Linnæus gave the name of sphinx to this group from a fancied resemblance of some of their caterpillars, when at rest, to the Egyptian figure; supporting themselves on the posterior pairs of legs, they raise the fore part of the body, and remain fixed in this position for hours at a time. The adult sphinxes are generally called humming-bird moths from the noise they make when flying, and hawk moths from their hovering and powerful flight; the body is thick and robust, and the strong wings long, narrow, and pointed; with their very long tongues they obtain honey from flowers while on the wing; many are of such size, and with such brilliant colors, that they might readily be taken for humming birds. Some of the agerians also fly by day; though their flight is swift, it is not prolonged, and they generally alight while feeding; they much resemble bees and wasps; they have a tuft at the end of the body which can be extended like a fan. The glaucopidians, so named from the bluish color of the eyes in some of the species, have the antennæ feathered on each side; they fly mostly by day, and alight to take their food. The large green caterpillar, with a horn on the top of the last segment, commonly called potato worm, is a good example of the larva of the sphinx moth. In this division all have 16 legs, in pairs beneath the 1st to 3d and 6th to 10th or last segments of the body; and all, except the ægerians and glaucopidians, have a horn or tubercle on the top of the last segment. The sphinx caterpillars devour the leaves of plants on which they are found. The caterpillars of the ægerians are called borers, in common with the larvae of other orders of insects, from their living concealed within the stems or roots of plants, and feeding upon their interior substance; they are soft, whitish, and slightly downy; they make a cocoon of bits of wood cemented by gummy matter, within which they are transformed into chrysalids; these are of a shining bay color, having the edges of the abdominal segments armed with rows of short teeth, by means of which they work out of the cocoon and out of the hole in the wood. The caterpillars of the glaucopidians are slender, with a few scattered hairs or tufts; they eat the leaves of plants, and undergo transformation in cocoons of coarse silk; the chrysalids are round at one end, tapering at the other, without teeth on the surface; they much resemble the nocturnal moths. The potato worm, or larva of the sphinx quinquemaculatus, with oblique whitish stripes on the sides, grows to a length of 3 or 4 inches and of the thickness of the finger; it attains its full size toward the end of August, and often injures the plant by devouring the leaves; crawling into the ground, it remains a chrysalis during the winter, and in the following summer comes out a large moth, measuring 5 inches across the wings; the color is gray, with blackish lines and bands, and 5 round orange spots encircled with black on each side of the body; the tongue, which when not in use is coiled

like a watch spring, may be unrolled to a length of 5 or 6 inches. The elm is infested with a pale green caterpillar, about 3 inches long, with 7 oblique white lines on each side, a row of little notches on the back, and 4 short notched horns on the shoulders; this is the larva of a sphinx (ceratomia quadricornis, Harris), and sometimes commits considerable mischief during July and August; these larvæ pass the winter in the earth, and come out in the following June large moths, with an expanse of wings of nearly 5 inches; the color is light brown, varied with darker and with white, with 5 longitudinal dark brown lines on the hind part of the body. This caterpillar is easily caught in the morning during the season of maturity. Grape and other vines are attacked by the larva of the satellitia and achemon hawk moths, the moth of the former being of a light olive color and expanding 4 or 5 inches, the latter reddish ash, with brown patches on the thorax and anterior wings, and expanding 3 or 4 inches. For details on other sphinxes injurious to vegetation, see the work of Dr. T. W. Harris, "On Insects Injurious to Vegetation." The sphinx caterpillars, being of large size and full of juices, are commonly chosen by the ichneumon flies as the nidus in which to deposit their eggs, the larvæ from which, feeding on the substance of the caterpillar, and frequently spinning their cocoons in great numbers on the outside, so reduce it that the metamorphoses do not take place; many are destroyed in this way. Ash trees and cucurbitaceous vines suffer much from the boring larvæ of ægerians; the former from the trochilium dentatum (Harris), of a brown color, with yellow markings, expanding about 1 inches; the latter from the ageria cucurbita (Harris), with an orange-colored body spotted with black, and its fore wings expanding about 1 inches. Peach and cherry trees throughout the United States have of late years been infested with a naked whitish borer, the ageria exitiosa (Say); the perfect insect is a slender dark blue moth, the males being much the smaller, and differing considerably in marking from the females. For an account of these insects, and the best ways of preventing their ravages, see Dr. Harris's papers in vols. v. and ix. of the "New England Farmer." The glaucopidian moth (procris Americana) is in some years very injurious to vines, stripping off the leaves in midsummer. Its wings are very narrow, expanding about an inch; the color is blue black, with a saffron collar; the caterpillars are yellowish, with black velvety tufts on each ring, and a few hairs on the end of the body. They are about inch long, gregarious, and rather sluggish in their motions; in the southern states several broods are hatched in a season. For a full account see "Hovey's Magazine" for June, 1844. Many species of all these sections are found in Europe, where their habits have been carefully observed.

