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Carthaginian fleet under Hanno by the newly formed Roman squadron under Lutatius Catulus, near the gates isles (241), which compelled him to give up the struggle. He was then commissioned by his countrymen to conclude a peace with the victorious enemy. His dauntless and patriotic spirit could not prevent the treaty from being humiliating to his country. He was allowed to embark with his army at Lilybæum, and to return to Carthage. Eager to vindicate the honor of his nation on a new scene of battle, he was delayed in his designs upon Spain by a mutiny of some mercenary troops, arising from the exhausted condition of the finances, which soon became a rebellion, threatening the very existence of the state. After the defeat of Hanno by the mercenaries, Hamilcar took the field against them, and finally succeeded in crushing the rebellion, which had raged for more than 3 years. He now entered upon his Spanish campaign, taking with him his young son Hannibal, whom before starting (238) he made to swear eternal enmity to Rome. The details of this new campaign are little known, but it is certain that he had conquered a part of Spain when he was overtaken by death. His conquests were continued by his son-in-law Hasdrubal, and afterward by Hannibal. He left two other sons, Hasdrubal and Mago, who both partook in the wars of their brother.

HAMILTON, the name of 6 counties in the United States. Í. A N. E. co. of N. Y., drained by the head waters of Black, Hudson, Racket, and Sacondaga rivers; area 1,711 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 2,543. The surface is high, hilly, and diversified with lakes; the soil is poor, and a large portion of the county, traversed by the Adirondac mountains is still a wilderness. Timber and iron ore are abundant. The productions in 1855 were 251 bushels of wheat, 7,151 of Indian corn, 16,701 of oats, 25,257 of potatoes, 4,274 tons of hay, and 83,282 lbs. of butter. There were 23 saw mills, 1 grist mill, 3 tanneries, 5 churches, 28 school houses, and 1 newspaper office. A railroad from Saratoga to Sackett's Harbor has been proposed, which will pass through this county. Organized in 1838, and named after Alexander Hamilton. Capital, Lake Pleasant. II. A N. co. of Florida, bordering on Georgia, bounded E. and S. by the Little Suwanee, and W. by the Withlacoochee river; area, 703 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 2,511, of whom 685 were slaves. The surface is even, and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 56,705 bushels of Indian corn, 22,073 of sweet potatoes, 560 bales of cotton, and 14,455 lbs. of rice. There were 12 churches. Capital, Jasper. III. A S. E. co. of Tenn., bordering on Georgia, intersected by the Tennessee river, which is here navigable by steamboats; area, 380 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 10,075, of whom 672 were slaves. It abounds in coal and iron. The surface is broken by high ridges connected with the Cumberland mountains, and the soil is fertile. The productions in 1850 were 520,542 bushels of Indian corn, 69,451 of oats, 37,531 of sweet potatoes,

64,650 lbs. of butter, and 10,251 of wool. There were 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 1,335 pupils attending public schools. The Nashville and Chattanooga railroad passes through this county, and connects near its S. W. border with the Western and Atlantic railroad of Georgia. Capital, Harrison. IV. A S. W. co. of Ohio, bordering on Indiana, separated from Kentucky by the Ohio river, and drained by Great and Little Miami and Whitewater rivers; area, 390 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 156,843. It has an undulating surface and a rich soil. The grape is extensively cultivated near the Ohio river. The productions in 1850 were 1,593,618 bushels of Indian corn, 112,632 of wheat, 242,558 of oats, 405,988 of potatoes, 19,992 tons of hay, 18,619 lbs. of wool, and 742,834 of butter. There were 29 grist mills, 26 saw mills, 18 iron founderies, 5 woollen and 3 cotton factories, 27 tanneries, 56 newspaper offices, 156 churches, and 15,949 pupils attending public schools. The county is crossed by the Miami canal and by several railroads centering in Cincinnati, the capital. V. A central co. of Ind., drained by White river and several smaller streams; area, 400 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 12,684. The surface is slightly diversified, and the soil is uniformly rich. The productions in 1850 were 663,903 bushels of Indian corn, 54,872 of wheat, 59,209 of oats, and 5,131 tons of hay. There were 22 grist mills, 6 saw mills, 3 tanneries, 1 newspaper office, 4 churches, and 456 pupils attending public schools. The county is traversed by the Peru and Indianapolis railroad. Organized in 1823. Capital, Noblesville. VI. A S. co. of Ill., drained by branches of Little Wabash river and Saline creek; area, 395 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 7,212. It has a well wooded surface, diversified with prairies of moderate fertility, and a great deal of swamp land in the N. part. The productions in 1850 were 242,955 bushels of Indian corn, 28,764 of oats, 8,295 lbs. of wool, and 48,055 of butter. There were 28 grist mills, 4 saw mills, 13 churches, and 1,468 pupils attending public schools. Capital, McLeansborough.

