the principal city of Texas, is situated at the N. E. extremity of Galveston island, and at the mouth of the bay of the same name, the entrance to which is by a narrow channel between the city and the S. W. point of the long peninsula of Bolivar; lat. 29° 18' 11" N., long. 94° 48′ W.; pop. in 1850, 4,177; in 1859 estimated at 10,000, about 1,000 of whom were negroes. The island is about 28 m. long and from 14 to 33 m. wide, intersected by many small bayous, diversified by several fresh water ponds, and bordered through its whole length by a smooth hard beach, which forms a pleasant drive and promenade. The bay is an irregular indentation, branching out into various arms, and receiving Trinity and San Jacinto rivers and Buffalo bayou. It extends 35 m. N. from the city to the mouth of Trinity river, and has a breadth of from 12 to 18 m. The harbor is the best in the state, and has 12 feet of water over the bar at low tide. There are several ship-building and repairing yards, good wharves, and large storehouses adjoining them. Nearly all the foreign trade of the state is transacted here, and the entrances and clearances from and to foreign ports during the year ending June 23, 1858, were as follows:

The value of imports during the same period was $71,381, and that of exports, $2,428,465. The registered tonnage of the port was 3,539, and the enrolled and licensed 5,490; total 9,030. A large proportion of the trade, however, is carried on coastwise, and the total number of entrances during the year 1856 was 3,594, of which 1,065 were steamers. The principal business is shipping cotton, of which the annual receipts from the interior for exportation amount now (1859) to 300,000 or 400,000 bales. A large commerce is carried on with Brazoria by means of a canal. The Galveston, Houston, and Henderson railroad, now in course of construction, is in operation from Virginia point, on the mainland opposite Galveston, to Houston, a distance of 423 m.; and a railroad bridge, nearly 2 m. long, from Galveston to Virginia point, across the bay, was to have been completed by Sept. 1859. Regular lines of steamers ply between this port and New York, New Orleans, the S. W. towns of Texas, &c. The city has several founderies and machine shops, cotton presses, hotels, &c., and in 1858 contained 8 or 10 churches, 2 of which, the Episcopal church and the Roman Catholic cathedral, are costly brick buildings in the Gothic style, a female seminary, an academy, a convent of Ursuline nuns, a number of common schools, a bank (the only one in the state), many elegant stores and private houses, and several newspaper offices. The Roman Catholic uni

versity of St. Mary is a large brick structure at the E. end of the city; it was founded in 1854, incorporated with power to confer degrees in 1856, and is under the charge of the order of Minor Conventuals.-The island of Galveston was occupied by the notorious pirate Lafitte in 1817, and continued to be his headquarters until his settlement was broken up by Lieut. Kearney, commander of the U. S. brig Enterprise, in 1821. The growth of the city dates from 1837.

GALWAY, a maritime county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, bounded N. by Mayo and Roscommon, E. by Roscommon, King's county, and Tipperary, S. by Clare and Galway bay, and W. by the Atlantic ocean; length from E. to W., 92 m.; breadth from N. to S., 57 m.; area, 2,447 sq. m., of which less than one half is arable, the rest being mountain, bog, or water; pop. diminished from 414,684 in 1841 to 298,564 in 1857, and in 1859 probably not much above 270,000. The western part of the county is rugged and barren. Here are the celebrated district of Connemara and Lough Corrib, one of the largest of the Irish lakes. The E. division is in general level and fertile. Agriculture is in a very backward state. The principal crops raised are oats, barley, and wheat, and the total extent of land under crops in 1855 was 233,696 acres. Grazing is much followed, and the cattle and sheep are greatly esteemed. Limestone and marble are the chief minerals, and a very beautiful species of the latter is obtained near Oughterard, in the neighborhood of which town there is also a lead mine. The coast fisheries would be valuable if properly prosecuted. The principal fishing districts are Galway and Clifden. Galway has some manufactures, the most important of which are woollen hosiery, coarse linens, and friezes for home consumption. Celtic cromlechs and Anglo-Norman castles are frequently to be met with in this county. It returns 4 members to parliament. Its chief towns are Galway, Tuam, Loughrea, and Gort.GALWAY, an ancient seaport town, capital of the above county, is situated on the N. side of Galway bay, 1264 m. by rail from Dublin; lat. 53° 15′ 12′′ N., long. 9° 3' 30" W.; pop. in 1851, 24,697. In the old town the streets are narrow, irregular, and dirty, but in the modern part they are in general spacious, handsome, and cleanly. The chief public edifices are the Queen's college, a beautiful building in the Elizabethan style, the collegiate church of St. Nicholas, which is in the decorated English style, and the Franciscan convent, a large and stately structure. There are several Roman Catholic chapels, monasteries, and nunneries, some Presbyterian and Methodist meeting houses, and two handsome court houses. Galway has few manufactures, but it has 2 breweries, 2 distilleries, a paper mill, a foundery, a tanyard, and several flour mills in the town and neighborhood. It was formerly the principal emporium of Ireland, and the commerce was

