has been shewn: not more than eight persons CLERICAL MUNIFICENCE.The Rev. Dr. Samuel were killed. The mercy of God has been so strik || Wilson Warneford has by deed conveyed to the ingly manifested, that every tongue is ready to Right Honourable John Thomas Baron Redesdale, confess it. Would that all might be so impressed the Rev. Vaughan Thomas, Wm. Dickens, Esq., with the sense of the Divine goodness, as to be led Frederick Colvile, Esq., and the Rev. Robert Jarto shew forth their gratitude, not only with their ratt, his estate in the parish of Hellingley, in the lips, but in their lives!

county of Sussex, containing 737a. 7p., called "the Mission to CHINA.—The lord bishop of London Broad Estate;" as also his impropriate rectory of will issue a pastoral letter, with an especial refer the parish of Hellingley, and his manor of Warance to the Church in China, directing a collection lington (altogether yielding a net income in future to be made in the churches of his diocese on the of 11001. per annum) in trust for promoting the Sunday after Ascension-day.

special objects and purposes of the Radcliffe Lunatic JERUSALEM.-According to accounts from Je Asylum, and for enabling the managers thereof to rusalem, the building of the church has been admit a greater number of patients. It is to be added, stopped by order of the then pasha. In conse that this great benefactor and patron of the asylum, quence, the bishop proceeded to Beyrout to con this lover of God and man ( PINÓDeos kal & pinávsult with her majesty's consul-general on this un Opwnos, according to the inscription on the engrav. toward event, and also had the advantage of com ing of his portrait), has charged his princely donamunicating with his Prussian majesty's consul-ge- || tion with the annual payment of two sums, one of a neral; but has since returned to Jerusalem. sum not exceeding 501. per annum, as a stipend to

South HACKNEY. — The Report of the Church the chaplain of the asylum, and the other of 201. fund in aid of the five Church Societies connected per annum, for the support of a Sunday-school at with this parish is just come out, and shews how Hellingley. This is an act which may be said to much may be accomplished when the rules of the have crowned and completed a long series of former Church are acted upon. On the first Sunday after benefactions, which Dr. Warneford had duly apthe Epiphany, no less than 2131. 19s. 6d. was collected Il portioned from time to time to the peculiar wants at the offertory in aid of these societies. It were well of the asylum, during a period of thirty years; beif a similar “fund” was established in other parishes. ginning with those pecuniary aids which were mi

LEEDS.-The annual meeting of the St. Peter's nistered to the infant undertaking in 1813, by two Bank District Society for propagating the Gospel | sums of 2001. each, given at the same time by in Foreign Parts was held in the St. Peter's Bank Dr. Warneford and his late highly-principled, and school-room on the 18th of April. The vicar was gifted, and most benevolent sister, Miss Warnein the chair, and a gratifying report was read by the ford; and which were repeated in 1826 by the like secretary. Mr. Humphery, late missionary to Ma coupled contributions of 3001. from each, and of dras, addressed the meeting, and other appropri which the total sum, including the two donations ate speeches were made by several of the parochial of Miss Warneford, amounted in 1838 to 72501. clergy.

(40001. of it being a mortgage on property in · EDUCATION, Science, AND Art.-By a state.. Gloucestershire, and by Dr. Warneford transferred ment just laid upon the table of the House of Com- || in trust to the uses of the charity, and yielding an mons of the estimates for 1843-4, for the purposes | annual interest of 1601.) of education, science, and art, it appears that there CONVERSION OF A ROMAN CATHOLIC.-A memwill be required for public education in Great Bri- || ber of the Church of Rome, having formally retain, 50,0001. ; ditto in Ireland, 50,0007. ; schools || nounced that persuasion, publicly received the of design, 4,4111. ; professors at Oxford and Cam || holy communion on Sunday morning at St. John's bridge, 2,0061. ; University of London, 5,1481.; Church, Clerkenwell. The name of the convert Universities, &c., in Scotland, 7,3801. ; Roman | did not transpire. Catholic College in Scotland, 8,9281. ; Royal Irish SALISBURY. - The chapter-house of Salisbury Academy, 3001. ; Royal Hibernian Academy, 3001. ; cathedral is about to be restored, at the cost of Royal Dublin Society, 5,6001. ; Belfast Academical 20001., by the lord bishop of Salisbury, who has Society, 1,9501.; British Museum Establishment, already expended a large sum in repairing and &c., 32,5761. ; ditto buildings, 37,4851.; ditto pur improving the cloisters of the same cathedral. chases, 5,2751.; National Gallery, purchase of pictures and expense of the gallery, 1,6001.; Museum