HAWKE, EDWARD, baron, an English admiral, born in 1715, died in Shepperton, Middlesex,

Oct. 16, 1781. He entered the navy at a very early age, and in 1734 had risen to the command of the Wolf. Ten years later he was present at the naval battle of Toulon between the English fleet under Admirals Lestock and Rowley and the combined French and Spanish fleets, on which occasion his ship, the Berwick, broke from the line of battle, and captured the Spanish ship Padre, of superior force, the only prize made by the English. But as this act of heroism involved a disobedience of orders, Capt. Hawke was tried and dismissed from the service, to which, however, he was immediately restored by George II., who thenceforth called him his own admiral. In 1747 he was made rear admiral of the white, and on Oct. 14 of the same year gained a complete victory over a French squadron off Belleisle on the coast of France. In 1756 he was appointed to supersede Admiral Byng in the Mediterranean, and subsequently was employed in blockading the French ports in the bay of Biscay. In April, 1758, he drove a French armament destined for America on shore in the Basque roads. In Nov. 1759, he attacked the French fleet under Conflans in Quiberon bay in the midst of a storm, and, after a memorable and extremely perilous action, the ships being closely engaged among the breakers on the coast, destroyed or captured several of the enemy's vessels, thus preventing the projected invasion of England. For these services he received the thanks of parliament and a pension of £2,000. In 1765 he was appointed vice-admiral of England and first lord of the admiralty, and in 1776 was created Baron Hawke of Towton, in Yorkshire. HAWKESWORTH, JOHN, an English author, born in London in 1715 or 1719, died Nov. 17, 1773. He was apprenticed to a clockmaker, and afterward seems to have entered an attorney's office, which he quitted to indulge in literary pursuits. In 1744 he succeeded Dr. Johnson as compiler of parliamentary debates for the "Gentleman's Magazine," to which he also contributed from time to time a number of poetical pieces. In 1752 he began in concert with Dr. Johnson and Thornton a series of papers called the "Adventurer," on the plan of the "Rambler." Warton became one of the corps of writers in the following year. This periodical was published twice a week, and ran through 140 numbers, of which 70 were by Hawkesworth. They were very successful, and beside increasing his reputation, procured him from the archbishop of Canterbury the Lambeth degree of LL.D., an honor which so turned his head that he quarrelled with Johnson and some others of his best friends. This, however, did not deter Dr. Johnson from commending, in his "Lives of the Poets," Hawkesworth's edition and life of Swift, which was published in 1765. In the same year he accepted the post of critic in the "Gentleman's Magazine," and retained it until 1772, when he was selected, on the recommendation of Garrick, to prepare for publication, at the cost of the

government, an account of Cook's voyage to the South seas. The work appeared in 1773, in 3 vols. 4to., illustrated with maps and cuts, and comprised, beside a digest of Cook's papers, a narrative of the previous voyages of Byron, Wallis, and Carteret. It had a ready sale, and the editor received £6,000 for his labor; but he was charged with covertly attacking Christianity in certain passages of his preface, and indulging in immoral descriptions. Chagrin at these censures has been said, without much probability, to have hastened his death. Dr. Hawkesworth adapted several pieces for the Drury Lane stage, and is also known as the author of "Zimri,” an oratorio (1760); "Edgar and Emmeline," a fairy drama, acted with great success at Drury Lane (1761); "Almoran and Hamet," an eastern tale (1761); and a translation of Fénélon's Télémaque, still esteemed the best English version (1768). HAWKING. See FALCONRY.

