Gossypium Goshawk GOSHAWK, gos'-hawk (Bax goshafoc, goose-hawk), however, not the least shadow of evidence of the (datar palumbarius), is a bird which belongs to the existence of any such document, every trace and general fam. of the Falconida, of which it is more or record of which it is impossible to conceive could have less a type. Its generic characters, according to passed away. This is only another instance of the way Yarrell, are as fol- in which men, in order to explain a minor difficulty, lows:-Bill short, are often led to entertain even the wildest hypotheses. bending from the GOSSIP, gos'-sip (Sax.), was a name formerly given, base, with the cut-in England, to the sponsors at baptism. It is formed ting-edge of the from God and sib (affinity), and hence denoted one upper mandible who was considered to have a kind of spiritual affinity produced, -thus to another. forming a festoon; GOSSYPIUM, gos-sip'-e-um (Lat. gossipeum, the cottonnostrils oval. Wings plant), in Bot., the cotton plant, a gen. of the nat. short, reaching only ord. Malvacea, or Mallow fam. Several species to the tail-feathers, furnish cotton, which consists of hairs covering the the fourth quill-fea- seeds. These hairs upon the seeds, and the occurrence ther being the long-of three leafy bracts, united at their base outside the est. The legs stout, flower, constitute the distinctive characters of the and the tarsicovered genus. From the importance of cotton as a raw main front with broad terial, the genus Gossypium must be regarded as one scales. The toes of of the most valuable to man in the whole vegetable moderate length, kingdom. At the present moment (January, 1863) the middle toe being nearly half a million of operatives in Lancashire and the longest, and the adjoining counties are more or less dependent the laterals nearly upon the parochial and charitable funds, in consequence equal in length. of the suspension of the cotton trade with America, The great distin- There appear to be four distinct species from which guishing points be- our commercial cotton is derived. Many other sotween the goshawk called species have been described, but they are proand the falcons, are bably mere varieties. The first cotton fabrics were the lobe, or festoon, manufactured from the hairs of the species G. herbainstead of the sharp tooth on the cutting edge of the ceum, the common cotton-plant of India. The stems apper mandible, and the short and rounded form of are less woody than in other species; hence its specific the wings. Although inferior in powers to the falcon, name, which signifies herbaceous. It is a pretty the goshawk is the best of the short-winged hawks; plant, and rises from eighteen inches to two feet in but ita habits and mode of flying its game are very height during the first year of growth. It is usually different, as it does not swoop, but glides along cut down annually; but if allowed to grow, it will attain at a short distance from the ground, in an even a height of five or six feet, and its branches will become line with the bird it pursues. A full-grown female rather woody. All the younger parts of the stem are measures from 23 to 25 inches in length; and covered with short hairs, and marked with black spots. the males one-third, or sometimes one-fourth less. The flowers are bright yellow, each petal being marked When adult, the plumage is generally similar. The with a purple spot near the base. The flower is sucbesk is horn-colour, or bluish-black; the cere and ceeded by a fruit, which gradually becomes dry, and ides yellow; the top of the head, the whole of the then bursts into three or four valves, when the cottonback, upper surface of the wings and tail-feathers, of a wool is seen issuing from it in all directions. This is dark greyish-brown colour: in the female this tint is the Surat cotton of commerce. The cotton is generally more of a clove-brown. The upper surface of the white; but much of that produced in China is of the tail-feathers is bound with even a darker brown yellow or tawny colour, peculiar to the fabric called colour; while a band of white, variegated with spots and bars of black, passes over the cere, the eyes, cheeks and ear-coverts, the nape of the neck, throat, breast, belly, and thighs. The under tail-coverts are white, the cere, cheeks, and ear-coverts, greyish-brown, forming an elongated dark patch on the side of the head; while the legs and toes are yellow and the claws Black The goshawk is used principally for the pur sait of haren, rabbits, and partridges, on account of its low flight. It is not very eager in hunting its prey, ss, if its speed is eclipsed, it sits patiently on a tree and waits for other game to present itself.