HAMILTON. I. A post township of Madison co., N. Y., with a village of the same name, on the Chenango river, 28 m. S. W. from Utica; pop. in 1855, 3,737. It contained in 1855 an academy, 10 churches (2 Baptist, 2 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, 4 Methodist, and 1 Universalist), 3 weekly newspaper offices, 3 tanneries, 1 grist mill, 1 furnace, 3 manufactories of coaches and wagons, 1 of tin and sheet iron, and 1 of chairs. It is the seat of Madison (Baptist) university, founded in 1820 and chartered in 1846, and having in 1858 9 professors, 391 alumni, 145 students, and a library of 7,457 volumes. Connected with it are a theological seminary, which has 4 professors and 36 students, and a grammar school with about the same number of pupils. II. A city, and the capital of Butler co., Ohio, on both sides of the Miami river, on the Miami canal, and on the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton, and the Cincinnati, Eaton, and Richmond railroads, 25 m.

by rail N. from Cincinnati, and 90 m. W. S. W. from Columbus; pop. in 1855, about 8,000. It is a prosperous manufacturing town, and is abundantly supplied with water power by a hydraulic canal, which gives a fall of 28 feet. In 1853 there were on the E. side of the river alone 4 grist mills, 2 cotton factories, 2 woollen factories, 2 paper mills, a planing mill, 2 iron founderies, several machine shops and saw mills, 8 or 10 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. The quarter on the W. bank, formerly the village of Rossville, was incorporated with Hamilton when the municipal charter was granted

in 1853.

It is the head quarters of the Gore bank, with a capital of $800,000. The manufactures are extensive and important, embracing locomotives, cars, machinery, iron work, scales, &c. Large numbers of corn brooms are made for exportation, the material being obtained chiefly from Ohio. The commercial advantages of Hamilton, situated at the head of navigation on the lake, and surrounded by a rich and populous country, are of the first order. The Desjardins canal, 4 m. in length, connects it with Dundas; and the Burlington bay canal, which cuts through the beach dividing the bay from the lake, shortens its communication with Lake Ontario, while it has easy railway intercourse with nearly all parts of the United States and Canada. The value of its imports in 1855 was $4,956,028, and that of its exports $1,818,346; in 1858 the imports amounted to $2,100,810, and the exports to $962,576. About of the imports are from the United States. The city returns one member to the provincial parliament. It was laid out in 1813.

HAMILTON, & municipal and parliamentary borough of Lanarkshire, Scotland, near the junction of the Avon with the Clyde, about 10 m. S. E. from Glasgow; pop. in 1851, 9,630. Manufactories of lace and muslins give employ ment to nearly 5,000 hands.