HAWKINS, a N. E. co. of Tenn., bordering on Va., drained by Holston river, and bounded N. W. by Clinch mountain; area, 710 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 12,770, of whom 1,690 were slaves. The Holston is here navigable by steamboats. Limestone is abundant, and the valleys are fertile. The productions in 1850 were 550,136 bushels of Indian corn, 43,881 of wheat, 140,787 of oats, 13,804 of sweet potatoes, and 125,064 lbs. of butter. There were 45 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 8 tanneries, 1 newspaper office, 30 churches, and 4,442 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Rogersville.

HAWKINS, SIR JOHN, an English navigator, born in Plymouth about 1520, died in the West Indies, Nov. 21, 1595. He was the son of William Hawkins, a sailor. In his youth he made several voyages to Spain, Portugal, and the Canary islands, and was engaged for some years in the slave trade with the Antilles, New Granada, Mexico, Florida, and Virginia. The first adventure from England in this traffic was made by Hawkins in 1562, when he sailed with a small squadron for the coast of Guinea. There he obtained 300 blacks, whom he sold advantageously in Hispaniola (Hayti), and with the profits of this sale was enabled to fit out a second and larger enterprise for the same purpose in 1564. In the following year Queen Elizabeth granted him permission to wear as his crest "a demi Moor in his proper color, bound and captive." He made a third voyage in 1567, for which he received assistance from the queen, and with 500 negroes sailed from Guinea to Spanish America. All trade between the Spanish settlements and foreigners having been prohibited, he found himself unable to dispose of his cargo, and, indignant at the refusal of the governor of Rio de la Hacha to trade with him, he took possession of the town. He then sailed to Carthagena and sold his slaves, but soon after leaving that place he was attacked by the Spanish fleet in the bay of San Juan de Ulloa, Mexico, and escaped with but two vessels, with which he made his way home to

England, arriving in Jan. 1568. This loss seems to have disheartened him, and he made no more commercial voyages. In 1573 Elizabeth appointed him treasurer of the navy. He served in 1588 as rear-admiral against the Spanish armada, on board the frigate Victory, and was knighted for his services on this occasion. In 1590 he was sent with Sir Martin Frobisher to intercept the Plate fleet, and at the same time to harass the trade of Spain, but was successful only in the latter object. In 1595 he commanded, in conjunction with his kinsman Drake, an expedition against the Spanish possessions in the West Indies. The two commanders quarrelled and separated, the attacks upon Dominica and Porto Rico were repulsed, and Hawkins died at sea, either from a wound or vexation. He was an able seaman, bold in conceiving enterprises, and brave in carrying them out, but rude in manners, cunning, and avaricious. He was twice returned as a member of parliament for Plymouth, and once also for another place. He founded at Chatham a hospital for disabled and infirm seamen.

HAWKINS, SIR JOHN, an English author, born in London in 1719, died May 21, 1789. He was articled to an attorney, but devoted his leisure to literature and the cultivation of music. He subsequently amassed a handsome fortune in the practice of his profession. In 1741 he joined the madrigal society, and soon after gained considerable reputation by the publication of several sets of madrigals, for which he furnished the words. In 1749 he was admitted a member of Dr. Johnson's club, and was thenceforth on terms of intimacy with the great lexicographer. Retiring from business in 1759 with a fortune much increased by marriage and by legacies, he was appointed a magistrate for the county of Middlesex. About 1760 he began to collect materials for a history of music, which after 16 years of labor was published in 5 vols. 4to. under the title of "General History of the Science and Practice of Music." It suffered somewhat in competition with Dr. Burney's history, published about the same time, and was attacked with much acrimony by the press, which had previously been secured in favor of the latter work; but the value of the information which it contains is beyond all question, and it fairly supplies in learning what it lacks in elegance of style. A new edition, with an index, was published in 1853 (2 vols. 4to., London). The library which he had accumulated in the preparation of this work he presented to the British museum. He also published an edition of Walton's "Complete Angler," and a memoir of Dr. Johnson, whose works he edited in 11 volumes.

HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER, D.D., LL.D., an American clergyman and author, born in New bern, N. C., June 10, 1798. He was graduated at the university of North Carolina in 1815; studied law, and was admitted to the bar at the age of 21, and practised for several years in North Carolina. At the age of 23 he was elect

ed to the legislature of his native state, but his inclination and his earnest religious convictions led him to devote himself to the ministry in the Protestant Episcopal church. He was accordingly, after suitable theological preparation, ordained in 1827, by Bishop Ravenscroft of North Carolina. He officiated for a brief period in New Haven, Conn., as assistant to Dr. Harry Croswell; and in 1829 he became assistant minister of St. James's church, Philadelphia, of which Bishop White was rector. Early in 1831 he became rector of St. Stephen's church, New York, which post he resigned at the close of the year. He was then called to St. Thomas's church, New York, of which he continued rector until 1843. At the general convention of 1835, Dr. Hawks was appointed to the missionary bishopric of the South-West, at the same time that Bishop Kemper was put in charge of the North-West; but no provision being made for his support, he declined the appointment. Having been requested to act as historiographer of the American Episcopal church, Dr. Hawks, under the authority of the general convention, went to England and obtained copies of a number of valuable and important papers relating to the early history of Episcopacy in America. In 1837, in conjunction with Dr. Henry, he founded the "New York Review," of which he was for some time editor and a principal contributor. About the same date he founded St. Thomas's hall, at Flushing, L. I., a school for boys intended ultimately for the special benefit of the sons of the clergy; but in a few years it was closed on account of financial difficulties, leaving Dr. Hawks deeply in debt. In the autumn of 1843 he removed to Mississippi, of which diocese he was elected bishop by the convention in the same year; but when, according to the canon of the Episcopal church, the election came for approval before the house of clerical and lay deputies assembled at the general convention of 1844, strong opposition was made, based on charges connected with the difficulties and embarrassments of St. Thomas's hall. The speech of Dr. Hawks in vindication of himself was eloquent and convineing; a vote of acquittal was passed, and the whole matter was referred back to the diocese of Mississippi, which expressed its entire confidence in Dr. Hawks, but he declined accepting the bishopric. At the close of 1844 he removed to New Orleans, where he became rector of Christ's church. He remained in this position 5 years, during which he was elected president of the university of Louisiana. At the request of friends in New York, Dr. Hawks returned to that city in 1849, a bonus of $15,000 having been offered to him, by using all of which he was enabled to extricate himself from his pecuniary embarrassments. He now became rector of the church of the Mediator, which was soon after merged into Calvary church. Dr. Hawks then became rector of Calvary-at the time deeply in debt, but now free from it-and still remains in that position

(1859). In 1854 he was elected bishop of Rhode Island, but he declined the appointment. His contributions to literature and science have been very numerous. Among his most important works are: "Reports of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court of North Carolina, 1820-26" (4 vols. 8vo., Raleigh, 1823-'8); "Digest of all the Cases Decided and Reported in North Carolina;" "Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States" (2 vols. 8vo., embracing Virginia and Maryland, New York, 1836-41); "Egypt and its Monuments" (8vo., 1849); "Auricular Confession in the Protestant Episcopal Church" (12mo., 1850). Dr. Hawks has translated Rovero and Tschudi's "Antiquities of Peru" (1854), and has edited the "Official and other State Papers of the late Maj. Gen. Alexander Hamilton" (8vo., 1842); the "Romance of Biography," in a series of 12mo. volumes; "Appleton's Cyclopædia of Biography" (New York, 1856); and, under the pseudonyme of "Uncle Philip," several volumes of juvenile works for Harper's "Boys' and Girls' Library." He compiled from Perry's original notes and journal the "Narrative of Commodore Perry's Expedition to the China Seas and Japan in 1852-'4" (8vo. and 4to., 1856), and has contributed to various periodicals. The 1st and 2d vols. of his "History of North Carolina," upon which he has long been engaged, appeared in 1857-'8 (8vo., Fayetteville); and it is understood that he has in preparation a work on the ancient monuments of Central and Western America, and a physical geography.

HAWKSMOOR, NICHOLAS, an English architect, born in 1666, died in 1736. He was a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren, after whose death he was surveyor of Westminster abbey, and designed many of the new churches erected in pursuance of the statute of Queen Anne for building 50 new churches. He was also said to be associated with Sir John Vanbrugh in building Castle Howard and Blenheim.

