abolishing and taking away of all archbishops, | but as the bill for extirpating episcopacy was bishops, their chancellors and commissaries," not to take place till above a year forward, it &c. is apparent they were willing it should not take place at all, if in that time they could come to an accommodation with the king; and if the breach should then remain, they proposed to consult with an assembly of divines what form to erect in its stead. Thus the old English hierarchy lay prostrate for about eighteen years, although never legally abolished for want of the royal assent; and therefore, at the restoration of King Charles II., it took place again, without any new law to restore it; which the Presbyterians, who were then in the saddle, not under It ordains, that "after the fifth of November, 1643, there shall be no archbishop, bishop, chancellor, or commissary of any archbishop or bishop, nor any dean, sub-dean, dean and chapter, archdeacon, nor any chancellor, chanter, treasurer, sub-treasurer, succentor, or sacrist, of any cathedral or collegiate church, nor any prebendary, canon, canon-residentiary, petty canon, vicar choral, chorister, old vicars or new vicars, of or within any cathedral or collegiate churches in England or Wales.-That their names, titles, jurisdictions, offices, and func-standing, did not provide against as they might. tions, and the having or using any jurisdiction or power, by reason or colour of any such names and titles, shall cease, determine, and become absolutely void. While the king and Parliament were thus strengthening themselves, and calling in severally all the succours they could get, the scene of the war began to open; his majesty travelled "That all the manors, lordships, castles, with a large retinue into several of the northern messuages, lands, tenements, rents, and all and western counties, summoning the people other possessions and hereditaments whatso-together, and in set speeches endeavouring to ever, belonging to any archbishopric or bishop- possess them of the justice of his cause, promric, shall be in the real and actual possessionising, upon the word of a king, that for the fuand seisin of the king's majesty, his heirs and ture he would govern by law. Upon this assusuccessors, to hold and enjoy in as ample a rance, about forty lords, and several members manner as they were held by any archbishop or who had deserted* the House of Commons, signbishop within two years last past, except im-ed an engagement to defend his majesty's perpropriations, parsonages, appropriate tithes, ob- son and prerogative, to support the Protestant lations, obventions, pensions, portions of tithes, religion established by law, and not to submit parsonages, vicarages, churches, chapels, ad- to any ordinance of Parliament concerning the vowsons, nominations, collations, rights of pat-militia that had not the royal assent. ronage and presentation. Great numbers listed in his majesty's service, whereby an army was formed, which marched a second time to the siege of Hull. "That all impropriations, parsonages, tithes, &c., and all other hereditaments and possessions whatsoever, belonging to any dean, subdean and chapter, archdeacon, or any of their the word "deserted," "which," he says, "is a party * Bishop Warburton censures Mr. Neal for using officers, be put into the hands of trustees, to pay word, and implies betraying their trust." His lordto all and every archbishop, bishop, dean, sub- ship owns that the conduct of the members, who left dean, archdeacon, and all other officers belong- the House and retired to the king, was so called by ing to collegiate and cathedral churches, such the Parliament; but an historian's adopting, in this yearly stipends and pensions as shall be appoint- considers "taking for granted the thing in dispute." case, the term which impeaches their fidelity, he ed by Parliament. And they shall dispose of But, with his lordship's leave, his stricture confounds all the aforesaid manors, lands, tithes, appropri- the province of the historian with that of the mere ations, advowsons, &c., for a competent main-chronologist. The former does not merely detail tenance for the support of such a number of events, but investigates their causes, and represents preaching ministers in every cathedral and col- their connexion and influence. It is not easy to say legiate church as shall be appointed by Parlia- how he can do this, without forming and expressing ment; and for the maintenance of preaching a decided opinion on them. That opinion does not ministers in other places of the country where rian violated, if facts are fairly and fully stated. In bind the reader, nor is the impartiality of the histosuch maintenance is wanting; and for such the case before us, it may be farther urged, that the other good uses, to the advancement of religion, word "deserted" not only conveyed Mr. Neal's idea piety, and learning, as shall be directed by Par- of the conduct of the members who left the Parlialiament. ment, but truly represented it. They forsook the seats to which they were elected; they left the post which was assigned to them; and they withdrew from the stage of debate and action, to which the of their constituents had sent them. They were king's writ had called, and to which the voice representatives, chosen to act in conjunction with the other representatives: instead of proceeding on this principle, they formed a separate junto and faction. The first duty of a representative is to fulfil the trust reposed in him. The word "deserted," says his lordship, is a party word: grant it. Yet the use of it was not inconsistent with the impartiality most, favourable idea of the conduct of these memof the historian: for though it should not give the bers, it conveys the judgment which the Parliament had of it; and of the rectitude of this judgment_the reader is still left to form his own sentiments. The matter at the time was considered in the most seri ous light, and greatly alarmed and distressed all who loved the peace of the nation.