-Ref. Yarrell's British Birds. Nankeen." G. arboreum, the tree-cotton, is another Indian species, but, unlike the last, it assumes the aspect and dimensions of a small tree, from fifteen to twenty feet in height. The flowers are of a bright red colour. The cotton hairs are remarkably soft and silky, and are woven by the natives into a very fine muslin, used for turbans by the privileged religious classes only. G. barbadense is the species which yields all our best cotton. It is called the Barbadoes, or Bourbon cotton, but does not appear to have been originally a native of the New World. It is a perennial plant, and has a shrubby stem, from six to fifteen feet in height. The flowers are yellow, like those of G. GOSPEL, gor-pel (Sax., good news; Gr. to herbaceum, and have a dark spot at the base of each ewaggelion), denotes the good news of the coming of petal. The fruit is capsular, and contains in its interior Christ, and is, by Christians, employed to signify the from eight to twelve black seeds, which, on being freed whole doctrine of the Christian religion,-more parti- from the cotton-wool, are found to be destitute of down, eularly the books containing an account of the life of unlike those of the preceding species, which are covered Christ,-i. e., those of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, with firmly-adhering short hairs. The plant was inare termed the Gospels. There exist a number of troduced into Georgia from the Bahama Islands, where apocryphal gospels, which, however, have generally it had been grown from seed obtained in the West been rejected by the Church, and which abound with Indies. In the small American islands which fringe absurd and improbable stories regarding the life of the coast of Georgia from Charlestown to Savannah, Christ, so as to leave no doubt as to their spuriousness. this plant has produced the celebrated Sea-island The authenticity of the four gospels rests upon the cotton, which is unrivalled for the length of its staple, dearest evidence. In the latter half of the 2nd its strength, and its silkiness. This cotton, when culentary Ireneus refers to and describes the four tivated in the cooler and drier climates of the hill gospels as being inspired, and handed down in order country of Georgia, is inferior in quality, and shorter to be the foundation and pillar of the Church. None in staple. This fact shows how great is the influence of the other gospels were received by the fathers as of external circumstances on the growth of the cottonbeing of Divine anthority during the first three cen- plant. The species G. peruvianum, or acuminatum, turies. From the many verbal agreements that occur is supposed to be indigenous to America. Like the in the first three gospels, Dr. Marsh, in his disserta- Bourbon cotton, it has black seeds and yellow flowers. tion on that subject, was led to maintain that they The seeds adhere together, however, in a peculiar way, had all been drawn up from some common original forming a kidney-shaped mass. This plant furnishes work; and this opinion has been taken up and the South-American varieties of cotton; as Pernambuco, elaborated by several later German critics. There is, Peruvian, Maranham, and Brazilian. After the Sea ९ Gotha, Almanach de island and Egyptian, these South-American cottons obtain the highest price in the market. Cotton is now extensively cultivated in South Africa, in the West Indies, and in Australia; but it will be long before the supplies from these parts can compete with those from the Southern Confederacy. The seeds of the cottonplants, after the cotton has been separated from them, on being submitted to pressure, yield a fixed oil, which may be used for burning in lamps. If examined under the microscope, the cotton hair will be found apparently to consist of two delicate transparent tubes, the one twisted round the other. If, however, the hair be examined in its young state, it will be found to be an untwisted cylindrical tube. Its changed appearance when it reaches to maturity can be accounted for by the circumstances under which it is developed. As the seeds and hairs grow, the capsules do not appear to expand with equal rapidity; and, consequently, the hair is exposed to pressure on all sides. The result of this is, that the hair collapses in the middle, leaving a half-formed tube on each side. These uncollapsed portions of the hair give it the appearance of a flat ribbon, with a hem or border at each edge. The hair does not, however, grow out straight, but, coming in contact with other hairs and the sides of the capsular fruit, it becomes twisted. This twisting is undoubtedly the great fact that makes the cotton hair of value to man. There are many hairs, such as those of the cotton-grass and the Bombar, which are as long and apparently as strong as those of the Gossypium, but which, failing in this irregularity of surface, are utterly incapable of being twisted into a thread or yarn. The twisting gives the cotton hair the power of uniting with its fellows, and forming with them a cord strong enough to be woven. GOTHA, ALMANACH DE, go'-tha, is a celebrated pub. lication which takes its name from