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rowed by the plough. The view it commands of the coast, toward the mouth of the Mender, may possibly entitle it to their subsequent consideration, with reference to the sepulchre of Myrinna.

We now proceed to the Callifat Osmak, or Callifat Water, a river that can scarce be said to flow toward the Mender; yet so deep, that we were conducted to a ford in order to pass. Hundreds of tortoises, alarmed at our approach, were falling from its banks into the water, as well as from the overhanging branches and thick underwood, among which these animals, of all others the least adapted to climb trees, had singularly obtained a footing. Wild fowl also were in great abundance, and in the corn land partridges were frequently observed. I have no hesitation in stating, that I conceive this river to be the Simois; nor would there perhaps remain a doubt upon the subject, if it were not for the prejudice excited in conse quence of a marvellous error, which has prevailed throughout all the recent discussion concerning Troas, with regard to the sources of the Scamander. Pope seems first of all to have fallen into the notion of the double origin of that river: since his time, Wood, Chevalier, and their followers, have maintained that the Scamander had two sources, one of which was hot, and the other cold. The whole of this representation has been founded upon a misconstruction of the word HTAL* The Scamander has therefore been described as having its riset from two sources in the plain, near the Scaan gate of the city; hence all the zeal which has been shown in

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* An expression occurs in the Prometheus of schylus, rotaμw, re #nyai, (v. 89. p. 8. Ed. Blomf.) where the same word is used; not with reference to the main beads, or original sources, of rivers; but to all those springs by which they are augmented. Tous described in Pope's translation of the twenty-second book of the Iliad:

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"Next by Scamander's double source they bound,

Where two fam'd fountains burst the parted ground."

There is nothing in the original, either of the double source or of the fame of the fountains, Homer's words are;

Κρουνώ δ' ἵκανον καλλιῤῥόω, ἔνθα δὲ πηγαὶ
Δοιαὶ ἀναΐσσονσι Σκαμάνδρου δινήεντος.

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Mr. Bryant (Observat. &c. p. 28.) interpreted this passage thus: "They arrived at two basons of fine water, from which two fountains of the Scamander issue forth," but combats the notion of their having any other relation to the river. Cowper seems to bave succeeded more happily in affording the spirit and design of the original,

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giving to the springs of Bonarbashy the name of those sources, although they are many in number, and all of them warm springs, as will hereafter appear. Having once admitted this palpable delusion concerning the sources of the Scamander, notwithstanding the very judicious remonstrances of Mr. Bryant upon this part of the subject, and the obvious interpretation of the text of Homer, the wildest theories ensued.* All attention to the plain of Troas on the northeastern side of the Mender was abandoned; nothing was talked of excepting Bonarbashy, and its warm fountains; and these being once considered as the sources of the Scamander, were further reconciled with Homer's description, by urging the absurdity of believing Achilles to have pursued Hector on the heights of Ida, when the chace is said to have happened near the walls of Troy. But the plain matter of fact is, that Homer, in no part of his poems, has stated either the temperature of the Scamander at its source, or its double origin. In no part of his poems is there any thing equivocal, or obscure, concerning the place whence that river issues, or the nature of its torrent. It is with him, 'Scamander, flowing from Idean Jove;' ΜΕΓΑΣ ΠΟΤΑΜΟΣ ΒΑΘΥΔΙΝΗΣ, the great vortiginous river, 'bearing on his giddy tide the body of Polydorus to the seas's 'the angry Scamander.' The springs by which Achilles pursues Hector were two fountains,** or rivulets, near the bed of the river, as expressly stated by the poet; but they had no connexion with the source of the Scamander, and therefore the rise of that river in Mount Ida causes no objection to Homer's narrative. The whole country abounds both with hot and with cold springs; so that, unauthorized by the poet to ascend to the source of the Scamander, in search of them, we may rest satisfied with their position elsewhere.

Continuing along the southern side of Callifat Water,†† after having crossed the ford, we came to some ruius upon its banks, by which the ground was covered to a considerable extent. These consisted of the most beautiful Doric pillars, whose

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Among others, that of making the heights of Bonarbashy a part of the chain of Mount Ida, with which they have no connexion.

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** Δοιαὶ πηγα. Π. Χ. 147.

The only person by whom the Callifat Water has been noticed, is the engineer Kauffer. In the map he drew up by order of Count Ludolf, the Neapolitan minister at the Porte, and since published by Arrowsmith after our return to England, it is adeed introduced; but in so slight a manner, as to appear a much less stream than Dis " ·Scamander vel Xanthus," which is not the case.