-See May's Parlia mentary History, p. 58, &c.-ED. "Provided, that all revenues and rents as have been, and now ought to be, paid for the maintenance of grammar-schools or scholars, or for the repairing any church, chapel, highway, causeway, bridges, schoolhouse, almshouse, or other charitable uses, payable by any of the persons whose offices are taken away by this act, shall be continued. Provided, also, that this act shall not extend to any college, church, corporation, foundation, or house of learning in either of the universities." It may seem strange that the Parliament should abolish the present establishment before they had agreed on another, but the Scots would not declare for them till they had done it. Had the two houses been inclined to presbytery (as some have maintained), it would have been easy to have adopted the Scots model at once; A week after the king was set down before | sword was drawn which was drenched in the this fortress, and not before [July 12] the two blood of the inhabitants of this island for severhouses, after long debates, came to this resolu- | al years, to the loss of as many Protestant lives tion, that an army should be raised for the de- as perished by the insurrection and massacre of fence of the king and Parliament, that the Earl | Ireland. of Essex should be captain-general, and the Earl of Bedford general of the horse, who were empowered to resist and oppose with force all such whom they should find in arms, putting in CHAPTER XII. execution the king's commission of array. The THE STATE OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND.——THE RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF BOTH PARTIES, E We have already seen the unsettled state of religion upon the king's progress into Scotland, with the complaints of the Royalists for want of decency and uniformity. The hierarchy had for some time been a dead weight, the springs that moved it being stopped by the imprisonment of the bishops and the check that was given to the spiritual courts; but now the whole fabric was taken down after a year, though when that was expired no other discipline was reasons of this resolution arising from the king's extraordinary preparations for war, were published at the same time; and in their declaration of August 4, they say, "that they would have yielded up everything to the king, could they have been assured that by disarming themselves they should not have been left naked, while the military sword was in the hands of those evil counsellors who, they had reason to fear, had vowed the destruction of the two houses, and, through their sides, of the Protestant religion; but, being well acquainted with their designs, they apprehend that their duty to God and their country obliges them to hazard every-erected in its room; nor was the name, style, thing for the maintenance of the true religion, and dignity of archbishops and bishops taken the king's person, honour, and estate, and the away by ordinance of Parliament till Septemliberties of England." On the 9th of August ber 5, 1646, that is, till the war was over, and the king proclaimed the Earl of Essex and all the king a prisoner. In this interval there his adherents traitors, unless they laid down was properly no established form of governtheir arms within six days; and in another ment, the clergy being permitted to read more manifesto declared both houses of Parliament or less of the liturgy as they pleased,* and to guilty of high treason, and forbid all his subjects govern their parishes according to their disto yield obedience to them. The Parliament, cretion. The vestments were left indifferent, also, on their part, proclaimed all who adhered some wearing them, and others, in imitation of to the king in this cause traitors against the the foreign Protestants, making use of a cloak. Parliament and the kingdom.* August 12, the February 2, 1642-3, the Commons ordered that king by proclamation commanded all his sub- the statute of the University of Cambridge, Jects on the north of Trent, and within twenty which imposes the use of the surplice upon all miles south of it, to appear in arms for the sup- students and graduates, should not be pressed, pressing the rebels that were marching against as being against the law and liberty of the subhim; and about the same time issued out an-ject; and three days after, they made the same other proclamation, requiring all men who could order for the schools of Westminster, Eton, Bishop Kennet says that bear arms to repair to him at Nottingham, where and Winchester. he intended to set up his standard on Monday, tithes were denied to those who read common August 22. In the mean time, his majesty gave prayer; and it is as true, that they were without new commissions to augment his forces, held from those that did not read it; for many, and marching through Lincoln, took