NOTICE TO CORRESPONDENTS. of Economic Geology, 2,0081. ; and scientific works

In reply to Ham's well-written and right-minded letter,

we would observe that it was not our intention to charge and experiments, 4,0001.;-the total for the year

teetotalism as a whole with blasphemy; though if the fact 1843-4 is 218,9671. The total for 1841-2 was we alluded to in our last be true, we should certainly say 212,5241.; and for 1842-3, 210,8891. - In the ex that its tendency is in that direction. Of temperance so

cieties we did not speak; and it is by Ham's confusing pense, therefore, of 1843, as compared with 1841,

the teetotal with the temperance societies that our meanthere will be an increase of 6,4431., and as com ing has been a little misunderstood. If we must give an pared with 1842, of 8,0781.

opinion, we think both the one and the other not only OVERPAID CLERGY.—There is at this present

dangerous associations, but unnecessary. Is not a Church

to which we are persuaded our correspondent rejoices to time, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, not fourteen

belong, the only temperance society which a Christian miles from York, a clergyman receiving only 151. ought to acknowledge ? a-year for performing divine service every Sunday

LONDON: out of which 151. he pays 71. 10s. for hörse-hire.

Published by JAMES BURNS, 17 PORTMAN STREET, Tur BishOP OF LONDON'S CHARGE.We hear, I PORTMAN SQUARE: and to be had, by order, of all Book. upon good authority, that the lord bishop of Cal. |

sellers in Town and Country. cutta has reprinted the above charge, for circula

PRINTED BY ROBSON, LEVEY, AND FRANKLYN, tion among his clergy.

GREAT NEW STREET, FETTER LANE.

THE

ENGLISHMAN'S MAGAZINE.

PAGE

• 137

Contents.

PAGE Organisation of Plants

121 On the Study of Language : On the History of the Middle Ages . .

123 On Christ's Presence in the Sacrament of the Lord's Dangers at present incident to the Labouring Classes,

Supper . . . . . . . . 140 and their Remedy . . . . . . 127 Poetry :-137th Psalm

. 141 Hints on Reading Holy Scripture . . . . 131 Notices of Books . . . . . . . 141 Cowper the Poet on Churches and Church Matters 132 Miscellaneous

. 142 The Life of Wiclif . . . . . . . 133 Intelligence . . . . . . . . 144

ORGANISATION OF PLANTS. was still under the protecting eye of that Pro

vidence who has condescended to call Himself Among natural objects courting inquiry from ||

" || the stranger's friend. At this moment, painthe observing mind, the vegetable kingdom

ful as my reflections were, the extraordinary stands pre-eminent. The large space that it

beauty of a small moss in fructification, irreoccupies on, and its wide diffusion over, the

sistibly caught my eye. I mention this to surface of the earth; the exquisite form of

shew from what trifling circumstances the some species, the extreme beauty, gay colour,

mind will sometimes derive consolation ; for and sweet perfume of others, have caused them to be looked on with interest by all, prince

though the whole plant was not larger than

the top of one of my fingers, I could not conand peasant, learned and unlearned, of all na

template the delicate conformation of its roots, tions and all ages. Solomon “ spake of trees

|| leaves, and capsules, without admiration. Can from the cedar-tree that is in Lebanon even

|| that Being, thought I, who planted, watered, unto the hyssop that springeth out of the

and brought to perfection, in this obscure part wall;" and their Maker called the attention

of the world, a thing which appears of so small of His disciples to the beauty of some of the

importance, look with unconcern upon the most retired and humble-looking, though not

situation and sufferings of creatures formed the less beautiful portion, of the world of

after his own image ? Surely not! Reflecflowers.