considerable, especially with Spain. Latterly, however, it has fallen off greatly. The principal exports are corn, flour, kelp, marble, wool, and provisions. The chief imports are timber, wine, salt, coal, hemp, tallow, and iron. The entrances in 1856 were 88 vessels, tonnage 3,394, and the clearances 61 vessels, tonnage 6,135. It has a floating dock, which has an area of 5 acres, and admits vessels of 14 feet draught. On Mutton island, in front of the harbor, is a lighthouse 33 feet above high water. Galway returns 2 members to parliament.-In 1858 a regular steam service with New York, stopping at St. John's, Newfoundland, was commenced by Mr. John Orrel Lever, to whom, in 1859, Lord Derby's government gave a postal contract.

GAMA, VASCO DA, the discoverer of the route to India round the cape of Good Hope, born in Lines, a small Portuguese seaport, it is not known at what date, died in Cochin, India, Dec. 24, 1525. Bartholomew Dias, a Portuguese explorer, having visited the cape which he called Cabo Tormentoso, or stormy cape, brought back such interesting accounts of his discoveries that the Portuguese sovereign Emanuel, following the policy of his predecessor John II., determined to urge discovery beyond the point where Dias left it, and if possible to reach by sea the countries of the Indies. Accordingly an expedition was placed under the command of Vasco da Gama, a gentleman of the king's household, and a skilful and experienced mariner. The fleet consisted of the San Gabriel, flag ship of 120 tons, the San Rafael of about 100 tons, a caravel of 50 tons, and a store ship, with a total force of 160 men. The king presented Gama with the flag of the military order of Christ (a white cross within a red), also the journal of Covilham the navigator, who had 10 years before gone to India by way of the Red sea, and with letters to all known potentates, and to the mysterious Prester John. On July 8, 1497, Gama's expedition departed from Lisbon for the Cape Verd islands, whence it set sail on Aug. 3 southward along the African coast. For 3 months the voyagers pursued their way, harassed, as an early English narrator says, with torments of wind and rain. On Nov. 7 they put into a bay called St. Helena, near the cape, where they found the natives "lyttle men, ill favored in the face and of color blacke, and when they did speake it was in such manner as though they did alwayes sigh." Departing on the 16th, they encountered a succession of tempests such as had gained for the southern promontory of Africa the name of the cape of Storms. The courage of Gama's companions failed, and they besought him to put back, which he not only refused to do, but put the ringleaders of the movement in irons, and held on his course into the stormy sea. When they were beating about off the promontory, Gama fancied that he saw the spirit of the cape. Camoens has sung this incident as a fact, while moderns, less poetical, say that the apparition could have been nothing more than that peculiar cloud whose sudden envelopment of the