the city of Gotha, in Germany, where it is published. It is a small pocket volume, 32mo, containing nearly 1,000 pages, and has now reached the hundredth year of its existence, the first volume having appeared in 1763. It is chiefly remarkable for the large amount of statistical and political information which it contains, regarding all the different states of the world; and as these are always prepared with care from the most reliable sources, it is received as an authority upon such points. So careful are the publishers to maintain the haracter of the work, that in many cases the date of printing off is marked at the bottom of a page to show that the editor is not responsible for changes after that time. It is divided into four distinct parts, Genealogy, Diplomatics, Statistics, and Chronology, The first part gives an account of the reigning and princely families of Europe, with the dates of the birth, marriage, children, &c. of the several members. The diplomatic portion gives a list of the ambassadors, plenipotentiaries, chargés d'affaires, &c., with the date of their nomination, of each government; the secretaries, attachés, &c. to the several embassies or legations; and the consuls-general and consuls stationed in all the principal towns. It also gives a list of the various ministers and other administrative authorities of each state, with the date of their nomination, &c.; also the names of the principal military authorities, the highest ecclesiastical dignitaries, and the principal officers about each of the courts, with any important changes that may have taken place in its constitution. The statistical portion gives the superficial area of each of the different countries, according to its general divisions, as counties, provinces, circles, &c.; the number of inhabitants in each of these divisions, according to the latest census; the numbers belonging to the various sects, &c.; the financial condition of each country, its income, expenditure, national debt, &c.; its military condition, the amount and divisions of its army, navy, militia, &c. Under the head of Chronology it gives a list of the principal events that have happened during the year, and which are either of general interest or of historical importance. It was originally printed in German; but when Napoleon I., who exercised a rigid supervision of this small publication, became emperor, the language was changed to the French, in which it has since continued to appear. This almanac has the character of being slow to recognize political changes, and for years after Gothic Architecture the Revolution, it continued to represent Louis XVII. as the reigning monarch in France. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, goth'-ik, the name given to the style of architecture that was adopted by European nations generally during the medieval ages. By some the term is confined to that form of architecture which is peculiarly characterized by the pointed arch, while others consider that Romanesque architecture, which is distinguished by the use of the round arch in every form, and from which the pointed style of architecture was gradually developed, should also be included under this appellation. Adopting the latter and more comprehensive view of the subject, we may, therefore, consider Gothic architecture to consist of two grand divisions, the Romanesque, or round-arched Gothic, and the Medieval, or pointed Gothic, to which the term "Gothic" is more particularly applied, and, indeed, generally restricted. The early forms of the round-arched Gothic were based on the architecture that prevailed in ancient Rome about the time of the Christian era, in which the circular arch is a common feature. Prior to the dissolution of the West-ern empire, and even before the division of the great empire of Rome into the rival sovereignties of the East and West, the churches and public buildings that were erected in various parts of Italy, although they wero for the most part copies of the old Roman basilicas, began to exhibit new features in the general plan of construction and ornamentation; and as soon as the cessation of the internal strife and the fierce assaults of predatory tribes of northern and central Europe, which preceded the overthrow of the Western empire, again permitted men to turn their attention to the development of the arts of construction and decora tion, these new features expanded into a distinct style, marked with its own special characteristics, that is now known as Romanesque. (See ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE.) Under this style of architecture those known as the Lombardic and Norman styles are properly classed; and the oldest ecclesiastical buildings in England, such as St. Martin's Church, Canterbury, which was partly rebuilt in the 12th or 13th century, Earl's Barton Church, Northamptonshire, and the nave of Rochester Cathedral, which are assigned to the