tions like these would not allow me to despair. · The first of modern poets, wishing to de

I started up, and disregarding both hunger scribe a man whose mind was sunk in the

and fatigue, travelled forwards, assured that lowest depths of ignorance and sin, could find

relief was at hand; and I was not disapno mode of expressing such a state more em

pointed.” phatic than shewing the utter disregard with ||

But the use as well as the beauty of plants which he beheld this portion of the creation :

must arrest the attention. They purify the “ A primrose by the river's brim,

air remove from the earth much decaying A yellow primrose was to him,

matter, so that, in common with insects, they And it was nothing more."

have been called “scavengers of the earth,” Mungo Park, when travelling in the inte- || furnish man with a great part of his food, the rior of Africa, was robbed, his horse taken, || far greater in temperate and warm climates, and he thus describes his situation after the while they form the entire nourishment of robbers had departed : “ I sat for some time many animals on which he feeds,yield the looking around me with amazement and ter- | materials from which a large share of his ror. Whichever way I turned, nothing ap clothing is made,—and in a fossil as well as peared but danger and difficulty. I saw my- || fresh state, afford fuel. self in the midst of a vast wilderness, in the While the incentives to become more intidepth of the rainy season, naked and alone, || mately acquainted with the vegetable kingsurrounded by savage animals, and men still || dom are so many and enticing, there is nomore savage. I was five hundred miles from || thing but pleasure attendant on the acquisithe nearest European settlement. All these |tion of this kind of knowledge. The most circumstances crowded at once on my recol- || fastidious can, among its subjects, find no lection, and I confess that my spirits began to object to disgust—the most timid, no cause for fail me. I considered my fate as certain, and fear; no blood has to be shed-no pain to be that I had no alternative but to lie down and inflicted to shew any of its wonders. The perish. The influence of religion, however, body as well as the mind is strengthened in aided and supported me. I reflected that no | the pursuit of its beauties, and the heart of human prudence or foresight could possibly || that man must indeed be cold who is not exhave averted my present sufferings. I was | cited, while contemplating so much good, to indeed a stranger in a strange land ; yet I || raise a louder hymn of praise and thankfulness NO. XXX.

JUNE 1843,

to its Author. Nay, as good George Herbert simple elements, vegetable membrane and sweetly sings :

fibre, the former constituting the walls of cells, “Man is the world's high priest; he doth present woody tissue and vessels, the latter disposed The sacrifice for all; while they below

in the interior. From these simple parts, Unto the service mutter an assent,

variously arranged and slightly modified, are Such as springs use that fall, and winds that blow,

formed the countless myriads of plants that He that to praise and laud Thee doth refrain Doth not refrain unto himself alone,

cover the globe, from the little moss to the But robs a thousand that would praise Him fain.

giant oak; and we thus see, in this department And doth commit a world of sin in one.”

of natural science, as we shall in others, that Our object will here be rather to excite the most astonishing effects are produced by than satisfy, to afford a glance only of the || the use of the most simple means. “The expetreasures there are to reward the diligent in- | rience of all those who have occupied themquirer. A plant is composed of a few simple || selves with researches into natural phenomena, tissues, and when resolved by the aid of the || leads to this general result, that these phenomicroscope into its elementary parts, is found | | mena are caused or produced by means far to consist of,