cape is the forerunner of a storm. On Wednesday, Nov. 20, they doubled the cape of Storms, or rather, as Emanuel himself had named it ere the expedition set out, the cape of Good Hope. Proceeding along the coast, they touched at various points, among others at Natal. Further N. they discovered Mozambique, and came upon a country which exhibited a high stage of commercial advancement, the inhabitants having regularly built ports, with mosques. The natives were Mohammedans, carrying on a trade in pearls, rubies, silver, linen, and spices with Arabia and India. Gama took with him a pilot from this place. On April 1 the explorers discovered the island of Açoutado, which Gama so named from a flogging he gave to his pilot there; and on the 7th the island of Mombassa, where the people who inhabited it were bravely apparelled in silken stuffs and jewelry. As these men tried to cut his cable, Gama seized a boat containing 17 of them, and carried them off to Melinda, 3° S. of the equator, where the king of the place entered into the most friendly relations with the Portuguese, and gave them a pilot to conduct them across the Indian gulf. Melinda was described as a regularly built city, with wide streets, and houses of more than one story. The Melindese pilot is reported to have been acquainted with the astrolabe, compass, and quadrant. Under his guidance the voyagers steered 750 leagues across the open sea. In 23 days they arrived off the Malabar coast, and on May 20, 1498, they reached Calicut, the object of their search. Their mission was thus accomplished, and a new route to the East established. Gama's relations with the ruler of Calicut, who was called the Samoudri-rajah (abbreviated to Zamorin), were not of a cordial nature; and therefore, leaving the Indian coast on Oct. 15, Gama returned to Lisbon, calling at Melinda on the way to take on board an ambassador to Emanuel's court, and arriving in theTagus, Sept. 1499, after an absence of 2 years and 2 months. He brought back only 55 men and one ship, a caravel which he had chartered at Cape Verd. The San Rafael had been lost on the coast of Africa, the store ship burned according to Gama's instructions, the San Gabriel condemned at Cape Verd, and Nicolao Coelho had slipped away with the remaining vessel, in order to be the first to tell the great news in Portugal. The king received Gama splendidly, and permitted him to bear the high-sounding title of "lord of the conquest of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India." Emanuel immediately fitted out a second fleet of 13 ships, with 1,200 men, under the command of Pedro Alvarez Cabral, to establish trading posts; but failing in its ends, another fleet of 20 ships was placed under command of Gama. This expedition, which was warlike in its character, sailed early in 1502. On reaching the Indian seas Gama made a treaty with the kings of Sofala and Quiloa, the latter agreeing to pay tribute to Portugal. Determined now to strike terror into the hostile kings of the Indian coast, he seized a largo ship containing

300 male and female pilgrims of the highest rank of various nationalities on their way to Mecca, and killed them all, excepting 20 children, whom he saved to bring up in the Christian faith, as an atonement for one of the Portuguese who had apostatized to Mohammedanism. This sanguinary affair at once opened to him the port of Cananore, whence he sailed to Calicut, seizing on the way 50 of the natives. Here he demanded the right to trade, with immediate reparation for past indignities, and, not receiving it promptly, he hung his 50 prisoners at the yard arm and burned the town. Thence he proceeded to Cochin, where he entered into friendly relations with the king, and presented him a golden crown from the king of Portugal. The Calicut Zamorin, however, made war on Cochin for this alliance with the strangers. Gama, leaving 5 ships to cruise on the coast, returned home with 13 ships, having a battle on the way with the Calicut fleet, which he utterly routed. On his return the king created him admiral of the Indian ocean and count of Vidigueria. For the next 21 years Gama lived in retirement, till 1524, when, the Portuguese dominion having largely expanded in the East, John III. appointed him viceroy of the Indies. He proceeded to his seat of government, but died in the succeeding year at Cochin. In person Gama was short and stout, with a florid complexion. The salient points of his character were intrepidity, perseverance, and fertility in expedient, but he was sudden and violent in anger. In 1558 his body was brought to Portugal and interred with honor. Barras has published an account of his voyages, and Camoëns celebrates them in his "Lusiad." Dr. Pertz, the director of the royal library in Berlin, has announced his discovery of documents which tend to show that the route to the East via the cape was known 200 years previous to Gama.

GAMALIEL, a Pharisee, doctor of the law, member of the sanhedrim, and teacher of Saul, who was afterward the apostle Paul, died about A. D. 88. In the Talmud he is surnamed Hazzaken, "the Elder," to distinguish him from his grandson and is represented as grandson of Hillel, the renowned teacher of the Mishna. He held a seat, and probably the presidency, in the sanhedrim during the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius. When Peter and the other apostles were brought before the council in Jerusalem, after being miraculously released from prison (Acts v.), he recommended to "let them alone, for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to nought; but if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be found even to fight against God." The respect with which his opinions are always quoted by the rabbins is irreconcilable with a tradition that he was converted to Christianity by Peter and John.