HAMILTON, a city and port of entry of Canada West, and capital of the co. of Wentworth, situated at the S. W. extremity of Burlington bay, at the W. end of Lake Ontario, and on the Great Western, the Hamilton and Toronto, and the Hamilton and Port Dover railways, 45 m. W. from Niagara Falls, and 38 m. by rail S. S. W. from Toronto; pop. in 1856, 22,240. The city is built on sloping ground, extending from the foot of a hill about 1 m. to the shore of the bay, and is laid out with considerable regularity. The principal thoroughfare, King street, runs E. and W. through the city; the other most important business streets are James, John, McNab, and York. The commercial quarter is about a mile back from the bay. HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, an American There are several public squares, on which the statesman and political writer, born in the isl government buildings generally front, Court and of Nevis, West Indies, Jan. 11, 1757, died House square and Market square being among in New York, July 12, 1804. His father had the finest. The city is lighted with gas, in- emigrated from Scotland and established himtersected by a system of sewers, and supplied self in mercantile business in St. Christopher's. with water from Lake Ontario (9 m. distant) His mother was of French Huguenot descent, by means of a magnificent system of works, the daughter of a physician named Fancette, which will cost when completed about $800,- settled in the island of Nevis. She had first 000. The plan includes the construction of a been married to a Dane named Levine, a rich basin on Burlington beach, and a distributing man whom she did not love, and from whom reservoir at the E. end of the city, into which she obtained a divorce. Hamilton's father the water is to be pumped. The public and speedily failed in business, and passed the reprivate buildings of Hamilton, especially those mainder of his life in poverty and dependence. erected within a few years, are mostly either His mother died in his childhood, but relatives of brick or of freestone or limestone, brought of hers who resided at Santa Cruz took charge from quarries in the neighborhood which are of the orphan, her only surviving child. There supposed to be inexhaustible. The most ele- were no great advantages of education at Sants vated sites are occupied by residences and gar- Cruz; but, possessing the French as well as the dens. The banks, public offices, churches, and English tongue, young Hamilton eagerly read some of the stores, are good specimens of archi- such books in both languages as fell in his way. tecture, and the two principal hotels rank with He enjoyed also the advice and good will of the largest as well as the best conducted Dr. Knox, a Presbyterian clergyman of the in the province. In 1857 the city had 24 island, who had been struck with his abilities, churches (3 Baptist, 6 Church of England, 1 and who gave him some assistance in his studChurch of Scotland, 1 Congregational, 4 Metho-ies. At 12 years of age he was placed in the dist Episcopal, 3 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic, and 5 Wesleyan), a hospital, an orphan asylum, a free school with 6 primary schools, a mechanics' institute and reading room, a mercantile library and reading room with 2,000 volumes, a Bible society, several charitable as sociations, 2 monthly periodicals, 1 weekly, 2 semi-weekly, and 2 daily newspapers, a bank for savings, branches of the bank of British North America, commercial bank of Canada, bank of Montreal, and bank of Upper Canada.

counting house of Mr. Nicholas Cruger, a mer chant of Santa Cruz; but this occupation was not much to his taste, and in his earliest extant letter, written to a schoolfellow, he speaks with disgust of the "grovelling_condition of s clerk," and wishes for a war. But though he did not like his mercantile employment, he applied himself to it with characteristic assiduity; and the practical knowledge acquired by the "grovelling clerk" was doubtless a stepping stone to his subsequent reputation as a financier.

He began to use his pen early, like most persons who have a capacity in that direction. Among other things, he wrote a description of a hurricane by which St. Christopher's was visited in Aug. 1772. This description, published in a newspaper of that island, attracted so much attention as to induce his friends to comply with his wish for a better education than could be had at home, and to send him to New York for that purpose. He was first placed in a grammar school at Elizabethtown, N. J., where he enjoyed the acquaintance of the families of William Livingston and Elias Boudinot, both afterward distinguished in the revolutionary struggle. His teacher was Thomas Barber, a man likely enough to inflame the military ardor of his pupil, since he himself when the revolutionary war began joined the army, served with credit, and rose to the rank of colonel. After a few months spent at Elizabethtown, young Hamilton entered King's (now Columbia) college. Beside the regular studies of an undergraduate, he also attended lectures on anatomy with the idea of becoming a physician. While he was thus engaged the quarrel with the mother country about the tea tax came to a crisis. Some differences in the city of New York as to the selection of delegates to the proposed continental congress led to a public meeting, held on July 6, 1774. Hamilton attended this meeting, and according to some accounts delivered a speech which first drew attention to him. Not long after he became a correspondent of "Holt's Journal," the organ of the New York patriots. A pamphlet having appeared attacking the proceedings of the continental congress, written by Seabury, afterward the first bishop of the American branch of the church of England, Hamilton replied to it in another pamphlet written with so much ability that it was ascribed to Jay. This reply drew out an answer, to which Hamilton rejoined in a second pamphlet. These pamphlets, and another which he published in June, 1775, on the "Quebec Bill," evincing a maturity of intellect very unusual in one so young, gave him standing and consideration among the popular leaders. Meanwhile he had joined a volunteer corps which met every morning for exercise; he also applied himself to obtain such information and instruction as he could as an artillerist. It was his fortune to be present at the first brush of arms that took place in New York, Aug. 22, 1775, the Asia, a British ship of war lying in the harbor, having fired upon a party employed in moving the cannon from the Battery. In March, 1776, though yet but 19 years of age, he obtained a commission as captain in an artillery company raised by the state of New York on the recommendation of Gen. Schuyler, then in command of the northern department. The remnant of his last remittance from Santa Cruz was employed in equipping this company. The main body of the continental army, lately employed in the siege of Boston, had now arrived at New York, which it was expected would be VOL. VIII.-43