Anglo-Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Anglo-Norman styles respectively, also belong to this division of Gothic architecture. During the 11th, and the early part of the 12th century, Gothic architecture was in a state of transition from the first stage to the second, round and pointed arches being used indiscriminately; and in the cathedrals and churches that were erected in England during this period, such as Canterbury Cathedral, the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey, and the Abbey Church of St. Albans; and in France, nearly to the close of the 13th century, many of the characteristics of the Romanesque and Pointed styles of Gothic architecture are to be seen in juxtaposition. Medieval, or Pointed Gothic architecture, dates from the middle of the 12th century, and is divided, in England, into three distinct varieties, known as the First, Second, and Third Pointed, or, the Early English, Decorated English, and Perpendicular English styles of architecture. The principal characteristics of these styles, and the period of time during which each was successively the prevailing form of Anglo-Gothic architecture, are mentioned else where. (See EARLY ENGLISH, DECORATED ENGLISH, PERPENDICULAR ENGLISH.) These three styles were all marked by the use of the pointed arch struck from two centres, which varied in form, the arches being termed obtuse or acute as the centres were taken within or without the span of the arch. Of the different forms of pointed arches that may be obtained by varying the position of the centres from which the curves that form the arch are described, the equilateral arch, in which the centres coincide with the extremities of the span, is considered as the characteristic of architecture that may be termed purely Gothic. During the prevalence of the Third Pointed, or Perpendicular English style, an arch was introduced which is known as the four-centred or depressed arch, being composed of segments of circles struck from four different centres, and having the point of the arch but a short distance above the span. This arch became the characteristic feature of the Tudor style of archi Gothic Language tecture (see TUDOR ARCHITECTURE); a style which is generally termed by architects debased English, and which was the last phase of Gothic architecture in England, being the prevailing style, especially in eclleges and buildings of a private character, until the middle of the 16th century. From this time few, if azy, buildings were erected after the Gothic style in this country, until its revival about 1825, which is mainly owing to the endeavours of A. W. Pugin, an architect of considerable eminence in his profession, to restore a taste for Gothic architecture, especially in bandings designed for ecclesiastical purposes, that had long lain dormant, Since that time considerable improvement has been effected in the style of our church architecture; and among other public buildings that have been erected in this style may be named that magnificent structure the New Palace of Westminster. A comparison of St. Paul's Cathedral with Westminster Abbey will at once show the superiority of Gothic architecture over the so-called classic style for eburches and cathedrals; although it must be allowed that, except in the case of the new Houses of Parliament, which has just been cited, it is by no means well sated for buildings designed for the public service, or those of a private character. The origin of the name is involved in obscurity: it has been shown that the architecture of ancient Rome was the parent source from which Gothic architecture was derived; and although it is certain that the settlement of the Ostrogoths and Langobardi, or Lombards, in the north of Italy must have had a marked influence on Romanesque architecture, by the introduction of elements derived from the structures of northern Europe, it is equally clear that the origin of this style cannot be attributed to these rade nations, whose knowledge of the art of construction must have been as limited as the degree of civilization to which they had then attained. According to Mr. Bloxam, an eminent authority on English ecclesiastical architecture, the term Gothic was introduced by the architects who flourished at the close of the 17th century, to express the inferiority of medieval architecture, according to their notions, to the classic style, which they were then endeavouring to introduce. French Gothic architecture, like that of England, is divided into three styles, termed Ogiral primitif, Ogival secondaire, and Ogival tertiaire, or Flamboyant; corresponding to our First, Second, and Third Pointed styles in their principal characteristics, and the period of time during which they prevailed.