more simple than was previously supposed, or First, cellular tissue. This is composed of | than we even now imagine; and it is precisely small sacs or bladders closely packed to- || their simplicity which should most powergether; the coat of each is formed of a fine || fully excite our wonder and admiration ;''! transparent inembrane without any aperture and how silently are all these daily wonders visible by the aid of the most powerful || wrought! microscope, but allowing the free passage of | The simplicity of the machinery employed fluids through it. The shape of the sacs || in the performance of all the operations of the varies ; sometimes they are elongated in a || natural world, and the silence with which all transverse direction, or being placed end to || these operations take place, form two of their end, and the partitions being ruptured by the most striking features, when compared with expansion of the sides, they form a con-| the operations of man. Enter a lace manu

nuous tube, the parietes of which being || factory; hear the noise, bustle, and confuthicker in some parts than others give them | sion; then look at the beautifully interlaced a dotted appearance. When pressed together || fibres of woody tissue, constituting the liber equally on all sides, as in the pith of a tree, || or inner bark of the lace-tree of Jamaica (so the sacs assume the form of a dodecahedron, | called from the resemblance of this portion of so each cell cut transversely looks hexagonal; || its trunk to lace in the fineness and delicacy and as every cell is a distinct membranous | of its texture). "They toil not, neither do sac, the partitions between two cells must be || they spin ; and yet I say unto you, that Soloformed by a double membrane, one mem | mon in all his glory was not arrayed like one brane forming the walls of each cell. These ll of these.” cells are very minute, varying in size from || When we speak of the growth of a plant 1-30th to 1-1000th of an inch in diameter. |or other object taking place naturally, we Cotton is formed of cellular tissue ; but of this

must be careful that we do not by the use more when we speak of the seed and its en of the word 'natural' veil from ourselves the velopes. It is mentioned here only to point || truth, that it as much requires divine interout the little strength it possesses when com position to cause the meanest weed to grow, pared with linen, which is made from woody | as to work the mightiest miracle; we may tissue.

plant and water, but should remember that it Second. Woody tissue consists of elongated || is God that giveth the increase. So Bishop fibres, each of which is a hollow tube, longer, Butler says: “ What is natural as inuch retougher, and having its sides thicker than a || quires and presupposes an intelligent agent cell of cellular tissue. These fibres are always | to render it so, i.e. to effect it continually or elongated in the direction of the growing | at stated times, as what is supernatural or axis.

miraculous does to effect it for once.” Third. Vascular tissue.--If we suppose a || We have now to trace the way in which hollow fibre, pointed and closed at its extre- || the tissues are arranged in different parts of a mities, with the parietes, and having one or plant; there is a living object to feed, grow, more fine elastic threads coiled up in its in- || and continue its life, in many instances for terior, the coils meeting, we have a pretty || years, at first appearing as a collection of exact image of a spiral vessel ; or the thread vesicles, beautifully arranged and exquisitely may be broken up into rings, and then what is || delicate in structure, so that the more inticalled an annular duct is formed : thus from || mately we examine it, the higher the power of the various arrangements of the threads with- || the microscope we use, the more regular and in a thin-sided tube, are formed the different || beautiful it appears. . kinds of vascular tissue. Even the three | This delicate object has to be protected from kinds of tissue above named, viz. cellular, | all inclemencies of weather; from mechaniwoody, and vascular, are composed of two ||

1 Liebig, Organic Chemistry,

cal injuries; from too much moisture, which | find they are not covered with epidermis, but would rot it; from great drought, for growth are formed of new and succulent cellular tiscannot take place without some moisture ; l sue, having a bundle of woody fibres in the from light, which would harden its tissues. centre. The points (technically called spongiItself fixed, without instinct, or any power of | oles) are constantly being reproduced, new avoiding danger, seeking or even selecting tissue growing beyond the old, and as this food; knowing only thus much, we should à l clogs, it also is tipped with fresh; and thus priori expect that the vegetable kingdom | these highly important parts are preserved in would soon disappear from the surface of our a condition fitted for taking up nourishment, earth.

