18. Real and nominal essence

the same in simple ideas

and modes, different in

substances.

19. Essences ingenerable and
incorruptible.

20. Recapitulation.

CHAP. V.

Of the names of mixed modes and

relations.

SECT.

CHA P. IV.

1. They stand for abstract

ideas as other general

names.

2. First, The ideas they stand

for are made by the under-

standing.

3. Secondly, made arbitrarily,

and without patterns.

4. How this is done.

5. Evidently arbitrary, in that

the idea is often before the

existence.

6. Instances, murther, incest,

stabbing.

7. But still subservient to the

end of language.

8. Whereof the intranslatable

words of divers languages

are a proof.

9. This shows species to be

made for communication.

10,11. In mixed modes, it is the

name that ties the combi-

nation together, and makes

it a species.

12. For the originals of mixed

modes, we look no farther

than the mind, which also

shows them to be the work-

manship of the understand-

ing.

13. Their being made by the

understanding without pat-

terns shows the reason

why they are SO com-

pounded.

14. Names of mixed modes

stand always for their real

essences.

15. Why their names are usu-

ally got before their ideas.

16. Reason of my being so

large on this subject.

5. Instance in But. 6. This matter but lightly touched here.

CHAP. VIII.

Of abstract and concrete terms. SECT.

1. Abstract terms not predi-. cable one of another, and why.

2. They show the difference of our ideas.

CHAP. IX.

Of the imperfection of words.
SECT.

1. Words are used for re-
cording and communi-
cating our thoughts.
2. Any words will serve for
recording.

3. Communicationby words,
civil or philosophical.
4. The imperfection of words
is the doubtfulness of their
signification.

5. Causes of their imperfection.

6. The names of mixed modes

doubtful: first, because
the ideas they stand for,
are so complex.

7. Secondly, because they
have no standards.
8. Propriety not a sufficient
remedy.
9. The way

of learning these names contributes also to their doubtfulness.

10. Hence unavoidable obscu

rity in ancient authors. 11. Names of substances, of

doubtful signification. 12. Names of substances referred, first, to real essences, that cannot be known.

13, 14. Secondly, to co-existing qualities, which are known but imperfectly. 15. With this imperfection they may serve for civil, but not well for philosophical use.

16. Instance, liquor of the

nerves.

17. Instance, gold.

18. The names of simple ideas,
the least doubtful.
19. And next to them, simple
modes.

20. The most doubtful, are
the names of very com-
pounded mixed modes and
substances.

21. Why this imperfection charged upon words.

22, 23. This should teach us moderation in imposing our own sense of old authors.

CHAP. X.

Of the abuse of words.

SECT.

1. Abuse of words. 2, 3. First, words without any, or without clear ideas. 4. Occasioned by learning names, before the ideas they belong to.

5. Secondly, a steady application of them.

6. Thirdly, affected obscu-
rity, by wrong applica-
tion.

7. Logic and dispute have
much contributed to this.
8. Calling it subtilty.
9. This learning very little
benefits society.

10. But destroys the instru

ments of knowledge and communication.

11. As useful as to confound the sound of the letters.

12. This art has perplexed re

ligion and justice. 13. And ought not to pass for learning.

14. Fourthly, taking them for
things.

15. Instance in matter.
16. This makes errours lasting.
17. Fifthly, setting them for

what they cannot signify. 18. V. g. putting them for the realessences of substances. 19. Hence we think every change of our idea in substances, not to change the species.

20. The cause of this abuse,
a supposition of nature's
working always regularly.
21. This abuse contains two
false suppositions.
22. Sixthly, a supposition that
words have a certain and
evident signification.
23. The ends of language:
first, to convey our ideas.
24. Secondly, to do it with
quickness.
25. Thirdly,

therewith to convey the knowledge of things.

26-31. How men's words fail in all these.

32. How in substances.
33. How in modes and rela-

tions.

34.Seventhly, figurative speech also an abuse of language.

CHAP. XI.

Of the remedies of the foregoing imperfections and abuses.

SECT.

1. They are worth seeking. 2. Are not easy.

3. But yet necessary to philosophy.

4. Misuse of words, the cause of great errours.

5. Obstinacy.

6. And wrangling.

7. Instance, bat and bird. 8. First remedy, to use no word without an idea. 9. Secondly, to have distinct ideas annexed to them in modes.

10. And distinct and conformable in substances. 11. Thirdly, propriety. 12. Fourthly, to make known their meaning.

13. And that three ways. 14. First, in simple ideas by synonimous terms, showing.

or

15. Secondly, in mixed modes by definition.

16. Morality capable of de-
monstration.

17. Definitions can make mo-
ral discourses clear.
18. And is the only way.
19. Thirdly, in substances,
by showing and defin-
ing.

20, 21. Ideas of the leading quali-
ties of substances, are
best got by showing.
22. The ideas of their powers,

best by definition.

23. A reflection on the knowledge of spirits.

24. Ideas also of substances
must be conformable to
things.

25 Not easy to be made so.
26. Fifthly, by constancy in
their signification.
27. When the variation is to
be explained.

CHAP. I.

Of knowledge in general. SECT.

1. Our knowledge conversant about our ideas. 2. Knowledge is the perception of the agreement, or disagreement, of two ideas.

3. This agreement fourfold. 4. First, of identity, or diversity.

5. Secondly, relation.

6. Thirdly, of co-existence. 7. Fourthly, of realexistence. 8. Knowledge actual or habitual.

9. Habitual knowledge, twofold.

CHAP. II.

Of the degrees of our knowledge. SECT.

1. Intuitive.

2. Demonstrative.

3. Depends on proofs.

4. But not so easy.

5. Not without precedent doubt.

6. Not so clear.

7. Each step must have intuitive evidence.

8. Hence the mistake ex præcognitis & præconcessis. 9. Demonstration not limit

ed to quantity. 10-13. Why it has been so thought. 14. Sensitive knowledge of particular existence.

15. Knowledge not always clear, where the ideas are

So.

CHAP. III.

Of the extent of human knowledge.

SECT.

1. First, no farther than we have ideas.

2. Secondly, no farther than we can perceive their agreement or disagree

ment.

3. Thirdly, intuitive know-
ledge extends itself not to
all the relations of all our
ideas.

4. Fourthly, not demonstra-
tive knowledge.
5. Fifthly, sensitive know-
ledge, narrower than ei-
ther.

6. Sixthly, our knowledge,
therefore, narrower than
our ideas.

7. How far our knowledge reaches.

8. First, our knowledge of identity and diversity, as far as our ideas.

9. Secondly, of co-existence, a very little way.

10. Because the connexion between most simple ideas is unknown.

11. Especially of secondary qualities.

12-14. And farther, because all connexion between anysecondary and primary qualities is undiscoverable.