-Ref. Bloxam's Gothic Architecture; Brandon's Summary of Gothic Architecture; Fergusson's Handbook of Architecture; Glossary of Architecture,-Parker, Oxford. Goths tended themselves more to the eastward, and possessing themselves of a fleet, they sailed against Pityus, which they took, and subsequently Trebisond shared the same fate. In a second expedition they took Chalcedon, Nicomedia, Nicæa, Prusa, Apamea, and Cius. In a third expedition, comprising a fleet of 500 vessels, they landed at Cyzicus, ravaged the coast of Attics, took and plundered Athens, Corinth, Argos, Sparta, and many other places. In 269 they undertook another vast expedition, in which they ravaged Crete and Cyprus, and laid siege to Thessalonica; but they were at length defeated in three separate engagements, by the emperor Claudius, with immense slaughter. They, however, still continued to harass the Roman frontier, and in 272, the emperor Aurelian was obliged to cede them the province of Dacia; after which, there was a period of comparative peace for about fifty years. In 332, their king, Uraric, crossed the Danube; but he was at length defeated, and obliged to sue for peace. In the reign of Valens, they carried on a war with the Romans for three years (367-69), but without any decisive result. About this time internal commotions produced the division of the great Gothic kingdom into the kingdom of the Ostrogoths, or Eastern Goths, who inhabited the shores of the Black Sea, from the Don to the Dnieper; and the Visigoths, or Western Goths, who occupied Dacia, from the Dnieper to the Danube. About 375, the Huns invaded Europe from the east, and the Visigoths implored the protection of the emperor Valens, and leave to settle on the east bank of the Danube, which was granted them. The Ostrogoths being refused admission into the Roman territory, took refuge in the mountains. The oppression of the Roman governors soon drove the Visigoths to rebellion, and in the war which ensued, they completely defeated the Roman army at Adrianople, in 378, and the emperor Valens himself lost his life. They threatened Constantinople, but were unable to take it, and afterwards settled in Thrace and Dacia. They soon became so numerous and powerful, that the court of Constantinople saw no other way of securing itself against their attacks than by making them an integral part of the empire. After many vicissitudes, the Ostrogoths also obtained a settlement in Pannonia and Sclavonia, but not till the destruction of the king. dom of the Huns in 453. The Visigoths, in process of time, obtained a degree of power which excited the alarm of Greece and Italy. In 396, Alaric made an irruption into Greece, laid waste the Peloponnesus, and became prefect of Illyria and king of the Visi goths. He invaded Italy about the beginning of the 5th century, and by that measure brought on the destruction of the Roman empire, since Stilicho, the Roman general, could only obtain a victory over Alaric, at Verona, in 403, by withdrawing all the Roman Goras, goths (Lat. Gothi, Gotones, Guttones), the troops from the borders of the Rhine. Alaric himself name of an ancient people of Germany, who in early soon returned to Italy, and sacked Rome in 409, and times inhabited the coast of modern Prussia, from the again in 410. From Rome, Alaric turned to the south Vistula as far as Braunsberg, or Heiligenbeil. The of Italy, where death cut short his victorious career. origin of this people has not been ascertained with any In 412, the Goths quitted Italy, the south of Gaul having degree of certainty. It is generally believed that they been given up to them; and after having remained once inhabited Scandinavia, a belief that is both sup- there for a short time they crossed the Pyrenees and ported by tradition and by the names of places there. took possession of a large part of Spain, where The opinion further is, that they came from the south Athaulf, the successor of Alaric, was assassinated. at a period long anterior to historic records. They are His successor, Wallia, assisted the Romans against the mentioned by Pytheas of Marseilles as inhabiting the Vandals and Alani, in Spain, and was rewarded with a shores of the Baltie, about the Frische Haff. They portion of western Gaul. The succeeding kings of are afterwards mentioned by Tacitus; but from the the Goths extended their empire, both in France and time of Tacitus, no more is heard of them until the Spain, and during the latter part of the 5th century beginning of the 3rd century, when they are spoken of it had reached the highest point of its prosperity, its as a powerful nation on the coasts of the Black Sea. capital being Toulouse. At that time it embraceed the In the reign of the emperor Philippus, they took pos- greater part of Spain, and a large portion of Gaul; session of Dacia, and laid siege to Marcianopolis, the but after that time the Goths in Gaul were compelled espital of Masia Secunda, which purchased peace for to retreat before the Franks, while in Spain their a large sum of money. A few years later, they again empire was overthrown, about two centuries later, by entered Masia, but