while little or no absorption goes on by the Covering all parts of a plant growing in || fully formed root, the epidermis forming a the air is a thin skin called epidermis; when || powerful impediment to the performance of highly magnified, it is found to be made up of that function. How necessary this for the cells with thickened parietes, flattened and well-being of the plant, will be manifest when containing air; their sides cohere firmly; and we consider that there is incessantly going on thus the epidermis presents, when viewed by from the roots of plants an excretory process, the unassisted eye, the appearance of a deli | by which useless and injurious matter brought cate membrane. When a plant grows in a from above through the cortex is expelled. situation where the atmosphere is dry and Now if absorption were performed by the enheated, as the oleander, a native of Barbary, tire surface of the root, then must this excreted then there are several layers of thick-sided matter be re-absorbed, (the root possessing cells placed one above the other. The same no power of selecting food,) for it would lie thickening of the epidermis is observed when || close to the surface; but if, as really is the a great quantity of moisture has to be re case, the tips of the roots alone absorb, and tained in the tissues of a plant, as in the com- || these roots are continually elongating by the mon succulent plants.

addition of new tissue to their extremities, Small openings, called stomata, are left at | the excreted matter must be left behind in the intervals through the epidermis, guarded by soil from which the nutritious materials have two small bladders, so placed that when re been taken up.' laxed they lie in juxtaposition, and so close Again: by lengthening at their extremities the openings; but when in action, separate only, roots are enabled to pass through the and allow a free passage into the intercellular | smallest crevices in search of food, to follow spaces beneath. Over the surface of the epi- || these in their windings, and to turn aside dermis is a thin inorganic film.

when any impediment prevents their passage The uses of the epidermis are, to protect the || in the original direction. delicate tissues below it, and to retard or pre- The roots of a tree growing in an open vent evaporation from the general surface of situation, without any disturbing cause arise, the plant. When a plant grows in a situation reach just as far as the branches of the tree; where it can readily absorb moisture by its so the drippings from the leaves fall where roots, then to retard evaporation would ren | most wanted, just at the tip of the root. der it sickly from excess of Auid; here the The root is also a reservoir in which is laid epidermis is thin: but if it grow in a dry spot, | up nourishment, usually in the form of starch. exposed to intense light and a parched atmo- This deposit takes place while the plant is in sphere, only a small quantity can be absorbed ; || full vigour, and is re-absorbed in the early and if some means were not used for prevent- spring, when the young shoots require more ing rapid evaporation, the plant would speed- || nourishment than water impregnated with ily perish, from being completely dried up; // the matter of the soil. under these circumstances we find the epider

(To be continued in our next.) mis very thick,

To cover parts growing beneath water with an organ the office of which is to prevent | ON THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. evaporation, would be useless, and in such a

The second number of our Magazine contained case plants have no epidermis: any portion of floating plants living above the surface re

a paper on the Study of Ancient History, which quire and have an epidermoid covering. adopted the divisions proposed by Mr. Wilber

Beneath the surface of the ground, fixing force in his excellent manual of " The Five Emthe plant firmly by its wide-spreading ramifi. || pires." It should be noted, however, that those cations, and absorbing nourishment in a crude five divisions comprise, in fact, all history, modern state from the soil, is the root. It is composed || as well as ancient, -- the fifth empire being none of a central woody part, and an external cor- ll other than the Church, the empire or kingdom of tical portion, the latter covered with a thick epidermis. Dividing frequently, it ends in 1 | The excretions of any species, though injurious to

others of the same species, are not only frequently innoxismall branches; and if we examine the ex

Il ous, but sometimes even advantageous to others of differtreme points of these ultimate divisions, well ent species,