HAWKWOOD, SIR JOHN. See ACUTO, GIO

VANNI.

HAWLEY, a post village of Wayne co., Penn., on the railroad of the Pennsylvania coal company, which here connects with the Delaware and Hudson canal, 8 m. from Honesdale; pop. in 1853, about 3,000. It has grown up almost wholly since 1848, and owes its importance to the canal and railroad, over which large quantities of coal are transported.

HAWLEY, GIDEON, an American missionary to the Indians, born in Stratfield, now Bridgeport, Conn., Nov. 5, 1727, died in Marshpee, Mass., Oct. 3, 1807. He was graduated at Yale college in 1749, and commenced his labors at Stockbridge in 1752, opening a school at that place, in which he instructed a number of Mohawk, Oneida, and Tuscarora families. In 1754, under the patronage of Sir William Johnson, he began a mission among the Iroquois, or Six Nations, on the Susquehanna river; but in 1756 he was obliged by the disturbances of the French war to leave that region, when he be

came a chaplain in the army marching against Crown Point. The campaign being over, he reëngaged in his missionary work at Marshpee, where he was installed as pastor in 1758, and there passed the remainder of his life in his benevolent labors.

HAWLEY, JOSEPH, an American patriot and statesman, born in Northampton, Mass., in 1724, died March 10, 1788. He was graduated at Yale college, and followed the profession of the law at Northampton, in which he rose to great eminence. At the time of the disputes between Great Britain and America, he took a prominent part in advocating the cause of the colonies. "We must fight," he wrote to the delegates of Massachusetts, "if we cannot otherwise rid ourselves of British taxation. The form of government enacted for us by the British parliament is evil against right, utterly intolerable to every man who has any idea or feeling of right or liberty." He was several times elected a member of the council, but declined, preferring to occupy a seat in the state legislature, of which from 1764 until 1776 he was an influential member. In the latter year, on account of failing health, he withdrew from all public employments. From a violent opposer of the ecclesiastical measures of Jonathan Edwards, whose removal from Northampton he had been active in effecting, he became his warm advocate, and in 1760 wrote a remarkable letter deploring his part in the affair. HAWTHORN. See THORN.

HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL, an American author, born July 4, 1804, in Salem, Mass., where his ancestors, who came from England, had settled in the early part of the 17th century. The Hawthornes in that century took part in the persecution of the Quakers and the witches. For a long period the men of the family followed the sea; a gray-headed shipmaster in each generation retiring from the quarter-deck to the homestead, while a boy of 14 took the hereditary place before the inast, confronting the salt spray and the gale, which had blustered against his sire and grandsire." The father of Nathaniel Hawthorne was a shipmaster who died of yellow fever at Havana about 1810. His mother, whose maiden name was Manning, was a woman of great beauty and extreme sensibility. Her grief at her husband's death was hardly mitigated by time, and for the rest of her life she lived a mourner in absolute seclusion. At the age of 10, on account of feeble health, Nathaniel Hawthorne was sent from Salem to live on a farm belonging to his family on the borders of Sebago lake in Maine. He returned to Salem for a year to complete his studies preparatory to entering Bowdoin college, where he was graduated in 1825 in the same class with George B. Cheever and Henry W. Longfellow. Franklin Pierce, who was in the preceding class, was his intimate friend. After quitting college he resided many years in Salem, leading a solitary life of meditation and study, a recluse even from his own household,