the next object of attack, and Hamilton's company was attached to Scott's brigade. The mind of the young artillery captain was not, however, wholly absorbed in military matters; in the pay book of his company, which still exists, are notes which show that he was revolving in his thoughts the subjects of currency, commerce, the collection of taxes, and other questions of political economy. In the campaign which speedily followed Hamilton bore an active part. In covering the retreat from Long island he lost his baggage and one of his guns. It soon became necessary to abandon New York, and Washington retired to the upper part of the island on which that city stands. It was here that Hamilton, while employed in the construction of an earthwork, first attracted the attention of the commander-in-chief, who entered into conversation with him and invited him to his quarters. Hamilton's artillery formed a part of the detachment of 1,600 men posted at Chatterton's hill, the attack upon which by the British is commonly known as the battle of White Plains. He shared in the dispiriting retreat through the Jerseys, and his guns helped to check the advance of Cornwallis, who with greatly superior force came upon the retreating troops as they were crossing the Raritan. He also took part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, by all which hard service his company was reduced to 25 men. The spirit and ability of the young captain of artillery had not escaped notice. He had received invitations from two major-generals to take a place in their staff. These he declined; but he accepted a similar offer from Washington, and on March 1, 1777, was announced in orders as aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. What Washington most wanted in his aides-de-camp, and what he found it very difficult to get, was competent assistance in the multifarious correspondence which he was obliged to carry on with congress, the governors of the states, the officers on detached service, and in regard to the exchange of prisoners and other subjects with the British commander-in-chief. He required somebody able to think for him, as well as to transcribe and to execute orders; and so much did he rely on Hamilton's judgment as to employ him, young as he was, in the most delicate and confidential duties. He was thus placed in a position which not only gave him an extensive view of the whole revolutionary scene, but enabled him, through the respect which Washington felt for his opinions, to exercise a certain influence over the course of events. After the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, in which Hamilton in his character as aide-decamp to the commander-in-chief took an active part, he was despatched on a confidential mission to Putnam and Gates, to hasten forward the reënforcements which those officers after the surrender of Burgoyne's army had been directed to send to Washington. These orders, under a certain discretion allowed them, they had