away the taking advantage of the confusion of the times, arms of the train-bands for the use of his troops. eased themselves of a burden for which some At length, being arrived at the appointed place, few pleaded conscience, and others the uncerhe caused his standard to be erected in the open tain title of those that claimed them. field, on the outside of the castle wall, at Nottingham, but very few came to attend it; and the weather proving stormy and tempestuous, it was blown down the same evening, and could not be fixed again in two days. Three weeks after this [September 9], the Earl of Essex, the Parliament's general, left London, to put himself at the head of their army of fifteen thousand men at St. Alban's. The king, with an army of equal strength, marched from Nottingham to Shrewsbury, and having refreshed his forces there for some time, broke up Ootober 12, in order to march directly for London; but the Earl of Essex putting himself in the way, both armies engaged at Edgehill, near Keinton, in Warwickshire, on Sunday, October 23, the very same day twelvemonth after the breaking out of the Irish massacre; the battle continued from three in the afternoon till night, with almost equal advantage, the number of slain on both sides being about four thousand. Thus the * Rapin, vol. ii., p. 457, folio edition. Though the Parliament and Puritan clergy were averse to cathedral-worship, that is, to a variety of musical instruments, choristers, singing of prayers, anthems, &c., as unsuitable to the solemnity and simplicity of Divine service, yet was it not prohibited; and though the revenues of prebendaries and deans, &c., had been voted useless, and more fit to be applied to the maintenance of preaching ministers, yet the stipends of those who did not take part with the king were not sequestered till the latter end of the year 1645, when it was ordained, "that the deans and prebendaries of Westminster who absented themselves, or were delin * Here, as Dr. Grey observes, is an inaccuracy. The use of the liturgy was not permitted during the whole of this interval, as appears by Mr. Neal's own account, vol. iii.; for it was prohibited, and the directory established in its room, previously to the abolition of the episcopal titles and dignity, by ordinances of Parliament on the 3d of January, 1644-5, and 23d of August, 1645.-ED. 1 quents, or had not taken the covenant, should The set times of humiliation mentioned in be suspended from their several offices and the ordinance refers to the monthly fast applaces, except Mr. Osbaldeston;" but the pointed by the king at the request of the Parnames, titles, and offices of deans and chapters liament [January 8, 1641], on account of the were not abolished till after the king's death, in Irish insurrection and massacre, to be observed the year 1649, the Parliament proceeding with every last Wednesday in the month as long as some caution as long as there was any pros- the calamities of that nation should require it. pect of an accommodation with the king. In- But when the king set up his standard at Notdeed, the beauty of the cathedrals was in some tingham, the two houses, apprehending that measure defaced about this time, by the ordi- England was now to be the seat of war, pubnance for the removing crucifixes, images, pic- lished an ordinance for the more strict obsertures, and other monuments of superstition, out vation of this fast, in order to implore a Divine of churches. Many fine paintings in the win- blessing upon the consultations of Parliament, dows and on the walls were broken and de- and to deprecate the calamities that threatened stroyed, without a decent repair of the damage. this nation. All preachers were enjoined to In Lambeth Chapel the organ was taken down give notice of it from the pulpit the preceding [November 25]. The following summer, the Lord's Day, and to exhort their hearers to a paintings, pictures, superstitious ornaments, solemn and religious observation of the whole and images were defaced or removed out of day, by a devout attendance on the service of the Cathedrals of Canterbury, Rochester, Chi- God in some church or chapel, by abstinence, chester, Winchester, Worcester, Lincoln, Litch- and by refraining from worldly business and field, Salisbury, Gloucester, St. Paul's in Lon- diversions: all public-houses are likewise fordon, the Collegiate Church of Westminster, bid to sell any sorts of liquors (except in cases &c. "But," says my author, "I do not find of necessity) till the public exercises and relithat they then seized the revenues and estates gious duties of the day were ended; which of the cathedrals, but contented themselves continued with little or no intermission from with plundering and imprisoning some of the nine in the morning till four in the afternoon, principal members, and dispersing many of the during which time the people were at their derest; and several of those places coming after-votions, and the ministers engaged in one part ward into his majesty's hands, the service did not wholly cease, nor were the doors of those stately fabrics finally closed at that time." Though the discipline of the Church was at an end, there was, nevertheless, an uncommon spirit of devotion among the people in the Parliament quarters; the Lord's Day was observed with remarkable strictness, the churches being crowded with numerous and attentive hearers three or four times in the day; the officers of the peace