Jesus Christ, which, we are assured, shall continue tinct and separate character to the succeeding through all time. And it may be said of all artifi- || epoch, and of which the influence still remains. cial divisions, that they are necessarily incomplete. To the philosophical observer there is perhaps This is especially the case with that portion which no period of history possessing greater interest is usually comprehended in “ the middle ages :" | than this of which we speak; for here we are to and the title is in many ways inconvenient; for in trace the causes that have produced the leading every intelligible sense, modern history commences national diversities, both of characters and instituwhere ancient history terminates. Modern history, tions, and their reciprocal influences one on the in fact, relates the rise and growth of those nations | other. For example, what important results have which now occupy the globe, and with whose names proceeded from the single circumstance, that in we are familiar,—as the Germans, the French, the Germany the empire became elective, while in Russians, the Spaniards, and the English ; and in- || France it was hereditary! Or, again, when we read asmuch as the whole globe, at least in all its most the surprise of the Roman historian, Tacitus, at habitable parts, has been now discovered, there is | the respect paid to the female sex among the Teuno possibility of any new nation coming into exist- || tonic tribes, and by that sex to itself, by the geence, save by the process of colonisation, which is neral prevalence of chastity,-how interesting to rather the extension of an old people than the be able to trace the effect of this honourable chaorigination of a new one.

racteristic of our ancestors in the advantages which At the period when ancient history closes, the women now enjoy throughout the states of modern Roman empire seemed to occupy the whole stage | Europe, as compared with their condition not only of the world; and the nations just named, or in eastern countries, but in the states of Greece branches of the same common family, were they |

I, and Rome! which overthrew it. The conflict began in the || It must be confessed, however, that it is not year B.c. 109; when two barbarian tribes, the || very easy to trace the course of events during this Cimbri and the Teutones, invaded Italy, and de- || | period. The first three centuries were eminently feated the Roman army with great slaughter; and || a period of unsettledness; and those who lived at it continued with varying fortune to a.d. 476. In the time-ignorant, doubtless, of the mighty revo. that year Romulus Augustulus, the last of the em lution that was going on around them--were more perors, an infant of six years, was deposed from the intent upon overcoming their enemies than upon throne by Odoacer, the leader of the Heruli. And chronicling for future generations the causes and now modern history commences. It is usual, how consequences of their actions. In this sense, thereever, to consider the thousand years which follow,

fore, perhaps it may be admitted that they were apart by themselves, as the middle age; or more “ dark ages;" but if the term, as is usually the often, in order to the convenience of the memory, case, is employed to mean that the minds of men the period is spoken of in round numbers as ex were, during this period, in a state of torpor, notending from the fifth to the fifteenth century.

thing could be farther from the truth. We are inAnd the division has its advantages; for it pre debted to the middle ages for many of our most sents to the mind one great and highly interesting || valuable civil institutions: then arose the science subject, which imparts a unity to the whole; viz. of ecclesiastical architecture, which is among the the conflict of barbarian vigour with enervated civi. proudest triumphs of man's intellect; and from lisation, and the final settling down of the northern the days of Charlemagne and Alfred (the latter of nations into the countries which they now occupy. | whom especially is deserving of honourable menThe last of the territorial conquests was the inva- | tion), the whole range of learning was most assision of England by the Normans, A.D. 1066; but | duously cultivated. The historians of this period, time, of course, was required before the conquerors | indeed, are both numerous and abounding in deand the conquered became fused in the several in tail; and though it has been the fashion, as Schlegel stances into one nation. The period consequently says, to depreciate their works as mere “ monkish is every where marked by severe internal struggles; chronicles," their authors were often “ men of for now was working the antagonism of various | princely descent; they were themselves entrusted forces, which in their several combinations con with the most important affairs of government, and stitute the character and institutions of the differ therefore could best explain them; they were the ent European nations. The fifteenth and follow ambassadors and travellers of the times; they often ing century, too, by the transition which took place | penetrated into the remote East and the still more simultaneously in the political constitutions of the obscure regions of the north, and were, indeed, the leading nations of Europe, by the invention of only persons capable of describing foreign counprinting, the discovery of America, and that great || tries and manners; in general they were the most religious movement which we designate the Re- || accomplished and intelligent men whom the world formation,– introduced changes which give a dis- || could then produce; so that, in one word, if we