been in no hurry to execute, and it required a good deal of firmness on Hamilton's part to accomplish the object of his mission. He spent the following winter in the camp at Valley Forge. When the enemy the next summer abandoned Philadelphia, he bore a very active share in the battle of Monmouth, an attack which, in common with Greene, Wayne, and Lafayette, he had strongly favored, notwithstanding the opinion of Lee to the contrary. Of the challenge which his fellow aide-de-camp Laurens sent to Lee, growing out of the incidents of that day, Hamilton was the bearer, and he acted as second to Laurens in the duel which followed. When Admiral D'Estaing arrived at Sandy Hook, Hamilton was sent by Washington to confer with him, and to make the arrangement which resulted in the attack on Rhode Island. His courtesy and tact made a very favorable impression on the French admiral, and he greatly assisted Washington in soothing D'Estaing, who was much disturbed by the ill feeling and complaints occasioned by his failure to support the land operations, as had been arranged. When in the autumn of the next year D'Estaing reappeared on the southern coast, Hamilton was again sent to express to him the views and wishes of Washington. He was at West Point at the time of the discovery of Arnold's treason, and strongly urged a compliance with André's last request to be shot. At the close of the year 1780 he married the second daughter of Gen. Schuyler, and by this alliance with a wealthy and influential family established for himself a permanent hold upon the state of New York. Shortly after his marriage he resigned his position as a member of Washington's staff. His high spirit and his self-esteem did not easily submit to the personal dependence which such a position implied. A rebuke from Washington which he thought unmerited was answered on the spot by a resignation, which he declined to withdraw, though Washington sent him an apology. But this separation did not interrupt their mutual confidence and esteem. He subsequently obtained a position in the line of the army as commander of a New York battalion, and in that capacity was present at the siege of Yorktown, where he led in the attack and capture of one of the British outworks. The ensuing autumn and winter he spent with his father-inlaw at Albany; and, the war being now substantially over, he turned his attention to the study of the law. After a few months' study, chiefly of the forms of procedure, he obtained at the July term of the supreme court, 1782, a license to practise. A few days later he was elected by the legislature of New York a delegate to the continental congress, and took his seat in November following. During the year that he sat in this body Hamilton bore an active part in the proceedings relating to the settlement with the officers of the army as to their half pay, the treaty of peace, and attempts to provide means of meeting the public debt. He

had become fully satisfied of the necessity of giving increased authority to congress, and be fore his election had drafted a resolution which the New York legislature adopted, urging an amendment of the articles of confederation having that end in view. The city of New York having been evacuated by the British army, he resigned his seat in congress, and removed thither, and commenced the practice of the law. An act had been passed by the New York legislature just before, disqualifying from practice all attorneys and counsellors who could not produce satisfactory certificates of attachment to whig principles; most or all the old city lawyers fell within this prohibition, which remained in force for 3 or 4 years, and enabled Hamilton and other young advocates to enter immediately on a run of practice which otherwise they might not have so speedily obtained. There existed indeed in the New York legislature a very bitter feeling against the tories. Another act levelled against them, known as the "Tres pass Act," gave occasion to a suit in which Hamilton early distinguished himself. This act authorized the owners of buildings in the city of New York, who had abandoned them in consequence of the British possession of the city, to maintain suits for rent against the occupants, notwithstanding the plea on their part that the buildings had been held under authority from the British commander. Being retained by the defendant in one of these suits, Hamilton made a very elaborate plea, in which he maintained that whatever right might be given by the stat ute, the treaty of peace and the law of nations extinguished it. Though the popular sentiment was strongly against him, he prevailed with the court, whose decision was of the more conse quence as there were many other cases depending on the same principle. The decision was denounced by a public meeting in the city called for that purpose; and the legislature, without waiting the result of an appeal, passed resolu tions censuring the court. Hamilton defended his views in two pamphlets, and the spirit as an advocate and ability as a lawyer which he displayed in this case secured him at once a multitude of clients. He took an active part in establishing the bank of New York, the first institution of the kind in the state and the second in the Union, and was appointed one of its directors. He was one of the founders of the manumission society, of which the object was the abolition of slavery, then existing in the state of New York. By appointment of the state legislature he attended in 1786 the convention at Annapolis, and as a member of it drafted the address to the states which led to the convention the next year by which the federal constitution was framed. Having been chosen a member of the legislature of New York, he vainly urged the concession to congress of power to collect a 5 per cent. import duty, and the repeal of all state laws inconsistent with the treaty of peace. In another important matter, the settlement of the long pending controversy