patrolled the streets and shut up all public-houses; there was no travelling on the road, or walking in the fields, except in cases of absolute necessity. Religious exercises were set up in private families, as reading the Scriptures, family prayer, repeating sermons, and singing of psalms, which was so universal that you might walk through the city of London on the evening of the Lord's Day without seeing an idle person, or hearing anything but the voice of prayer or praise from churches and private houses. As is usual in times of public calamity, so at the breaking out of the civil war, all public diversions and recreations were laid aside. By an ordinance of September 2, 1642, it was declared, that "whereas public sports do not agree with public calamities, nor public stage-plays with the seasons of humiliation, this being an exercise of sad and pious solemnity, the other being spectacles of pleasure too commonly expressing lascivious mirth and levity, it is therefore ordained that, while these sad causes and set times of humiliation continue, public stage-plays shall cease and be forborne; instead of which are recommended to the people of this land the profitable duties of repentance, and making their peace with God."* * Rushworth, vol. ii., part iii., p. 1. It is worthy ut notice how decorous and truly respectable are all the public acts of the Parliament, and how little they appear like the productions of enthusiasts or fanatics.-C. or other of Divine worship. But, besides the monthly fast, the opening of the war gave rise to another exercise of prayer and exhortation to repentance for an hour every morning in the week. Most of the citizens of London having some near relation or friend in the army of the Earl of Essex, so many bills were sent up to the pulpit every Lord's Day for their preservation, that the minister had neither time to read them nor to recommend their cases to God in prayer; it was therefore agreed, by some London divines, to separate an hour for this purpose every morning, one half to be spent in prayer, and the other in a suitable exhortation to the people. The Reverend Mr. Case, minister of St. Mary Magdalen, Milk-street, began it in his church at seven in the morning, and when it had continued there a month, it was removed by turns to other churches at a distance, for the accommodation of the several parts of the city, and was called the morning exercise. The service was performed by divers ministers, and earnest intercessions were made, in the presence of a numerous and crowded audience, for the welfare of the public as well as particular cases. When the heat of the war was over it became a casuistical lecture, and was carried on by the most learned and able divines till the restoration of King Charles II. Their sermons were afterward published in several volumes quarto, under the title of the Morning Exercises, each sermon being the resolution of some practical case of conscience. This lec*These Morning Exercises are now to be procured but rarely; they consist of seven small quarto volmes, including a supplemental one, and are in great demand. They are regarded as furnishing one of the best compends of theology in the English language. No library of any pretensions should be without this admirable work; and although it is very expensive, it will repay the owner. The unri valled volume on Popery is about to be republished at Boston.-C. ture, though in a different form, is continued | tinued, none of the enthusiastic follies, that among the Protestant Dissenters to this day. Some time after, another morning lecture was set up in the abbey-church of Westminster, between the hours of six and eight, for the benefit of that part of the town, and especially of the members of Parliament; it was carried on by Dr. Staunton, Mr. Nye, Marshal, Palmer, Herle, Whitaker, and Hill, all members of the Assembly of Divines. In short, there were lectures and sermons every day in the week in one church or another, which were well attended, and with great appearance of zeal and affection. Men were not backward to rise before day, and go to places of worship at a great distance, for the benefit of hearing the Word of God. Such was the devotion of the city of London and parts adjacent in these dangerous times! Nor was the reformation of manners less remarkable; the laws against vice and profaneness were so strict, and so rigorously put in execution, that wickedness was forced to hide itself in corners. There were no gaminghouses, or houses of pleasure; ne profane swearing, drunkenness, or any kind of debauchery, to be seen or heard in the streets. It is commonly said that the religion of these times was no better than hypocrisy and dissimulation; and, without all doubt, there were numbers of men who made the form of godliness a cloak to dishonesty; nay, it is probable that hypocrisy, and other secret immoralities, might be the prevailing sins of the age, all open vices being suppressed; but still I am persuaded that the body of the people were sincerely religious, and, with all their faults, I should rejoice to in our days, such an appearance of religion, and all kinds of vice and profaneness so effectually discountenanced. See were afterward a reproach to the army, discovered themselves. There were among them some who afterward joined the sectaries; some who were mercenaries, and (if we may believe his majesty's declaration after the battle of Edgehill) some who were