walking out by night and passing the day alone in his room, writing wild tales, most of which he burned, and some of which, in newspapers, magazines, and annuals, led a wandering, uncertain, and mostly unnoticed life. In 1832 he published in Boston an anonymous romance which he has never since claimed, and which the public have not been able to identify. In 1837 he collected from the annual called "The Token" and from other periodicals a number of his tales and sketches, and published them at Boston under the title of Twice-Told Tales." The book was noticed with high praise in the "North American Review" by Mr. Longfellow, who pronounced it the work of a man of genius and of a true poet, but it attracted little attention from the general public. Gradually, however, it found its way into the hands of the more cultivated and appreciative class of readers; and in 1842 a new edition was issued, together with a second series of tales collected from the "Democratic Review" and other magazines. These volumes, says Mr. George W. Curtis, are "full of glancing wit, of tender satire, of exquisite natural description, of subtle and strange analysis of human life, darkly passionate and weird." In 1838 Mr. Bancroft the historian, then collector of the port of Boston, appointed Mr. Hawthorne a weigher and gauger in the custom house. "From the society of phantoms he stepped upon Long Wharf, and plumply confronted Captain Cuttle and Dirck Hatterick." He fulfilled his novel duties well, was a favorite with the sailors, it is said, and held his office till after the inauguration of President Harrison in 1841, when, being a democrat, he was displaced to make room for a whig. After leaving the custom house he went to live with the association for agriculture and education at Brook Farm in West Roxbury, Mass., of which he was one of the founders. He remained here a few months, "belaboring the rugged furrows;" but before the year expired he returned to Boston, where he resided till 1843, when he married and took up his abode in the old manse at Concord, which adjoins the first battle field of the revolution, a parsonage which had never before been profaned by a lay occupant. In the introduction to the volume of tales and sketches entitled "Mosses from an Old Manse" (New York, 1846), he has given a charming account of his life here, of "wild, free days on the Assabeth, indulging fantastic speculations beside our fire of fallen boughs, with Ellery Channing, or talking with Thoreau about pine trees and Indian relics in his hermitage at Walden." These "Mosses" were mostly written in the old manse, in a delightful little nook of a study in the rear of the house, from whose windows the clergyman of Concord watched the fight between his parishioners and the British troops on April 19, 1775. In the same room Emerson, who once inhabited the manse, wrote "Nature." Mr. Hawthorne resided in Concord for 3 years, mingling little with the society of the village, and seeking solitude in the

woodland walks around it, or in his boat in the beautiful Assabeth, of which, in his "Mosses," he says: "A more lovely stream than this, for a mile above its junction with the Concord, has never flowed on earth-nowhere, indeed, except to lave the interior regions of a poet's imagination." In 1846, the democrats having returned to power, Mr. Polk being president, and Mr. Bancroft secretary of the navy, Mr. Hawthorne was appointed surveyor of the port of Salem. He carried his family thither, and for the next 3 years he was the chief executive officer in the decayed old custom house, of which and its venerable inmates he gave a graphic and satirical sketch in the introduction to the "Scarlet Letter" (Boston, 1850), a powerful romance of early New England life, which became at once exceedingly popular, and established for its author a high and wide-spread reputation. In 1849, the whigs having regained control of the national government, Mr. Hawthorne was again removed from office. He quitted Salem, and, retiring to the hills of Berkshire, settled in the town of Lenox in a little red cottage on the shore of the lakelet called the Stockbridge Bowl. Here he wrote the "House of the Seven Gables" (Boston, 1851), a story the scene of which is laid in Salem in the earlier part of the present century. It was not less successful than the "Scarlet Letter," though its striking and sombre effect is wrought out of homely and apparently commonplace materials, and its strain of horror is prolonged almost to tediousness. This was followed by the "Blithedale Romance" (Boston, 1852), in which, as he says in the preface to the book, he "has ventured to make free with his old and affectionately remembered home at Brook Farm, as being certainly the most romantic episode of his own life." The characters of the romance, he says, are entirely fictitious, though the scene of Brook Farm was in good keeping with the personages whom he desired to introduce. "The self-conceited philanthropist; the high-spirited woman bruising herself against the narrow limitations of her sex; the weakly maiden, whose tremulous nerves endow her with sibylline attributes; the minor poet, beginning life with strenuous aspirations, which die out with his youthful fervor; all these might have been looked for at Brook Farm, but, by some accident, never made their appearance there." In 1852 Mr. Hawthorne removed from Lenox to Concord, where he purchased a house and a few acres of land, and has made his permanent home. During the presidential canvass of 1852 he published a life of his college friend Franklin Pierce, the democratic candidate. President Pierce in 1853 appointed his biographer to one of the most lucrative posts in his gift, the U. S. consulate at Liverpool. Mr. Hawthorne held this office till 1857, when he resigned it, and has since been travelling with his family in various countries of Europe. Beside the works we have mentioned, Mr. Hawthorne has published "True Stories from History and Biography" (Boston,