between New York and Vermont, and the acknowledgment of the independence of Vermont by New York, he was more successful. Though the prevailing party in the New York legislature was little inclined to any material increase of the authority of the federal government, Hamilton was appointed one of the delegates to the convention to revise the articles of confederation, which met at Philadelphia in May, 1787. He had, however, two colleagues, who together controlled the vote of the state, of decidedly opposite opinions. Two projects were brought forward in that body, one known as the Virginia plan, which contemplated the formation of a national government with an executive, legislature, and judiciary of its own-the basis of the constitution actually adopted; the other known as the New Jersey plan, which was little more than an amendment in a few particulars of the existing confederation. In the course of the debate on these two plans, Hamilton delivered a very elaborate speech. As between the two plans, he preferred that which went furthest, though he doubted if even that was stringent enough to secure the object in view. He offered a written sketch of such a frame of government as he would prefer, not for discussion, or with the idea that in the existing state of public sentiment it could be adopted, but as indicating the mark to which he would desire to approach as near as possible. This scheme included an assembly to be elected by the people for 3 years; a senate to be chosen by electors chosen by the people, to hold office during good behavior; and a governor chosen also for good behavior by a similar but most complicated process. The governor was to have an absolute negative on all laws, and the appointment of all officers, subject to the approval of the senate. The governors of the states were to be appointed by the general government, and were to have a negative on all state laws. The power of declaring war and of ratifying treaties was to be vested in the senate. He insisted on the necessity of establishing a national government so powerful and influential as to create an interest in its support extensive and strong enough to counterbalance the state governments, and to reduce them to subordinate importance. Upon the adoption of the Virginia scheme his New York colleagues abandoned the convention in disgust. He too was absent for some time on business at New York, but returned again to the convention, and, though the constitution as reported by the committee of detail failed to come up to his ideas of energy and efficiency, he exerted himself to perfect it. He was one of the committee for revising its style and arrangement, and warmly urged its signature by the delegates present as the best that could be had. There still remained the not less serious and doubtful task of procuring for the constitution the consent and ratification of the states. The convention adjourned Sept. 17. On Oct. 27 there appeared in a New York journal the first number of a series of papers entitled the "Federalist," in support of the constitution

against the various objections urged to it. These papers continued till the following June, reaching the number of 65, and were republished throughout the states, and made a strong impression in favor of the new scheme of government. Much the larger number were written by Hamilton, a few by Jay, and the remainder by Madison. They are still read and quoted as a standard commentary on the ends and aims of the federal constitution and its true interpretation. In the convention of New York, of which Hamilton was a member, he sustained the constitution with zeal and success. The government having been put into operation under it, and congress at its first session having passed acts reorganizing the executive departments, Washington selected Hamilton as secretary of the treasury. At the ensuing session Hamilton presented an elaborate report on the public debt, and the reëstablishment of the public credit. That debt was of two descriptions, loans obtained abroad, and certificates issued for money lent, supplies furnished, and services rendered at home. As to the foreign debt, all agreed that it must be met in the precise terms of the contract. As to the domestic debt, the certificates of which had largely changed hands at a great depreciation, the idea had been suggested of paying them at the rates at which they had been purchased by the present holders. The report of the secretary took strong ground against this project. He considered it essential to the reestablishment of the public credit that the assignees of the certificates should be considered as standing precisely in the place of the original creditors; and the funding system which he proposed, and which was carried in the face of a violent opposition, was based on this idea. Another part of the system not less violently opposed was the assumption of the debts contracted by the states in the prosecution of the late war. At the next session he proposed two other measures, both of which encountered a not less violent resistance-an excise duty on domestic spirits, and a national bank with a capital of $10,000,000, a scheme which Hamilton had revolved in his mind for 10 years preceding. At the first session of the second congress Hamilton presented an elaborate report on the policy of having regard in the imposition of duties on imports to the protection of domestic manufactures, with an answer to the objections made against it-a summary of the arguments on that side of the question to which subsequent discussion has added but little. The success of the funding system and the bank gave Hamilton a strong hold upon the moneyed and mercantile class, but they raised against him a very bitter opposition, which extended even to the cabinet, Mr. Jefferson, the secretary of state, strongly sympathizing with it. Both the funding system and the bank were denounced as instruments of corruption dangerous in the highest degree to the liberties of the people, and Hamilton as designing to introduce by their means aristoc

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