disguised papists; but, upon the whole, Lord Clarendon confesses, there was an exact discipline in the army; that they neither plundered nor robbed the country; all complaints of this kind being redressed in the best manner, and the offenders punished. The Rev. Mr. Baxter, who was himself in the army, gives this account of them :* "The generality of those people throughout England who went by the name of Puritans, Precisians, Presbyterians, who followed sermons, prayed in their families, read books of devotion, and were strict observers of the Sabbath, being avowed enemies to swearing, drunkenness, and al kinds of profaneness, adhered to the Parliament: with these were mixed some young persons of warm heads and enthusiastic principles, who laid the foundation of those sects and divisions which afterward spread over the whole nation, and were a disgrace to the cause which the Parliament had espoused. Of the clergy, those who were of the sentiments of Calvin, who were constant preachers of the Word of God themselves, and encouragers of it in others; who were zealous against popery, and wished for a reformation of the discipline of the Church, were on the Parliament's side. Among these were some of the elder clergy, who were preferred before the rise of Archbishop Laud; all the deprived and silenced ministers, with the whole body of lecturers and warm popular preachers both in town and country; these drew after them great numbers If we go from the city to the camp of the of the more serious and devout people, who Earl of Essex, we shall find no less probity of were not capable of judging between the king manners among them, most of his soldiers be- and Parliament, but followed their spiritual ing men who did not fight so much for pay as guides from a veneration that they had for their for religion and the liberties of their country. integrity and piety. Many went unto the ParMr. Whitelocke observes,* "that Colonel Crom- liament, and filled up their armies afterward, well's regiment of horse were most of them merely because they heard men swear for the freeholders' sons, who engaged in the war upon engaged in the war upon common prayer and bishops, and heard others principles of conscience; and that, being well pray that were against them: because they armed within by the satisfaction of their con- heard the king's soldiers, with horrid oaths, sciences, and without with good iron arms, they abuse the name of God, and saw them live in would as one man stand firmly and charge des- debauchery, while the Parliament soldiers flockperately." The same author† adds, "that Col-ed to sermons, talked of religion, and prayed onel Wilson, who was heir to an estate of and sung psalms together on their guards. And £2000 a year, and was the only son of his fa- all the sober men that I was acquainted with, ther, put himself at the head of a gallant regi-who were against the Parliament," says Mr. ment of citizens, who listed themselves in the Parliament's service purely upon conscience; this," says he, "was the condition of many others also of like quality and fortune in those times, who had such an affection for their religion, and the rights and liberties of their country, that pro aris et focis they were willing to undergo any hardships or dangers, and thought no service too much or too great for their counThe most eminent divines served as chaplains to the several regiments; Dr. Burges and Mr. Marshall were chaplains to the Earl of Essex's regiment; Dr. Downing to Lord Roberts's; Mr. Sedgwick to Colonel Hollis's; Dr. Spurstow to Mr. Hampden's; Mr. Aske to Lord Brooks's, &c. While these con† Ibid., p. 72. try," * Memorials, p. 68. VOL. I.-H н н Baxter, "used to say the king had the better cause, but the Parliament had the better men."+ The Puritan [or Parliament] clergy were zealous Calvinists, and having been prohibited for some years from preaching against the Arminians, they now pointed all their artillery against them, insisting upon little else in their * Baxter's Life, p. 26, 31, 33, &c., fol. + To the authorities quoted by Mr. Neal, Bishop Warburton opposes that of Oliver Cromwell, who, in his speech to his Parliament, represented the Presbyterian armies of the Parliament as chiefly made up, before the self-denying ordinance, of decayed "serving-men, broken tapsters, and men without any sense of religion; and that it was his business to inspire that spirit of religion into his troops on the reform, to oppose the principle of honour in the king's troops, made up of gentlemen."-ED. sermons but the doctrines of predestination, justification by faith alone, salvation by free grace, and the inability of man to do that which is good. The duties of the second table were too much neglected; from a strong aversion to Arminianism, these divines, unhappily, made way for Antinomianism, verging from one extreme to another, till, at length, some of the weaker sort were lost in the wild mazes of enthusiastic dreams and visions, and others, from false principles, pretended to justify the hidden works of dishonesty. The Assembly of Divines did what they could to put a stop to the growth of these pernicious errors; but the great scarcity of preachers of a learned education, who took part with the Parliament, ieft some pulpits in the country empty, and the people to be ledence in promoting the civil war. The Kirk aside, in many places, by every bold pretender to inspiration. lers both of Church and State, and