which he executed Wallace, it was discovered by the English that Edward had secretly applied to Rome, and had procured from that mercenary court an absolution from all the oaths and engagements, which he had so often reiterated, to observe both the charters. This is a practical display of the awful wickedness and blind infatuation of a self-will, which, when possessed by a sovereign, makes him a dreaded and a hated despot. Edward conquered the Welsh, and destroyed the liberty and independence of the Scotch, through the aid of the English; but such is his insatiability, that rather than leave the English free, he subjects himself to the thraldom of the papacy, which he as heartily abhorred; and by this degrading act, procured a guilty connivance at Rome, in his designs of overthrowing the liberty of the English nation. There was nothing more left for him to do; he had gone to the extreme of wickedness, while knowing and professing the principles of justice and equity. Men cannot sin in moderation; they know no restraint but what is imposed by force or necessity; and