capitals and shafts, of the finest white marble, were lying in the utmost disorder. Among them we also noticed some entire shafts of granite. The temples of Jupiter being always of the Doric order, we might suppose these ruins to mark the site of a fane consecrated to Idean Jove; but Doric was evidently the prevailing order among the ancient edifices of the Troas, as it is found every where in the district, and all the temples in that part of Phrygia could not have been consecrated to the same deity. The ruins by the Callifat Water have not been hitherto remarked by any traveller; although Akerblad obtained, and published in a very inaccurate manner, an inscription I also copied there. It is as old as the Archonship of Euclid.*--Having already twice before published it, both in the account of the Greek marbles preserved in the vestibule of the public library at Cambridge, aud also in the appendix to the dissertation on the soros of Alexander, the introduction of the original legend here would be deemed an unnecessary repetition. It was inscribed upon the lower part of a plain marble pillar: this we removed to the Dardanelles, and afterward sent to England. The interpretation sets forth, that "THOSE PARTAKING OF THE SACRIFICE, AND OF THE GAMES, AND OF THE WHOLE FESTIVAL, HONOured Pytha, DAUGHTER OF SCAMANDROTIMUS, NATIVE OF ILIUM, WHO PERFORMED THE OFFICE OF CANEPHORAS IN AN EXEMPLARY AND DISTINGUISHED MANNER, FOR HER PIETY TOWARD THE GODDESS. In the con

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jecture already offered, that the stream, on the banks of which those edifices were raised, and these vows offered, was the Simois of the ancients, some regard was necessarily intended, both to the ruins here situated, and the inscription to which reference is now made. A certain degree of collateral, although no positive evidence, may possibly result from the bare mention of places and ceremonies, connected by their situation, and consecrated by their nature, to the history of the territory where Simois flowed.

Near the same place, upon a block of Parian marble, I found

*See the late Professor Porson's opinion, as given in the author's account of "Greek Marbles" at Cambridge, p. 50.

f Ibid.

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another inscription, but not equally perfect. The following letters were all I could collect from the most careful examination of the stone :

ΑΣΤΩΘΥΓΙΣΙ

ΣΜΗΤΩΝΑ ΛΥΣΑΙ

ΠΑΤΗΡ ΚΑΤΑΤΗΝΤΟΥΠΑ

ΘΗΚΗΝΕΣΕΠΙΚΡΙΤΟ

ΚΑΙΚΙΛΙΟΥΣΟΥΠΟ

ΤΑΜΠΟΥΚΑ

ΑΠΟΛΕ

We afterward proceeded to the Greek village of Callifat, situated near the spot where the Callifat Osmack joins the Mender. In the streets and courtyards of this place were ly ing several capitals of Corinthian pillars; and upon a broken marble tablet, placed in a wall, I noticed part of an inscription in metre; the rest of the characters having perished:

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While I was copying this, some peasants of the place came to me with Greek medals. They were all of copper, in high preservation, and all medals of Ilium, struck in the time of the Roman emperors.* On one side was represented the figure of Hector combating, with his shield and spear, and the words ΕΚΤΩΡ ΙΛΙΕΩΝ ; and upon the other, the head either of Antoninus, Faustina, Severus, or some later Roman emperor or empress. As there were so many of these Iliean medals, I asked where they were found; and was answered in modern Greek,

The copper coinage of Greece was not in use until toward the close of the Peloponnesian war. It was first introduced at Athens, at the persuasion of one Dionysius; thence called Χαλκούς; according to Athenæus, lib. xv. c. 3. & lib. ii. c. 12,

at Palaio Callifat, Old Callifat, a short distance from the present village, in the plain toward the east.* I begged to be conducted thither; and took one of the peasants with me as a guide.

We came to an elevated spot of ground, surrounded on all sides by a level plain watered by the Callifat Osmack, and which there is every reason to believe the Simoisian. Here we found, not only the traces, but also the remains of an ancient citadel. Turks were then employed raising enormous blocks of marble, from foundations surrounding the place; possibly the identical works constructed by Lysimachus; who fenced new Ilium with a wall. The appearance of the structure exhibited that colossal and massive style of architecture which bespeaks the masonry of the early ages of Grecian history. All the territory within these foundations was covered by broken pottery, whose fragments were part of those ancient vases now held in such high estimation. Here the peasants said they found the medals they had offered to us, and most frequently after heavy rains. Many had been discovered in Consequence of the recent excavations made there by the Turks, who were removing the materials of the old foundations, for the purpose of constructing works at the Dardanelles. As these medals, bearing indisputable legends to designate the people by whom they were fabricated, have also, in the circumstances of their discovery, a peculiar connexion with the ruins here, they may be considered as indicating, with tolerable certainty, the situation of the city to which they belonged. Had we observed, in our route from Tchiblack, precisely the line of direction mentioned by Strabo, and continued a due course from east to west, instead of turning toward the south in the Simoisian plain to visit the village of Callifat, we should have terminated the distance he has mentioned, of thirty stadia, (as separating the city from the village of the Hliensians) by the discovery of these ruins. They may have been the same which Kauffer noticed in his map,f by the title of Ville de Constantine; but evidently appear to be the remains of New Ilium; whether we regard the testimony afforded by their situation, as accordant with the text of Strabo; or the dis

Every traveller who has visited Greece will be aware of the importance of profiting by the mention of the word Palaio, as applied to the name of any place. It is a never-failing indication of the site of some aucient city; and so it proved in the present instance.

See the map published by Arrowsmith of The Plain of Troy, from an original design by Kauifer.

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