preachers of sedition and treason itself." Lord Clarendon says, that under the notion of reformation, and extirpating popery, they infused seditious inclinations into the hearts of men against the present government of the Church and State; that when the army was raised they contained themselves within no bounds, and inveighed as freely against the person of the king as they had before against the worse malignants, profanely and blasphemously applying what had been spoken by the prophets against the most wicked and impious kings, to stir up the people against their most gracious sovereign." His lordship adds, "that the Puritan clergy were the chief incendiaries, and had the chief influreformation in Scotland and in this kingdom,” says his lordship, "was driven on by no men "The generality of the stricter and more dil- so much as those of their clergy; and, without igent sort of preachers," says Mr. Baxter, "join- doubt, the Archbishop of Canterbury never had ed the Parliament, and took shelter in their such an influence over the councils at court as garrisons; but they were almost all conforma-Dr. Burges and Mr. Marshal had then on the ble ministers; the laws and the bishops having houses; nor did all the bishops of Scotland tocast out the Nonconformists long enough be-gether so much meddle in temporal affairs as fore, and not left above two in a county: Mr. Henderson had done."* those who made up the Assembly of Divines, and who, through the land, were the honour of the Parliament party, were almost all such as till then had conformed, and took the ceremonies to be lawful in cases of necessity, but longed to have that necessity removed." He admits "that the younger and less experienced ministers in the country were against amending the bishops and liturgy, apprehending this was but gilding over their danger; but that this was not the sense of the Parliament, nor of their principal divines. The matter of bish-ces of profit or trust under the government, or ops or no bishops," says he, "was not the any commissions in the ecclesiastical courts? main thing, except with the Scots, for thou- Did they amass to themselves great riches or sands that wished for good bishops were on the large estates? No; they renounced all civil Parliament side. Almost all those afterward power and jurisdiction, as well as lordly titles called Presbyterians, and all that learned and and dignities, and were, for the most part, conpious synod at Westminster, except a very few, tent with a very moderate share of the world. had been Conformists, and kept up an honour- If they served the Parliament cause, it was in able esteem for those bishops that they thought visiting their parishioners, and by their sermons religious, as Archbishop Usher, Bishop Dave- from the pulpits: here they spent their zeal, nant, Hall, Moreton, &c. These would have praying and preaching as men who were in been content with an amendment of the hierar-earnest for what they apprehended the cause chy, and went into the Parliament because of God and their country. But it is easy to they apprehended the interests of religion and remark, that the noble historian observes no civil liberty were on that side."* measure with the Puritan clergy when they fall in his way. Strange! when the Scots bishops were advanced to the highest posts of honour and civil trust in that kingdom, and when Archbishop Laud had the direction of all public affairs in England for twelve years together. Was not the archbishop at the head of the council-table, the Star Chamber, and the Court of High Commission? Was not his grace the contriver or promoter of all the monopolies and oppressions that brought on the civil war? What could the Puritan clergy do like this? Had they any pla But the political principles of these divines gave the greatest disgust to the Royalists; they Nor were the Parliament divines the chief encouraged the people to stand by the Parlia- incendiaries between the king and people, if we ment, and preached up the lawfulness of de- may believe Mr. Baxter, who knew the Purifending their religion and liberties against the tans of those times much better than his lordking's evil counsellors. They were for a limit- ship. "It is not true," says this divine,† "that ed monarchy, agreeable to our present happy they stirred up the people to war; there was Constitution, for which, and for what they ap-hardly one such man in a county, though they prehended the purity of the Protestant religion, disliked the late innovations, and were glad the they contended, and for nothing more; but for Parliament were attempting a reformation." this they have suffered in their moral charac- They might inveigh too freely in their sermons ter, and have been left upon record as rebels, against the vices of the clergy and the severi traitors, enemies to God and their king, &c.tties of the late times, but in all the first serHis majesty, in one of his declarations, calls mons that I have read,‡ for some years after them "ignorant in learning, turbulent and seditious in disposition, scandalous in life, unconformable to the laws of the land, libellers, revi * Baxter's Life, p 33, 35, 37. * Vol. i., p. 302. . + Baxter's Life, p. 34. Dr. Grey, who mistakes this for the assertion of Baxter instead of Mr. Neal, opposes to it his own remark on the fast-sermons between the year 1640 and the death of the king: from which, he says, he could produce hundreds of instances for the disproof of |