retreated before the army of the Saracens. After the fall of the Western Roman Decins, upon which, however, they unexpectedly empire, by the invasion of Odoacer, in 476, the eastern tarned, and completely annihilated, near Philippopolis, emperor, Zeno, persuaded Theodoric, king of the at the foot of Mount Hæmus (A.D. 250). The follow- Ostrogoths, to invade Italy in 489. He was successful, ing year they again encountered the Roman army, and and established the kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy. defeated it with great slaughter, at Forum Trebonii, in Theodoric reigned for thirty-three years, and greatly Masis; the emperor Decins being among the number strengthened his power and extended his kingdom; but, of the slain. His successor, the emperor Gallas, in- after his death, disputes arose as to his successor, and caced them to withdraw to their own territories, with the country became embroiled in civil dissensions. Jus a large sum of money. They then seem to have ex-tinian, the Eastern emperor, in order to profit by these GOTHIC LANGUAGE. (See GERMAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.) disorders, dispatched Belisarius to Italy in 526, who their strength and flexibility, and become so stiff as to took possession of Rome, and, gaining the admiration be deprived of all motion. Concretions of a chalky of the Goths, was invited to become their king. This, appearance are likewise formed about the joints; and however, he refused, but held the people in subjection affections of the kidneys arise from a deposit of the to his master. Totila, a noble Goth, rebelled, and same kind of matter in them. This matter is a commade himself master of southern Italy. He was pound of uric acid and soda. The fits are more apt to about to destroy Rome, but listened to the remon- occur in spring or autumn than at other seasons of strances of Belisarius, that it would add more to his the year; probably owing to the variableness of the honour to spare it, and contented himself with dis- weather at these times." As the fits become more persing the inhabitants, and repeopling it before the frequent and severe, so the constitutional derangearrival of a fresh army from Constantinople under ments become more marked and constant. The appeNarses. Totila fell in battle, and his successor, Theias, tite fails, indigestion is more constant, there is a shared the same fate; Italy was reconquered, and the tendency to costiveness, the mind becomes restless and Gothic monarchy, established by Theodoric, ceased to irritable, calcareous deposits are formed in the arteries, exist, 554. The Goths, originally savage and barbarous, calculi form in the bladder, and frequently the heart had become civilized and enlightened before the time becomes diseased. Such are the general features of of Theodoric. This prince is much praised for his what is termed the regular gout; but there are certain moderation, integrity, and love of justice. The public other kinds which differ widely from it in their general buildings of the city were kept in repair, and overseers character. In atonic gout, the disease, instead of were appointed to look after them, and to guard the manifesting itself in the joints, attacks some of the statues. He was also distinguished in some degree as internal organs, as the stomach, when the patient sufa patron of the fine arts, science, and learning. Re- fers from indigestion, nausea, vomiting, and severe ligious liberty was accorded to all; and there is said to pains'; or the thoracic viscera, when palpitations, have never been in Italy a better administration than fainting, and asthma arise. Retrocedent gout (Lat. that of Theodoric. The Visigoths were the first of all podagra retrograda) is when, after the inflammation the German tribes to have a written code of laws, has occupied a joint, it suddenly disappears and is which was drawn up in the 5th century, half a century transferred to some internal part, as the stomach, before that of Justinian.-Ref. Smith's Dictionary of heart, lungs, or brain, when it may give rise to various Ancient Geography. fatal disorders. Misplaced gout is when, instead of attacking the joints, the disease proceeds inward, and causes an inflammatory affection of some of the internal parts, with the same symptoms that attend inflammation of these parts from other causes. The cause of gout has been shown by Dr. Garrod to be the excess of uric acid in the blood, resulting either from an excessive formation or a checked excretion, for there is reason to believe that this substance exists in very minute quantities in the blood even in perfect health. Topical remedies are of little use in gout. If the patient is plethoric, the inflammation is to be reduced by bleeding, purging, a low diet, and sudorifics. The use of colchicum is very beneficial during a fit of gout, but it requires to be used with caution. The great cure of this disease, however, is strict attention to diet and plenty of active exercise. The Scotch cure of "living on sixpence a day and working for it" is based upon the true nature of the disease.