of ancient times.

The first Roman fleet and its success at Myle (Book I, ch. 20-23); causes of the Hannibalic War (III, chs. 6-17); treaties between Rome and Carthage (III, chs. 22-28); Hannibal's passage into Italy (III, chs. 42-56); a Roman camp (VI, chs. 27–42); the defense of Syracuse by Archimedes (VIII, chs. 5-8); the Macedonian phalanx (XVIII, chs. 29-33); battle of Cynoscephalæ (XVIII, chs. 20–27); Polybius' friendship with Scipio (XXXII, chs. 9–10).

APPIAN, Roman History, Vol. I: The Foreign Wars. (White's translation).-Appian was a Greek, born in Alexandria 90 A. D. He lived in Rome and held office as procurator under the emperors. Appian was the author of a voluminous history, much of which is still in existence. He is not accurate in the modern sense, but he is no more unreliable than Plutarch or Sallust. His History is a narrative of events rather than a criticism of them; it is readable and impartial, though it is dry and not as great as that of Tacitus or of Thucydides. The Romans compelled by the Samnites to pass under the yoke (Book III, ch. 4); Scipio's triumph (VIII, ch. 9, 66); the third Punic War (VIII, chs. 10-20); the Mithridatic Wars (XII); Pompey's defeat of the pirates (XII, ch. 14).

PLUTARCH, Lives of Fabius, Flaminius, Cato the Elder, Aemillius Paulus.-See p. 36 above.

JUSTIN, NEPOS, and EUTROPIUS. (Watson's translation.)-Justin was an abridger of the History of Trogus Pompeius, which is practically a universal history covering Assyria, Persia and Macedonia. It is of little value

for it makes no distinction between fact and myth. Nepos, who wrote the lives of eminent commanders, lived in the time of Cicero. His work is of little value, for it is inaccurate; moreover, the same subjects are much better treated by Plutarch. Little is known about Eutropius beyond the fact that he lived during the reigns of Valens and Valentinian. His work is an epitome of Roman history, of little value.

§ 25. Civil Dissensions, 146-31 B. C.

SALLUST, The Conspiracy of Catiline and the Jugurthine War. (Translations by Pollard and Watson.)— Sallust was a Roman historian who lived 86-35 B. C. He sympathized with the populares, and has therefore given a favorable view of Marius and Cæsar. As a result, he is charged by Mommsen with unfairness and political motives in his writings, but he is probably as unbiased as any of the writers of the period. was popular with the Romans and is interesting. The Jugurthine War: Jugurtha in Rome (§§ 32-35); capture of Jugurtha by Sulla (§§ 105-113); election of Marius to his first consulship (§§ 63-73).

His work

FLORUS, Epitome. (Translated by Watson, Sallust, Florus, and Velleius Paterculus.)-Florus lived at the beginning of the second century A. D. His work is chiefly an epitome of Roman history to the time of Augustus, based chiefly on Livy.

CESAR, Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars. (McDevitte and Bohn's translation.)-The career and

position of Gaius Julius Cæsar is too well known to be commented upon. In his Commentaries, he gives an account of his conquest of Gaul and his struggle with Pompey which is direct, passionless, and detailed. This provides abundant material for the historian. Suetonius accuses him of suppressing facts not favorable to himself, but on the whole he is one of the most impartial of ancient historians.

CICERO, Orations (Yonge's translation); Letters (translations by Jeans and Shuckburgh).-Cicero, one of the most prominent Romans of his time-106-43 B. C. was active in literary and political life. His orations, delivered during the critical period of Rome's history, are perhaps the most important contributions that we have to a knowledge of the times between Sulla and Augustus. Those against Catiline, and the so-called "Philippics" against Mark Antony, are perhaps the best known. The accusation against Verres is a striking picture of the corruption of a provincial governor. All his orations show an extreme partisan basis. was a voluminous letter-writer, and apparently wrote with little reserve to his friend Atticus: these letters are a very valuable source.

He

APPIAN, Roman History, Vol. II: The Civil Wars. See p. 49 above. The Gracchi (Book I, chs. 1–3); rivalry between Marius and Sulla (I, chs. 7-8); the war with Sertorius (I, ch. 13); the war with Spartacus (I, ch. 14); struggle between Cæsar and Pompey (II, chs. 4-13); events leading up to the second triumvirate (III).

PLUTARCH, Lives of the Gracchi, Marius, Sulla, Sertorius, Cicero, Pompey, Crassus, Cæsar, Brutus, and Antony. See p. 36 above.

§26. The Augustan Age and the
Early Empire.

AUGUSTUS, Monumentum Ancyranum: the Deeds of Augustus. (Edited by William Fairley.)—This is an epitaph of the Emperor Augustus, containing a list of his achievements, which he desired should be inscribed on brazen tablets and placed before his mausoleum. The original tablets have been destroyed; but a copy was discovered at Ancyra, Asia Minor, in 1595, and its importance is obvious.

(Thom

SUETONIUS, Lives of the Twelve Casars. son's translation.)-Suetonius lived in Rome about 100 A. D. He wrote the lives of the first twelve emperors, but his work is of little value in the schoolroom, for he relates personal histories, and gives the anecdotal side, rather than the political.

JOSEPHUS, Works. (Whiston's translation.)-Josephus was a learned Jew who lived in the last half of the first century of the Christian era. He realized the power of Rome, and was opposed to the revolt of his countrymen against Rome; nevertheless, he took part in the war and was therefore suspected by both sides. After the fall of Jerusalem he went to Rome and was received with honor. In his Jewish War he describes the struggle from 170 B. C. to 71 A. D.; in the An

tiquities he gives the early history of his people from the creation. Herod and his relations with Mark Antony (Book XIV, chs. 12-15); conquest of Jerusalem by Vespasian and Titus (III-V).

VIRGIL, Aeneid, Eclogues, and Georgics. (Lonsdale and Lee's translation, prose; Conington's translations, verse and prose.)-Virgil was a great Roman poet of the Augustan age; he was an influential member of the literary circle around Maecenas, and a friend of Horace. His greatest work, the Aeneid, was modeled largely on the Homeric poems; its political significance was to magnify the preeminence of the Julian race and of Augustus himself. The Eclogues and the Georgics were written to extol the pleasures of country life; they give a good picture of the pleasanter side of rural life. Jove's promise of Rome, Aeneid (Book I, lines 254296); prophecy of the greatness of Rome, Aeneid (Book VI, lines 752-892).

HORACE, Works. (Martin's translation, and Buckley's edition of Smart's translation.)—Horace, one of the world's greatest poets, lived in the golden age of Augustus, and was the friend of Maecenas. His poetry,

which will always appeal to some spirits, is valuable in itself, though it will interest only a few of the pupils in a secondary school.

PATERCULUS, History. (Translated by Watson, Sallust, Florus, and Velleius Paterculus.) Paterculus was a Roman historian during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. His work is mainly an epitome of Roman history, with most detail about Tiberius. It is valuable