GAMBIA, a British colony of W. Africa, occupying both banks and some islands of the river whence it derives its name; pop. in 1851, 5,693, of whom 191 were whites. In 1853-'5

there were 462 births, 871 deaths, and 110 marriages. The chief settlements are Bathurst, Fort James, and Fort George. Bathurst and Fort James are situated in St. Mary's island near the mouth of the Gambia; Fort George on McCarthy's island, about 180 m. from the sea. The climate is generally considered unhealthy. In summer the heat is excessive, the thermometer frequently rising to 106° and 108° in the shade. The soil is rich and alluvial, and liable to periodical inundation. The principal exports are beeswax, ground nuts, and hides, and the imports cotton goods, tobacco, amber, rum, &c. In 1855 there were in Gambia 7 schools, attended by 715 male and 634 female pupils. The revenue of the colony was £15,353, and the expenditures £15,210. There were entered 217 vessels of 32,619 tons, and cleared 215 vessels of 32,242 tons. The imports amounted to £126,454, and the exports to £215,804.

GAMBIA, a large river of W. Africa, rising in the interior of the continent, and after a course of more than 100 miles, discharging itself into the Atlantic ocean at Bathurst, in lat. 13° 30' N., long. 16° 40′ W. It is 9 m. broad at its mouth, and is navigable for vessels of 300 tons burden for 90 m. inland.

GAMBIER, a post village of Pleasant township, Knox co., Ohio, founded in 1826 on a tract of land belonging to Kenyon college; pop. in 1850, about 280. The college, which is an Episcopal institution, was established under the auspices of Bishop Chase in 1826, by funds which he had collected in England. It is richly endowed, and comprises 4 buildings, the principal of which is an imposing stone edifice in the Gothic style, 190 feet long and 4 stories high. There are 5 professors, 50 students, a number of pupils in the preparatory department, and 8,720 volumes in the library. The commencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Connected with the college is the theological seminary of Ohio, founded in 1828, and having a president, 3 professors, and a library of 4,500 volumes. The village occupies a beautiful site on a high ridge nearly surrounded by Vernon river. It contained in 1850 an academy, a few stores, and the offices of 2 or 3 religious periodicals. It was named after Lord Gambier, a benefactor of the college, the latter being named after Lord Kenyon.

GAMBIER, JAMES, baron, a British admiral, born in the Bahama islands, Oct. 13, 1756, died at Iver, near Uxbridge, April 19, 1833. He was of a French Protestant family, expatriated by the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Early entering the naval service, he obtained in 1778 the rank of post captain, and as commander of the frigate Raleigh was engaged in repelling the French attempt upon Jersey in 1781, and afterward in the reduction of Charleston, S. C. In 1793 he was appointed to the command of the Defence, of 74 guns, under Earl Howe, and in the engagement with the French fleet under Villaret de Joyeuse (June 1, 1793) his ship was the first to break through

the enemy's line. Advanced to the rank of rear-admiral in 1795, and of vice-admiral in 1799, he became third in command of the channel fleet in 1801, and in the following year was intrusted with the government and defence of Newfoundland. In 1807 he commanded the fleet sent to Copenhagen with troops under Lord Cathcart to demand the surrender of the Danish navy. The bombardment of the city continued 3 days, when Admiral Gambier took possession of 19 sail of the line, 23 frigates and sloops, and 25 gun boats, together with the stores in the arsenal. He was rewarded with the dignity of baron, and with the offer of a pension, which he declined. In 1808 he was appointed to the command of the channel fleet, drew up a code of signals and the general disciplinary instructions for the navy, and in April, 1809, attacked the French squadron in the Aix roads and burned 5 of the ships. Lord Cochrane had command of the British fire ships (catamarans), and in consequence of a disagreement between him and Lord Gambier, the latter requested a court-martial, by which he was honorably acquitted. In 1814 he was appointed at the head of the commissioners to conclude a peace with the United States, and the treaty was signed at Ghent on Dec. 24. He afterward lived in retirement, received the grand cross of the order of the bath in 1815, and was made admiral of the fleet on the accession of William IV. He was distinguished for benevolence and piety, and as an officer exerted himself to promote religious observances among the seamen under his command.