-Ref. Dr. Garrod On the Nature and Treatment of Gout. GOURD, gourd (Fr. courge), the common name for a large cucurbitaceous fruit. (See PEPO.) The plant named Cucurbita Pepo yields the white gourd; C. maxima, the red gourd, or pumpkin; Lagenaria vulgaris, the bottle-gourd, often used as a receptacle for fluid; Luffa foetida, the sponge-gourd; and Trichosanthes anguinea, the snake-gourd. The wild gourd of the Old Testament (2 Kings iv. 39) is supposed to have been the bitter cucumber, or colocynth. GOUT, gout (Fr. goutte, Lat. gutta, a drop), in Path., is a painful disease of the joints, generally of the feet or hands, and more particularly of the great toes. It occurs mostly in persons advanced in life, and who indulge freely in the pleasures of the table; and is hereditary. The attack is usually preceded by a disordered state of the digestive system, and commonly begins by a painful swelling of the first joint of the great toe. It returns at longer or shorter intervals, when it may attack various other parts; but generally the great toe is the chief seat of the disease. Some- GOVERNMENT, guv'-ern-ment (Ang.-Nor.), in Pol., times the attack comes on without any previous is a word employed to denote either the particular warning; but usually, for some days or weeks before, forms under which a state is governed, the collective the patient has been suffering from indigestion, with body of its laws, or the person or persons in whom the diminished appetite, flatulence, costiveness, and a supreme power is vested. There are three distinct general feeling of lassitude and depression of spirits. forms of government,-a monarchy, in which the su He goes to bed, perhaps, in tolerable health, and after preme power is in the hands of one person; an arisa few hours is awakened by the severity of the pain tocracy, in which it is vested in a privileged minority; in the great toe, or sometimes the ankle, heel, or calf and a democracy, in which it is exercised either directly of the leg. The pain resembles that of a dislocated or indirectly by the great body of the people. Monbone, and is attended with the sensation as if cold archy, in its abuse, becomes despotism; aristocracy water was poured over the part; and this is succeeded tends to oligarchy; and democracy to ochlocracy, or by chilliness, shivering, and other febrile symptoms. mob government. The mixed form of government is These gradually abate as the pain increases, and it that which combines all, or at least two, of these forms, continues usually to the following night, with some- and is an attempt to combine the good qualities of each, times, however, a period of intermission during the and to guard against their evil tendencies. Every day. The pain is of a burning or gnawing character. government comprises within itself three distinct The next night, after some time of tossing and rest-powers, the legislative, judicial, and executive. In lessness, the patient succeeds in falling asleep; a gen-its legislative capacity, it lays down the laws by which tle perspiration breaks out, and he awakes to find its subjects are to be governed; its judicial power is himself refreshed and the part comparatively free from exercised in deciding, by means of various courts pain. On examining the limb next morning, it is and judges, all questions connected with these laws; found to be considerably swollen, the toe red and and its executive power in carrying out or putting shining, and the veins of the foot much distended. into execution its legislative enactments and judicial There are usually a number of subsequent attacks, decisions. (See ARISTOCRACY, DEMOCRACY, MONARbecoming less and less severe, before what is known as CHY, &c.) "a fit of the gout" is over; so that it commonly extends over a period of several weeks, or even months. When the fit is over, the system is relieved, and the person feels, both in mind and body, much better than before the attack. At first, a fit of gout occurs only once perhaps in two or three years; but it becomes by degrees more and more frequent, more severe, and of longer duration every succeeding fit. In its progress, various parts of the body become affected, and translations take place from one joint or limb to another; and after frequent attacks, the joints lose GOVERNMENT, FEDERAL. (See FEDERAL GOVERN MENT.) GOVERNOR. (See STEAM-ENGINE.) GRACE, graise (Lat. gratia, Gr. charis), is a term frequently used in Scripture, and by theological writers. In its most general signification, it is em ployed to denote the love and favour of God towards mankind, more particularly in his sending his son Christ Jesus to die for sinners. It implies that the gift springs from the bounty and liberality of the giver, without any claim or merit on the part of the |