GAMBOGE, or CAMBOGE, a gum resin of Siam and Cochin China, and produced also in Ceylon. The tree from which it is obtained is the hebradendron cambogioides of Dr. Graham of Edinburgh. The gum was first carried to Europe by the Dutch in 1603. It is imported into the United States only from Canton and Calcutta. The manner of collecting it in Siam is to catch in leaves or cocoanut shells the yellow milky juice which exudes from the fractured shoots and leaves of the tree, and, transferring this to earthen vessels, leave it to thicken. It is poured when semi-fluid into the hollow joints of the bamboo, and thus receives the cylindrical form and the shape of pipes or hollow cylinders by contraction in solidifying. It is also made into lumps or cakes of several pounds weight; these are commonly more or less mixed with bits of wood and other impurities. Farinaceous matters are also employed to adulterate it, their presence being detected by the green color communicated to the decoction by adding iodine. The inferior kinds are known in commerce as coarse gamboge. Those of finer quality are brittle, with conchoidal fracture, of reddish orange color in the mass, but bright yellow in powder, or when rubbed with water. It is without odor, and its taste, very slight at first, is soon followed by an acrid sensation in the throat. Its emulsion with much water affords films, which are good microscopic

The resinous portion is obtained by evaporating the ethereal tincture. It has a deep orange color, and gives a yellow tint to 10,000 times its weight of alcohol. It is entirely insoluble in water. Johnston named it gambogic acid, and gave its composition C.. H22 O. This is said to be an active purgative in the dose of 5 grains, without the drastic and nauseating character of the gum resin. Gamboge is employed as a water color, and also as a medicine. In large doses it is an acrid poison, a single drachm having produced death. It is best used in combination with other and milder cathartics, and is then found an excellent remedy for obstinate constipation. It is also employed in the treatment of apoplexy and dropsy.

GAME LAWS, statutes which declare what birds and beasts are to be considered game, and impose penalties on those who unlawfully kill or destroy them. The game laws of England had their origin in the ancient forest laws, under which the killing one of the king's deer was equally penal with murdering one of his subjects. From the Norman conquest to the present day game has constantly been a subject of legislation in England. In 1389 the possession of property was made a specific qualification for the privilege of killing game, and it was enacted that "no manner of artificer, laborer, nor any other layman who hath not lands and tenements to the value of 40 shillings by the year, nor any priest nor other clerk if he be not advanced to the value of 10 pounds by the year," shall keep hunting dogs, or use other methods of killing game, upon pain of one year's imprisonment. In 1605 the qualification to kill game was increased to £40 a year in land and £200 in personal property. In 1670 the qualification was limited to persons who had a freehold estate of £100 per annum, or a leasehold for 99 years of £150 annual value. Persons who had not these qualifications were not allowed to have or keep game dogs. In 1785 an act was passed requiring persons qualified to kill game to take out a certificate to that effect. The property qualification was abolished in 1831, since which time the certificate itself, which costs £3 138. 6d., gives a qualification. It must be taken out annually, and expires in

July. The sportsman must show it when demanded by collectors of taxes, gamekeepers, landlords, occupiers, and lessees, and if he refuses is liable to a penalty of £20. Uncertificated persons caught sporting are liable to a penalty of £5 for each offence, though the owner or occupier of enclosed grounds has a right to kill hares on his own grounds without taking out a game certificate. There are many restrictions upon the right which a certificate gives to kill game. It must not be killed on Sunday nor on Christmas, nor at the season when the pursuit of each kind of game is prohibited. The law is very severe against poachers or unauthorized persons who destroy game by night. For killing game or rabbits on any land at night, or for trespassing upon such land with instruments for taking or killing game, the penalty is 3 months at hard labor in the house of correction; and if at the expiration of the term the poacher cannot give security for good behavior for a year, he may be further imprisoned for 6 months. A third offence is punishable with transportation for 7 years, or 2 years' imprisonment. It is felony to unlawfully hunt, kill, or wound any deer kept in any enclosed land, and the punishment is transportation for 7 years or imprisonment for 2 years. Lords of manors are authorized to appoint gamekeepers to preserve or kill game within the manors. Gamekeepers are authorized to arrest poachers, and to seize all dogs, nets, and other implements used for killing game by uncertified persons. The sale of game in England is subject to very strict regulations. A dealer in game must obtain an annual license in July. Innkeepers, victuallers, retail beer-sellers, coachmen, guards, and common carriers are prohibited from dealing in game. The administration of the English game laws being entirely in the hands of the class interested in preserving the game, they are very rigidly enforced. In the United States laws have been enacted by several of the states to protect game from pursuit during certain seasons in order to prevent its entire destruction. But apart from these restrictions, any person who chooses is at liberty to kill or capture as best he can any wild animal, bird, or fish, anywhere in the United States, subject only to the usual laws against trespassing on the grounds of other persons.

GAMING, the playing together of two or more persons at some game, whereby one shall lose and the other win money or other property staked upon the issue. The game may be one of chance, as that of faro, or a game with dice, or one of skill only, as chess, or of skill and chance together, as whist or backgammon. There is nothing immoral in playing for mere amusement; but if money be staked, it becomes easily, and perhaps necessarily, a sport carried on for the sake of the money, in a greater or less degree, and then most moralists have agreed that it deserves reprobation. When this is carried to an extreme degree, and important sums are played for, it is obviously wrong, and deem

ed so to be universally. But the common law never interfered with gaming, by any kind of prohibition or restraint, so long as there was no fraud. If there was fraud, it operated here as it does elsewhere in law; it avoided all contracts, and money paid in fraud could be recovered back, because no title passed to the payee. And if one cheated at gaming, as by false cards, dice, or other implements, or indeed in any way, he might be indicted as a cheat at common law. Both in England and in the various states of the Union, statutes have been passed for the prohibition or restraining of gaming, or, as it is as commonly called, gambling. Here, all gambling, that is, all playing for money, is prohibited, and therefore it is held that one cannot recover back money lost at play, because the playing itself is illegal; and it makes no difference whether the playing was honest or cheating. But a loser may recover his money from a stakeholder, by demanding it from him before he pays it over to the winner. It has been held in Indiana that winning any sum of money, however small, at cards, is an indictable offence. But it has been said in New York, that playing to see who shall pay for the use of the implements, as a billiard table, is not gambling.

GAMING HOUSES, houses kept for the purpose of enabling persons to gamble therein. These are said to be nuisances, and indictable as such at common law; but the keeping of them is prohibited and punishable by statute in most of the United States.

GAMMELL, WILLIAM, an American author, born in Medfield, Mass., in 1812. He is the son of the late Rev. William Gammell, who was settled in Newport, R. I. He was graduated at Brown university in 1831, and soon afterward was appointed a tutor in the university; in 1835 he was chosen assistant professor of rhetoric, and in 1836 professor of rhetoric, in the place of the late Prof. W. G. Goddard, who then resigned. He continued to perform the duties of that office till 1850, when he was transferred to the professorship of history and political economy. Prof. Gammell has published various orations and discourses on literary and historical subjects; also numerous articles in reviews and magazines, especially in the "Christian Review,” of which, for several years, he was one of the editors. He has written a life of Roger Williams, and one of Governor Samuel Ward, for Sparks's "American Biography." He is also the author of a "History of American Baptist Missions," which was written at the request of the board of the American Baptist missionary union; a work which forms a most valuable contribution to the history of Christian missions. The writings of Prof. Gammell are marked by an elegance of diction and an earnest moral and religious tone.

GAMUT, in music, the scale on which the notes are placed in their several orders. Its invention is ascribed to the monk Guido Aretino, who commenced his scale with the note represented by the Greek letter r (gamma), corre